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Bao TD, Van Cuong N, Mai NN, Ha LTT, Phu DH, Kiet BT, Carrique-Mas J, Rushton J. Economic assessment of an intervention strategy to reduce antimicrobial usage in small-scale chicken farms in Vietnam. One Health 2024; 18:100699. [PMID: 38496339 PMCID: PMC10943031 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are a core aspect of most livestock production systems, especially in low-and middle-income countries. They underpin the efficient use of scarce feed resources and stabilize returns on capital and labor inputs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) contributes to the production of healthy animals, yet AMU in livestock is linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, humans and the environment. The Vietnamese Platform for Antimicrobial Reduction in Chicken Production was implemented during 2016-2019 and was one of Southeast Asia's first interventions focused on AMU reductions in livestock production. The project targeted small-scale commercial poultry farms in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam using a "randomized before-and-after controlled" study design. It provided farmers with a locally adapted support service (farmer training plan, advisory visits, biosecurity, and antimicrobial replacement products) to help them reduce their reliance on antimicrobials. A partial budget analysis was performed comparing the control group (status-quo) and intervention group (alternative). The median net farm-level benefit of the intervention strategies with the project's support was VND 6.78 million (interquartile range (IR) VND -71.9-89 million) per farm. Without project support the benefit was reduced to VND 5.1 million (IR VND -69.1-87.2 million) to VND 5.3 million (IR -VND 68.9-87.5 million) depending on the antimicrobial alternative product used. At the project level with a focus on AMU and its reduction, subsequently influence on the resistance reduction, our results showed that achieving resistance reduction benefits with the current knowledge and technologies required investment of at least VND 9.1 million (US$ 395.10) per farm during the project's lifetime. The results highlight the positive net profit for the majority of enrolled farms and a reasonable investments from the project. The recommendation focuses on the implementation of policies on financial support, legislation, and information as potential solutions to facilitate the application of intervention strategies to reduce AMU in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Dinh Bao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Nhu Mai
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | | | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lanh, Viet Nam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Phu DH, Wongtawan T, Wintachai P, Nhung NT, Yen NTP, Carrique-Mas J, Turni C, Omaleki L, Blackall PJ, Thomrongsuwannakij T. Molecular characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolates obtained from commercial broilers and native chickens in Southern Thailand using whole genome sequencing. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103485. [PMID: 38335668 PMCID: PMC10869288 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chickens are the primary reservoirs of Campylobacter spp., mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, that cause human bacterial gastrointestinal infections. However, genomic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in low- to middle-income countries need more comprehensive exploration. This study aimed to characterize 21 C. jejuni and 5 C. coli isolates from commercial broilers and native chickens using whole genome sequencing and compare them to 28 reference Campylobacter sequences. Among the 26 isolates, 13 sequence types (ST) were identified in C. jejuni and 5 ST in C. coli. The prominent ST was ST 2274 (5 isolates, 19.2%), followed by ST 51, 460, 2409, and 6455 (2 isolates in each ST, 7.7%), while all remaining ST (464, 536, 595, 2083, 6736, 6964, 8096, 10437, 828, 872, 900, 8237, and 13540) had 1 isolate per ST (3.8%). Six types of antimicrobial resistance genes (ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, blaOXA, cat, erm(B), and tet(O)) and one point mutations in the gyrA gene (Threonine-86-Isoleucine) and another in the rpsL gene (Lysine-43-Arginine) were detected. The blaOXA resistance gene was present in all isolates, the gyrA mutations was in 95.2% of C. jejuni and 80.0% of C. coli, and the tet(O) resistance gene in 76.2% of C. jejuni and 80.0% of C. coli. Additionally, 203 virulence-associated genes linked to 16 virulence factors were identified. In terms of phenotypic resistance, the C. jejuni isolates were all resistant to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and nalidixic acid, with lower levels of resistance to tetracycline (76.2%), tylosin (52.3%), erythromycin (23.8%), azithromycin (22.2%), and gentamicin (11.1%). Most C. coli isolates were resistant to all tested antimicrobials, while 1 C. coli was pan-susceptible except for tylosin. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms concordance varied widely, with differences of up to 13,375 single-nucleotide polymorphisms compared to the reference Campylobacter isolates, highlighting genetic divergence among comparative genomes. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in Thai chicken production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Hoang Phu
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Doctoral Program in Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | | | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ha Noi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Lida Omaleki
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
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Phu DH, Narinthorn R, Nhung NT, Chansiripornchai N, Blackall PJ, Turni C, Carrique-Mas J, Thomrongsuwannakij T. The characterization and correlation between the phenotypic and genotypic resistance of Campylobacter spp . isolates from commercial broilers and native chickens in the south of Thailand. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:1-13. [PMID: 37722832 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2260322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS High Campylobacter prevalence in chickens; C. jejuni more prevalent than C. coli.Susceptibility to macrolides but resistance to quinolones/tetracyclines in isolates.Homogeneous resistance patterns within farms; higher in broilers than in native birds.Partial association between phenotypic and genotypic resistance among isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Hoang Phu
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ruethai Narinthorn
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niwat Chansiripornchai
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Nhung NT, Dutta A, Higginson E, Kermack L, Yen NTP, Phu DH, Kiet BT, Choisy M, Geskus RB, Baker S, Carrique-Mas J. Impact of antimicrobial use on abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in chicken flocks in Vietnam. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2023; 5:dlad090. [PMID: 37484028 PMCID: PMC10362913 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated longitudinally Vietnamese small-scale chicken flocks in order to characterize changes in antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) content over their life cycle, and the impact of antimicrobial use (AMU) on an intervention consisting of veterinary advice provision. Methods AMU data and faecal samples were collected from 83 flocks (25 farms) at day-old, mid- and late-production (∼4 month cycle). Using high-throughput real-time PCR, samples were investigated for 94 ARGs. ARG copies were related to 16S rRNA and ng of DNA (ngDNA). Impact of AMU and ARGs in day-olds was investigated by mixed-effects models. Results Flocks received a mean (standard error, SE) animal daily dose (ADD) of 736.7 (83.0) and 52.1 (9.9) kg in early and late production, respectively. Overall, ARGs/16S rRNA increased from day-old (mean 1.47; SE 0.10) to mid-production (1.61; SE 0.16), further decreasing in end-production (1.60; SE 0.1) (all P > 0.05). In mid-production, ARGs/16S rRNA increased for aminoglycosides, phenicols, sulphonamides and tetracyclines, decreasing for polymyxins β-lactams and genes that confer resistance to mutiple classes (multi-drug resistance) (MDR). At end-production, aminoglycoside resistance decreased and polymyxin and quinolone resistance increased (all P < 0.05). Results in relation to ngDNA gave contradictory results. Neither AMU nor ARGs in day-olds had an impact on subsequent ARG abundance. The intervention resulted in 74.2% AMU reduction; its impact on ARGs depended on whether ARGs/ngDNA (+14.8%) or ARGs/16S rRNA metrics (-10.7%) (P > 0.05) were computed. Conclusions The flocks' environment (contaminated water, feed and residual contamination) is likely to play a more important role in transmission of ARGs to flocks than previously thought. Results highlight intriguing differences in the quantification of ARGs depending on the metric chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Ellen Higginson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leanne Kermack
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ronald B Geskus
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Phu DH, Wongtawan T, Truong DB, Van Cuong N, Carrique-Mas J, Thomrongsuwannakij T. A systematic review and meta-analysis of integrated studies on antimicrobial resistance in Vietnam, with a focus on Enterobacteriaceae, from a One Health perspective. One Health 2022; 15:100465. [PMID: 36561710 PMCID: PMC9767812 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vietnam is a low- and middle-income country (LMIC), a primary food producer, and an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) hotspot. AMR is recognized as a One Health challenge since it may transfer between humans, animals and the environment. This study aimed to apply systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the phenotypic profiles and correlations of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae across three compartments: humans, animals and the environment in Vietnam. A total of 89 articles found in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases were retrieved for qualitative synthesis. E. coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) were the most common bacterial species in studies of all compartments (60/89 studies). Among antimicrobials classified as critically important, the resistance levels were observed to be highest to quinolones, 3rd generation of cephalosporins, penicillins, and aminoglycosides. Of 89 studies, 55 articles reported the resistance prevalence of E. coli and NTS in healthy humans, animals and the environment against ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, ampicillin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, chloramphenicol was used for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence was found highest in E. coli against ampicillin 84.0% (95% CI 73.0-91.0%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 66.0% (95% CI 56.0-75.0%) while in NTS they were 34.0% (95% CI 24.0-46.0%), 33.0% (95% CI 25.0-42.0%), respectively. There were no significant differences in the pooled prevalence of E. coli and NTS to these antimicrobials across healthy humans, animals and the environment, except for ceftazidime-resistant E. coli (χ2 = 8.29, p = 0.02), chloramphenicol-resistant E.coli (χ2 = 9.65, p < 0.01) and chloramphenicol-resistant NTS (χ2 = 7.51, p = 0.02). Findings from the multiple meta-regression models indicated that the AMR levels in E. coli (β = 1.887, p < 0.001) and the North (β = 0.798, p = 0.047) had a higher fraction of AMR than NTS and other regions of Vietnam. The outcomes of this study play an important role as the baseline information for further investigation and follow-up intervention strategies to tackle AMR in Vietnam, and more generally, can be adapted to other LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Hoang Phu
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand,College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand,Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand,Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and other Microorganism, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Dinh Bao Truong
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Viet Nam,Ausvet PTY LTD, Bruce ACT 2617, Canberra, Australia
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ha Noi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand,Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand,Corresponding author at: Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
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Nhung NT, Yen NTP, Dung NTT, Nhan NTM, Phu DH, Kiet BT, Thwaites G, Geskus RB, Baker S, Carrique-Mas J, Choisy M. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from humans and chickens in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam is driven by antimicrobial usage and potential cross-species transmission. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac054. [PMID: 35663829 PMCID: PMC9154321 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in relation to antimicrobial use (AMU) and potential inter-species transmission among Escherichia coli from humans and chickens located in the same households in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Methods We collected data on AMU and faecal swabs from humans (N = 426) and chickens (N = 237) from 237 small-scale farms. From each sample, one E. coli strain was isolated and tested for its susceptibility against 11 antimicrobials by Sensititre AST. The association between AMR and AMU was investigated by logistic regression modelling. Using randomization, we compared the degree of similarity in AMR patterns between human and chicken E. coli from the same farms compared with isolates from different farms. Results The AMU rate was ∼19 times higher in chickens (291.1 per 1000 chicken-days) than in humans (15.1 per 1000 person-days). Isolates from chickens also displayed a higher prevalence of multidrug resistance (63.3%) than those of human origin (55.1%). AMU increased the probability of resistance in isolates from human (ORs between 2.1 and 5.3) and chicken (ORs between 1.9 and 4.8). E. coli from humans and chickens living on same farms had a higher degree of similarity in their AMR patterns than isolates from humans and chicken living on different farms. Conclusions We demonstrated the co-influence of AMU and potential transmission on observed phenotypic AMR patterns among E. coli isolates from food-producing animals and in-contact humans. Restricting unnecessary AMU alongside limiting interspecies contact (i.e. increasing hygiene and biocontainment) are essential for reducing the burden of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ronald B. Geskus
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Yen NTP, Nhung NT, Phu DH, Dung NTT, Van NTB, Kiet BT, Hien VB, Larsson M, Olson L, Campbell J, Quynh NPN, Duy PT, Carrique-Mas J. OUP accepted manuscript. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac038. [PMID: 35449721 PMCID: PMC9018397 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Mattias Larsson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linus Olson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, UK
| | | | - Pham Thanh Duy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, UK
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Van NTB, Vi OT, Yen NTP, Nhung NT, Cuong NV, Kiet BT, Hoang NV, Hien VB, Thwaites G, Campell J, Choisy M, Carrique-Mas J. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of commercial essential oils against common chicken pathogenic bacteria and their relationship with antibiotic resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1025-1035. [PMID: 34543506 PMCID: PMC9293407 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims We investigated the antibacterial effect of seven essential oils (EOs) and one EO‐containing liquid phytogenic solution marketed for poultry and pigs (‘Product A’) on chicken pathogens, as well as the relationship between minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in EOs and antibiotics commonly administered to chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam). Methods and Results Micellar extracts from oregano (Origanum vulgare), cajeput (Melaleuca leucadendra), garlic (Allium sativum), black pepper (Piper nigrum), peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) EOs and Product A were investigated for their MIC against Avibacterium endocarditidis (N = 10), Pasteurella multocida (N = 7), Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) (N = 10), Escherichia coli (N = 10) and Gallibacterium anatis (N = 10). Cinnamon EO had the lowest median MIC across strains (median 0.5 mg/ml [IQR, interquartile range 0.3–2.0 mg/ml]), followed by Product A (3.8 mg/ml [1.9–3.8 mg/ml]), oregano EO (30.4 mg/ml [7.6–60.8 mg/ml]) and garlic 63.1 mg/ml [3.9 to >505.0 mg/ml]. Peppermint, tea tree, cajeput and pepper EOs had all MIC ≥219 mg/ml. In addition, we determined the MIC of the 12 most commonly used antibiotics in chicken flocks in the area. After accounting for pathogen species, we found an independent, statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between MIC of 10 of 28 (35.7%) pairs of EOs. For 67/96 (69.8%) combinations of EOs and antibiotics, the MICs were correlated. Of all antibiotics, doxycycline was positively associated with the highest number of EOs (peppermint, tea tree, black pepper and cajeput, all p < 0.05). For cinnamon, the MICs were negatively correlated with the MICs of 11/12 antimicrobial tested (all except colistin). Conclusions Increases in MIC of antibiotics generally correlates with increased tolerance to EOs. For cinnamon EO, however, the opposite was observed. Significance and Impact of the Study Our results suggest increased antibacterial effects of EOs on multi‐drug resistant pathogens; cinnamon EO was particularly effective against bacterial poultry pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Bich Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - On Thuong Vi
- International University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Phuong Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Hoang
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - James Campell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Cuong NV, Ly NPC, Van NTB, Phu DH, Kiet BT, Hien VB, Padungtod P, Thwaites G, Choisy M, Carrique-Mas J. Feasibility study of a field survey to measure antimicrobial usage in humans and animals in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab107. [PMID: 34396120 PMCID: PMC8360299 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of antimicrobial use (AMU) surveillance systems in humans and animals is a priority for many low- and middle-income countries; however accurate estimations are hampered by a diversity of animal production systems and metrics. The Mekong Delta region of Vietnam is a 'hotspot' of antimicrobial resistance and is home to a high density of humans and animal populations. OBJECTIVES To measure and compare AMU using different metrics (standing population, biomass and population correction unit) in the Mekong Delta, and to explore the potential of field-based data collection methods in the design of AMU surveillance systems. METHODS We collected AMU data from humans and animals (chickens, ducks, Muscovy ducks, pigs) from 101 small-scale farms in the Mekong Delta over a fixed period (90 days in humans, 7 days in animals). RESULTS Humans used 7.1 DDDkg, or 175.9 mg of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) per kg of standing body mass annually; animals consumed 60.9 ADDkg or 1324 mg. In the Mekong Delta humans represented 79.3% of the total body mass but consumed 29.6% of AAIs by weight. AAIs regarded of critical importance by WHO represented 56.9% and 50.2% of doses consumed by animals and humans, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using a One Health approach, we show that AMU can potentially be estimated from cross-sectional surveys, although results are hypothetical due to small sample size and are sensitive to the chosen population denominator. The methodology proposed here can potentially be scaled up be applied to design AMU surveillance in low-resource settings, allowing AMU reduction efforts to be focused on particular animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP), Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP), Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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10
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Truong DB, Cuong NV, Doan PH, Dung NTT, Kiet BT, Rushton J, Carrique-Mas J. Small-scale commercial chicken production: A risky business for farmers in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Prev Vet Med 2021; 195:105470. [PMID: 34461467 PMCID: PMC8463836 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Small-scale farming of meat chicken flocks using local native breeds contributes to the economy of many rural livelihoods in Vietnam and many other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These systems are also the target of high levels of antimicrobial use (AMU); however, little is known about the profitability and sustainability of such systems. Since small-scale farms are commercial enterprises, this knowledge is essential to develop successful strategies to curb excessive AMU. Using longitudinal data from 203 small-scale (100−2,000 heads) native chicken flocks raised in 102 randomly selected farms in Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam), we investigated the financial and economic parameters of such systems and the main constraints to their sustainability. Feed accounted for the largest financial cost (flock median 49.5 % [Inter-quartile range (IQR) 41.5−61.8 %]) of total costs, followed by day-old-chicks (DOCs) (median 30.3 % [IQR 23.2−38.4 %]), non-antimicrobial health-supporting products (median 7.1 % [IQR 4.7−10.5 %]), vaccines (median 3.1 % [IQR 2.2−4.8 %]), equipment (median 1.9 % [IQR 0.0−4.9 %]) and antimicrobials (median 1.9 % [IQR 0.7−3.6 %]). Excluding labor costs, farmers achieved a positive return on investment (ROI) from 120 (59.1 %) flocks, the remainder generating a loss (median ROI 124 % [IQR 36–206 %]). Higher ROI was associated with higher flock size and low mortality. There was no statistical association between use of medicated feed and flock mortality or chicken bodyweight. The median daily income per person dedicated to raising chickens was 202,100 VND, lower than alternative rural labor activities in the Mekong Delta. In a large proportion of farms (33.4 %), farmers decided to stop raising chickens after completing one cycle. Farmers who dropped off chicken production purchased more expensive feed (in 1000 VND per kg): 11.1 [10.6−11.5] vs. 10.8 [10.4−11.3] for farms that continued production (p = 0.039), and experienced higher chicken mortality (28.5 % [12.0−79.0 %] vs. 16 [7.5−33.0 %]; p = 0.004). The rapid turnover of farmers raising chickens in such systems represents a challenge to the uptake of messages on appropriate AMU and chicken health. To ensure sustainability of small-scale commercial systems, advisory services need to be available to farmers as they initiate new flocks, and support them in the early stages to help overcome their limited experience and skills. This targeted approach would support profitability whilst reducing risk of emergence of AMR and infectious disease from these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Bao Truong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, HCMC, Vietnam.
| | | | - Phu Hoang Doan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, HCMC, Vietnam
| | | | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Cuong NV, Kiet BT, Hien VB, Truong BD, Phu DH, Thwaites G, Choisy M, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial use through consumption of medicated feeds in chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: A three-year study before a ban on antimicrobial growth promoters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250082. [PMID: 33886626 PMCID: PMC8061946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are included in commercial animal feed rations in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We measured antimicrobial use (AMU) in commercial feed products consumed by 338 small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, before a gradual nationwide ban on prophylactic use of antimicrobials (including in commercial feeds) to be introduced in the country over the coming five years. We inspected the labels of commercial feeds and calculated amounts of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) given to flocks. We framed these results in the context of overall AMU in chicken production, and highlighted those products that did not comply with Government regulations. Thirty-five of 99 (35.3%) different antimicrobial-containing feed products included at least one AAI. Eight different AAIs (avilamycin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, colistin, enramycin, flavomycin, oxytetracycline, virginamycin) belonging to five classes were identified. Brooding feeds contained antimicrobials the most (60.0%), followed by grower (40.9%) and finisher feeds (20.0%). Quantitatively, chlortetracycline was consumed most (42.2 mg/kg SEM ±0.34; 50.0% of total use), followed by enramycin (18.4 mg/kg SEM ±0.03, 21.8%), bacitracin (16.4 mg/kg SEM ±0.20, 19.4%) and colistin (6.40 mg/kg SEM ± 4.21;7.6%). Other antimicrobials consumed were virgianamycin, avilamycin, flavomycin and oxytetracycline (each ≤0.50 mg/kg). Antimicrobials in commercial feeds were more commonly given to flocks in the earlier part of the production cycle. A total of 10 (9.3%) products were not compliant with existing Vietnamese regulation (06/2016/TT-BNNPTNT) either because they included a non-authorised AAI (4), had AAIs over the permitted limits (4), or both (2). A number of commercial feed formulations examined included colistin (polymyxin E), a critically important antimicrobial of highest priority for human medicine. These results illustrate the challenges for effective implementation and enforcement of restrictions of antimicrobials in commercial feeds in LMICs. Results from this study should help encourage discussion about policies on medicated feeds in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP), Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP), Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Bao Dinh Truong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Phu DH, Cuong NV, Truong DB, Kiet BT, Hien VB, Thu HTV, Yen LK, Minh NTT, Padungtod P, Setyawan E, Thwaites G, Rushton J, Carrique-Mas J. Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Small-Scale Chicken Farms in Vietnam: A 3-Year Intervention Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:612993. [PMID: 33585602 PMCID: PMC7876082 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.612993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a driver of antimicrobial resistance globally. There is a need to define sustainable interventions to reduce AMU in small-scale production systems, which currently represent the most widespread farming systems in South East Asia and many low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a before-and-after intervention study on a random sample of small-scale chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam from 2016 to 2019. The study included a baseline followed by an intervention phase where farmers were provided with regular veterinary advice on flock health and husbandry, as well as antimicrobial replacement products. Of 102 recruited farms (raising >100 chickens per flock cycle), thirty-five (34.2%) entered the intervention phase, whilst the rest stopped raising chickens, mainly due to suboptimal flock performance. Through the implementation of our intervention, chicken flocks reduced levels of AMU by 66% [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.34; p = 0.002) from a baseline of 343.4 Animal Daily Doses per 1,000 chicken-days and decreased weekly mortality by 40% (adjusted HR = 0.60; p = 0.005) from a baseline mortality of 1.60 per 100 birds. Chicken bodyweight increased by 100 g (p = 0.002) in intervention flocks. Our findings demonstrate that the provision of veterinary advice can achieve substantial reductions in AMU in small-scale production systems without compromising flock health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Bao Truong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lãnh City, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lãnh City, Vietnam
| | - Ho Thi Viet Thu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Lam Kim Yen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Dong Thap Community College, Cao Lãnh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Pawin Padungtod
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Erry Setyawan
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Parisi A, Phuong TLT, Mather AE, Jombart T, Tuyen HT, Lan NPH, Trang NHT, Carrique-Mas J, Campbell JI, Trung NV, Glass K, Kirk MD, Baker S. The role of animals as a source of antimicrobial resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella causing invasive and non-invasive human disease in Vietnam. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 85:104534. [PMID: 32920195 PMCID: PMC7705210 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are associated with both diarrhea and bacteremia. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is common in NTS in low-middle income countries, but the major source(s) of AMR NTS in humans are not known. Here, we aimed to assess the role of animals as a source of AMR in human NTS infections in Vietnam. We retrospectively combined and analyzed 672 NTS human and animal isolates from four studies in southern Vietnam and compared serovars, sequence types (ST), and AMR profiles. We generated a population structure of circulating organisms and aimed to attribute sources of AMR in NTS causing invasive and noninvasive disease in humans using Bayesian multinomial mixture models. RESULTS Among 672 NTS isolates, 148 (22%) originated from human blood, 211 (31%) from human stool, and 313 (47%) from animal stool. The distribution of serovars, STs, and AMR profiles differed among sources; serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Weltevreden were the most common in human blood, human stool, and animals, respectively. We identified an association between the source of NTS and AMR profile; the majority of AMR isolates were isolated from human blood (p < 0.001). Modelling by ST-AMR profile found chickens and pigs were likely the major sources of AMR NTS in human blood and stool, respectively; but unsampled sources were found to be a major contributor. CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial use in food animals is hypothesized to play role in the emergence of AMR in human pathogens. Our cross-sectional population-based approach suggests a significant overlap between AMR in NTS in animals and humans, but animal NTS does explain the full extent of AMR in human NTS infections in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Parisi
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Tu Le Thi Phuong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Thibaut Jombart
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ha Thanh Tuyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Hoang Thu Trang
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Campbell
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Vinh Trung
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Kathryn Glass
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Martyn D. Kirk
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Corresponding author at: Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom.
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14
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Nhung NT, Yen NTP, Cuong N, Kiet BT, Hien VB, Campbell J, Thwaites G, Baker S, Geskus R, Ashton P, Carrique-Mas J. Carriage of the zoonotic organism Streptococcus suis in chicken flocks in Vietnam. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:843-848. [PMID: 32342661 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis infections are an emerging zoonotic agent causing severe disease in humans and a major pig pathogen worldwide. We investigated the colonization of S. suis in healthy chickens in different flocks (n = 59) as well as in-contact pigs in farms with S. suis-positive chickens (n = 44) in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Streptococcus suis was isolated from 20 (33.9%) chicken flocks and from all pigs investigated. Chicken isolates formed a distinct genotypic cluster compared with pig and human strains, although two chicken isolates (10%) clustered with pig isolates. Chicken isolates had unusually high levels of resistance against tetracycline (100%), clindamycin (100%) and erythromycin (95%); and intermediate resistance against penicillin (35%) and ceftriaxone (15%). Our findings suggest that chickens may potentially represent a source of S. suis infection to in-contact humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal of Health and Production, Dong Thap province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal of Health and Production, Dong Thap province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ronald Geskus
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Ashton
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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15
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Dung NTT, Truong BD, Cuong NV, Van NTB, Phu DH, Kiet BT, Rueanghiran C, Hien VB, Thwaites G, Rushton J, Carrique-Mas J. A survey of retail prices of antimicrobial products used in small-scale chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Global Health 2020; 16:8. [PMID: 31937338 PMCID: PMC6961362 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-019-0539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, high quantities of products containing antimicrobial are used as prophylactic and curative treatments in small-scale chicken flocks. A large number of these contain antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) considered of ‘critical importance’ for human medicine according to the World Health Organization (WHO). However, little is known about the retail prices of these products and variables associated with the expense on antimicrobials at farm level. Therefore, the aims of the study were: (1) to investigate the retail price of antimicrobials with regards to WHO importance criteria; and (2) to quantify the antimicrobial expense incurred in raising chicken flocks. We investigated 102 randomly-selected small-scale farms raising meat chickens (100–2000 per flock cycle) in two districts in Dong Thap (Mekong Delta) over 203 flock production cycles raised in these farms. Farmers were asked to record the retail prices and amounts of antimicrobial used. Results A total of 214 different antimicrobial-containing products were identified. These contained 37 different AAIs belonging to 13 classes. Over half (60.3%) products contained 1 highest priority, critically important AAI, and 38.8% 1 high priority, critically important AAI. The average (farm-adjusted) retail price of a daily dose administered to a 1 kg bird across products was 0.40 cents of 1 US$ (₵) (SE ± 0.05). The most expensive products were those that included at least one high priority, critically important AAI, as well as those purchased in one of the two study districts. Farmers spent on average of ₵3.91 (SE ± 0.01) on antimicrobials per bird over the production cycle. The expense on antimicrobials in weeks with disease and low mortality was greater than on weeks with disease and high mortality, suggesting that antimicrobial use had a beneficial impact on disease outcomes (χ2 = 3.8; p = 0.052). Farmers generally used more expensive antimicrobials on older flocks. Conclusions and recommendation The retail prices of antimicrobial products used in chicken production in Mekong Delta small-scale chicken farms are very low, and not related to their relevance for human medicine. Farmers, however, demonstrated a degree of sensitivity to prices of antimicrobial products. Therefore, revising pricing policies of antimicrobial products remains a potential option to curb the use of antimicrobials of critical importance in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T T Dung
- Wellcome Vietnam Africa Asia Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,InterRisk program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bao D Truong
- Wellcome Vietnam Africa Asia Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen V Cuong
- Wellcome Vietnam Africa Asia Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T B Van
- Wellcome Vietnam Africa Asia Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Doan H Phu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach T Kiet
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Chalalai Rueanghiran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vo B Hien
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Wellcome Vietnam Africa Asia Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Wellcome Vietnam Africa Asia Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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16
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Yen NTP, Nhung NT, Van NTB, Cuong NV, Tien Chau LT, Trinh HN, Tuat CV, Tu ND, Phu Huong Lan N, Campbell J, Thwaites G, Baker S, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial residues, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Vibrio spp. and associated microbiological hazards in retail shrimps purchased in Ho Chi Minh city (Vietnam). Food Control 2020; 107:106756. [PMID: 31902975 PMCID: PMC6894321 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated antimicrobial residues, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Vibrio spp. and their associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in shrimps locally purchased in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). In addition, we investigated the relationship between AMR in NTS, Vibrio spp. and antimicrobial residue in the same sample. A total of 40 samples of shrimp heads/shells from different retail sources was cultured using ISO 6579-1:2017 (NTS) and ISO/TS 21872-1:2007 (Vibrio spp.). Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated using Vitek (NTS, 34 antimicrobials) and disk diffusion (Vibrio spp., 12 antimicrobials). A total of 9 (22.5%) samples contained antimicrobial residue, including tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and macrolides (in 7.5%, 7.5%, 2.5% and 2.5% of samples, respectively). Shrimp samples from supermarkets had a higher prevalence of antimicrobial residue than those purchased in street markets (50% vs. 13.3%) (p = 0.049). A total of 30 (75%) samples were contaminated with NTS. All samples contained Vibrio spp., with V. parahaemolyticus being most common (87.5% samples). A total of 58.9% NTS isolates were multidrug resistant. With regards to the highest priority, critically important antimicrobials, the highest resistance corresponded to quinolones (14.4-47.8%), followed by 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (3.3-7.8%). Vibrio spp. isolates were characterised by their high resistance against ampicillin (82.7%) and 3rd generation cephalosporins (8.3-16.5%). Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) activity was detected in 28.1% V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Half of ESBL-positive V. parahaemolyticus strains harboured bla CTX-M1. We found an association between the presence of residues and the number of resistances for NTS (p = 0.075) and Vibrio spp. isolates (p = 0.093) from the same sample. These findings suggest that the presence of residues may contribute to the selection of AMR in foodborne pathogens in shrimps. Authorities should strengthen policies aiming at restricting inappropriate antimicrobial usage in shrimp farming, and step up monitoring of antimicrobial residues and food-borne pathogens at retail in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Phuong Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Bich Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Le Tran Tien Chau
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Ngoc Trinh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Chu Van Tuat
- National Centre for Veterinary Hygiene Inspection No. I, 28 Ngo 78, Giai Phong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Dong Tu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yersin, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Van NTB, Yen NTP, Nhung NT, Cuong NV, Kiet BT, Hoang NV, Hien VB, Chansiripornchai N, Choisy M, Ribas A, Campbell J, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Characterization of viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes of disease in small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Poult Sci 2019; 99:783-790. [PMID: 32036978 PMCID: PMC7587710 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, small-scale chicken farming is common. However, high levels of disease or mortality in such flocks impair economic development and challenge the livelihoods of many rural households. We investigated 61 diseased small-scale flocks (122 chickens) for evidence of infection with 5 bacteria, 4 viruses, and helminths. Serological profiles (ELISA) were also determined against 6 of these pathogens. The aims of this study were the following: (1) to investigate the prevalence of different pathogens and to compare the probability of detection of bacterial pathogens using PCR and culture; (2) to investigate the relationship between detection of organisms in birds' tissues and the observed morbidity and mortality, as well as their antibody profile; and (3) to characterize risk factors for infection with specific viral or bacterial pathogens. We used PCR to test for viral (viruses causing infectious bronchitis [IB], highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI], Newcastle disease, and infectious bursal disease [IBD]) and bacterial pathogens (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale [ORT]). The latter two were also investigated in respiratory tissues by conventional culture. Colisepticemic Escherichia coli was investigated by liver or spleen culture. In 49 of 61 (80.3%) flocks, at least one bacterial or viral pathogen was detected, and in 29 (47.5%) flocks, more than one pathogen was detected. A. paragallinarum was detected in 62.3% flocks, followed by M. gallisepticum (26.2%), viruses causing IBD (24.6%) and IB (21.3%), septicemic E. coli (14.8%), ORT (13.1%), and HPAI viruses (4.9%). Of all flocks, 67.2% flocks were colonized by helminths. Mortality was highest among flocks infected with HPAI (100%, interquartile range [IQR]: 81.6–100%) and lowest with flocks infected with ORT (5.3%, IQR: 1.1–9.0%). The results indicated slight agreement (kappa ≤ 0.167) between detection by PCR and culture for both A. paragallinarum and ORT, as well as between the presence of cestodes and ORT infection (kappa = 0.317). Control of A. paragallinarum, viruses causing HPAI, IBD, and IB, M. gallisepticum, and gastrointestinal helminths should be a priority in small-scale flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Bich Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Phuong Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Hoang
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Niwat Chansiripornchai
- Avian Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam; MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Tu NTK, Tue NT, Vapalahti O, Virtala AMK, Van Tan L, Rabaa MA, Carrique-Mas J, Thwaites GE, Baker S. Occupational Animal Contact in Southern and Central Vietnam. Ecohealth 2019; 16:759-771. [PMID: 31720941 PMCID: PMC6910886 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the global zoonotic disease burden, the underlying exposures that drive zoonotic disease emergence are not understood. Here, we aimed to assess exposures to potential sources of zoonotic disease and investigate the demographics, attitudes, and behavior of individuals with sustained occupational animal contact in Vietnam. We recruited 581 animal workers (animal-raising farmers, slaughterers, animal health workers, and rat traders) and their families in southern and central Vietnam into a cohort. Cohort members were followed for 3 years and interviewed annually regarding (1) demography and attitudes regarding zoonotic disease, (2) medical history, (3) specific exposures to potential zoonotic infection sources, and (4) socioeconomic status. Interview information over the 3 years was combined and analyzed as cross-sectional data. Of the 297 cohort members interviewed, the majority (79.8%; 237/297) reported raising livestock; almost all (99.6%; 236/237) reported being routinely exposed to domestic animals, and more than a quarter (28.7%; 68/237) were exposed to exotic animals. Overall, 70% (208/297) reported slaughtering exotic animals; almost all (99.5%; 207/208) reported consuming such animals. The consumption of raw blood and meat was common (24.6%; 73/297 and 37%; 110/297, respectively). Over half (58.6%; 174/297) reported recent occupational animal-induced injuries that caused bleeding; the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was limited. Our work demonstrates that individuals working with animals in Vietnam are exposed to a wide range of species, and there are limited procedures for reducing potential zoonotic disease exposures. We advocate better education, improved animal security, and enforced legislation of PPE for those with occupational animal exposure in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kha Tu
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tri Tue
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija K Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Le Van Tan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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19
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Cuong NV, Phu DH, Van NTB, Dinh Truong B, Kiet BT, Hien BV, Thu HTV, Choisy M, Padungtod P, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. High-Resolution Monitoring of Antimicrobial Consumption in Vietnamese Small-Scale Chicken Farms Highlights Discrepancies Between Study Metrics. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:174. [PMID: 31294033 PMCID: PMC6598194 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken is, among farmed species, the target of the highest levels of antimicrobial use (AMU). There are considerable knowledge gaps on how and when antimicrobials are used in commercial small-scale chicken farms. These shortcomings arise from cross-sectional study designs and poor record keeping practiced by many such farmers. Furthermore, there is a large diversity of AMU metrics, and it is not clear how these metrics relate to each other. We performed a longitudinal study on a cohort of small-scale chicken farms (n = 102) in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam), an area regarded as a hotspot of AMU, from October 2016 to May 2018. We collected data on all medicine products administered to 203 flocks with the following aims: (1) to describe types and quantities of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) used; (2) to describe critical time points of AMU; and (3) to compare AMU using three quantitative metrics: (a) weight of AAIs related to bird weight at the time of treatment (mg/kg at treatment); (b) weight of AAIs related to weight of birds sold (mg/kg sold); and (c) “treatment incidence” (TI), or the number of daily doses per kilogram of live chicken [Vietnamese animal daily dose (ADDvetVN)] per 1,000 days. Antimicrobials contained in commercial feed, administered by injection (n = N = 6), or antimicrobials for human medicine (n = N = 16) were excluded. A total of 236 products were identified, containing 42 different AAIs. A total of 76.2% products contained AAIs of “critical importance” according to the World Health Organization (WHO). On average, chickens consumed 791.8 (SEM ±16.7) mg/kg at treatment, 323.4 (SEM ±11.3) mg/kg sold, and the TI was 382.6 (SEM ±5.5) per 1,000 days. AMU was more common early in the production cycle and was highly skewed, with the upper 25% quantile of flocks accounting for 60.7% of total AMU. The observed discrepancies between weight- and dose-based metrics were explained by differences in the strength of AAIs, mortality levels, and the timing of administration. Results suggest that in small-scale chicken production, AMU reduction efforts should preferentially target the early (brooding) period, which is when birds are most likely to be exposed to antimicrobials, whilst restricting access to antimicrobials of critical importance for human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Bao Dinh Truong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lãnh, Vietnam
| | - Bo Ve Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lãnh, Vietnam
| | - Ho Thi Viet Thu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Can Tho, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Choisy M, Van Cuong N, Bao TD, Kiet BT, Hien BV, Thu HV, Chansiripornchai N, Setyawan E, Thwaites G, Rushton J, Carrique-Mas J. Assessing antimicrobial misuse in small-scale chicken farms in Vietnam from an observational study. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:206. [PMID: 31221155 PMCID: PMC6585117 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobials are used by poultry farmers in Vietnam as a tool to treat and prevent infectious diseases. We aimed to determine the fraction of disease episodes likely to remain untreated due to the administration of antimicrobials on non-susceptible pathogens in chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Weekly data on antimicrobial use and clinical signs were collected from 88 randomly chosen chicken flocks over 124 full production cycles (i.e. time between restocking flocks with day-old chicks and sale for slaughter). A naïve Bayes model was trained to infer the probabilities of disease episodes having been caused by each of 24 pathogens, given the observed clinical sign profile, and expert knowledge on their relative incidence. RESULTS A total of 224 disease episodes were observed, of which 44.8% were attributed to viruses (95% CI 31.1-58.4%), 54.6% (CI 40.4-68.7%) to bacteria, and 0.6% (CI 0-1.7%) to a protozoan (Eimeria spp.). Antimicrobials were more frequently administered on weeks with disease than on weeks without disease (43.3% vs. 17.8%; p < 0.001). A median of 2 [IQR 0-4] antimicrobials were used by episode. The choice of specific antimicrobials was independent on whether the flocks had disease clinical signs or not. Antimicrobials were not used in 30.3% of the episodes. The overall probability that episodes were not effectively treated was 74.2, and 53.7% when discounting cases where the inferred aetiology is viral. Considering only episodes where antimicrobials were given, these probabilities were 57.4 and 23.8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights untargeted use of antimicrobials on small-scale Vietnamese chicken farms, as well as the limitations of antimicrobials as effective tools to control infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
- LMI “Drug Resistance in South-east Asia” (DRISA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Truong Dinh Bao
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP), Cao Lanh, Dong Thap Vietnam
| | - Bo Ve Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP), Cao Lanh, Dong Thap Vietnam
| | | | | | - Erry Setyawan
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Nuffield, Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Nuffield, Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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21
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Carrique-Mas J, Van Cuong N, Truong BD, Phu DH, Phuc TM, Turner H, Thwaites G, Baker S. Affordability of antimicrobials for animals and humans in Vietnam: A call to revise pricing policies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:269-270. [PMID: 31085299 PMCID: PMC6669274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bao Dinh Truong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran My Phuc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hugo Turner
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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22
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Truong DB, Doan HP, Doan Tran VK, Nguyen VC, Bach TK, Rueanghiran C, Binot A, Goutard FL, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J, Rushton J. Assessment of Drivers of Antimicrobial Usage in Poultry Farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: A Combined Participatory Epidemiology and Q-Sorting Approach. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:84. [PMID: 30968033 PMCID: PMC6442645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, poultry farmers use high amounts of antimicrobials, but little is known about the drivers that influence this usage. We aimed to identify these drivers using a novel approach that combined participatory epidemiology (PE) and Q-sorting (a methodology that allows the analysis of the subjectivity of individuals facing a common phenomenon). A total of 26 semi-structured collective interviews were conducted with 125 farmers representative of the most common farming systems in the area (chickens, meat ducks, and mobile grazing ducks), as well as with 73 farmers' advisors [veterinarians, veterinary drug shop owners, and government veterinarians/commune animal health workers (CAHWs)] in five districts of Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta). Through these interviews, 46 statements related to the antimicrobials' perceived reliability, costs, and impact on flock health were created. These statements were then investigated on 54 individuals (28 farmers and 26 farmers' advisors) using Q-sorting interviews. Farmers generally indicated a higher propensity for antimicrobial usage (AMU) should their flocks encounter bacterial infections (75.0-78.6%) compared with viral infections (8.3-66.7%). The most trusted sources of advice to farmers were, in decreasing order: government veterinarian/CAHWs, their own knowledge/experience, veterinary drug shop owners, and sales persons from pharmaceutical and feed companies. The highest peak of AMU took place in the early phase of the production cycle. Farmers and their advisors showed considerable heterogeneity of attitudes with regards to AMU, with, respectively, four and three discourses representing their views on AMU. Overall, farmers regarded the cost of AMU cheaper than other disease management practices implemented on their farms. However, they also believed that even though these measures were more expensive, they would also lead to more effective disease prevention. A key recommendation from this finding would be for the veterinary authorities to implement long-term sustainable training programs aiming at reducing farmers' reliance on antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Bao Truong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Phu Doan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vinh Khanh Doan Tran
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Tuan Kiet Bach
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lãnh, Vietnam
| | - Chalalai Rueanghiran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aurélie Binot
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Flavie L Goutard
- Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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23
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Carrique-Mas J, Van NTB, Cuong NV, Truong BD, Kiet BT, Thanh PTH, Lon NN, Giao VTQ, Hien VB, Padungtod P, Choisy M, Setyawan E, Rushton J, Thwaites G. Mortality, disease and associated antimicrobial use in commercial small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Prev Vet Med 2019; 165:15-22. [PMID: 30851923 PMCID: PMC6418316 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High mortality (2.6 chickens/100 chickens/week) in small-scale Mekong Delta flocks. Disease most common in the brooding period; mortality peaks in the 5–10 week period. Antimicrobials use (AMU) most common in the early (‘brooding’) period. Farmers tend to repeat AMU behavior over consecutive flock cycles. AMU was associated with the density of veterinary drug shops.
Raising chickens in small-scale flocks following all-in-all-out management is common in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. These flocks represent an intermediate category between backyard and intensive (industrial) farming systems. However, little is known about the occurrence and burden of disease and/or mortality in such flocks, and their potential association with antimicrobial usage (AMU). We investigated mortality, disease and weekly antimicrobial use (AMU) in 124 cycles of meat chicken flocks raised in 88 farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam (with a median cycle duration of 18 weeks [inter-quartile range IQR 17–20]). We visited each farm 4 times per cycle to review data collected weekly by the farmers on clinical signs, mortality, and AMU. The overall probability of disease and AMU were 0.31 (95% CI 0.29–0.32) and 0.26 (95% CI 0.24–0.28), respectively. The average weekly incidence of mortality was 2.6 (95% CI 2.2–3.0) per 100 birds. Both the probabilities of a flock experiencing disease and mortality, as well as of using antimicrobials decreased with the flock’s age. However, mortality peaked at the 5–10 week period. The only significant explanatory factors associated with presence of disease was the stage of production ≥5 weeks (protective) (OR ≤ 0.51). Factors independently associated with AMU (p < 0.05) were: (1) Number of chickens (log) (OR=1.46), (2) Stage of production ≥5 weeks (OR≤0.67) (protective), (3) Cao Lanh district (OR=2.23), (4) Density of veterinary drug shops at commune level (log) (OR=1.58), and (5) Disease in flocks (OR=1.80). Factors independently associated with overall increased weekly incidence of mortality (p < 0.05) were: (1) High level of education attainment (secondary education or higher) (Hazard rate Ratio [HR]=1.70), (2) number of chickens (log) (HR=1.39), and (3) Stage of production >5 weeks (HR≤2.14). In flocks reporting disease, AMU significantly reduced the incidence of mortality (HR=0.90). These results confirm an exceptionally high mortality in chicken flocks in the area, jeopardizing the profitability and sustainability of these small-scale farming systems. The data also suggest an association between nearby access to antimicrobials and AMU, and a high correlation of AMU over consecutive cycles. The atomized farming landscape of the Mekong Delta, the high incidence of disease and mortality, and the unrestricted and easy access to antimicrobials present major challenges to the implementation of policies aimed at AMU reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Bao Dinh Truong
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Lon
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | | | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Green One UN House Building, 304 Kim Ma, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam; MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Erry Setyawan
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Van Nguyen D, Van Nguyen C, Bonsall D, Ngo TT, Carrique-Mas J, Pham AH, Bryant JE, Thwaites G, Baker S, Woolhouse M, Simmonds P. Detection and Characterization of Homologues of Human Hepatitis Viruses and Pegiviruses in Rodents and Bats in Vietnam. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030102. [PMID: 29495551 PMCID: PMC5869495 DOI: 10.3390/v10030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents and bats are now widely recognised as important sources of zoonotic virus infections in other mammals, including humans. Numerous surveys have expanded our knowledge of diverse viruses in a range of rodent and bat species, including their origins, evolution, and range of hosts. In this study of pegivirus and human hepatitis-related viruses, liver and serum samples from Vietnamese rodents and bats were examined by PCR and sequencing. Nucleic acids homologous to human hepatitis B, C, E viruses were detected in liver samples of 2 (1.3%) of 157 bats, 38 (8.1%), and 14 (3%) of 470 rodents, respectively. Hepacivirus-like viruses were frequently detected (42.7%) in the bamboo rat, Rhizomys pruinosus, while pegivirus RNA was only evident in 2 (0.3%) of 638 rodent serum samples. Complete or near-complete genome sequences of HBV, HEV and pegivirus homologues closely resembled those previously reported from rodents and bats. However, complete coding region sequences of the rodent hepacivirus-like viruses substantially diverged from all of the currently classified variants and potentially represent a new species in the Hepacivirus genus. Of the viruses identified, their routes of transmission and potential to establish zoonoses remain to be determined.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chiroptera/virology
- Genome, Viral
- Hepatitis Viruses/classification
- Hepatitis Viruses/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/epidemiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Humans
- Phylogeny
- Public Health Surveillance
- RNA, Viral
- Rodentia/virology
- Vietnam/epidemiology
- Zoonoses/epidemiology
- Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Van Nguyen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Cuong Van Nguyen
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - David Bonsall
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Tue Tri Ngo
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Anh Hong Pham
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Stephen Baker
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
- The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
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25
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Nhung NT, Van NTB, Cuong NV, Duong TTQ, Nhat TT, Hang TTT, Nhi NTH, Kiet BT, Hien VB, Ngoc PT, Campbell J, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial residues and resistance against critically important antimicrobials in non-typhoidal Salmonella from meat sold at wet markets and supermarkets in Vietnam. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 266:301-309. [PMID: 29275223 PMCID: PMC5783717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excessive antimicrobial usage and deficiencies in hygiene in meat production systems may result in undesirable human health hazards, such as the presence of antimicrobial drug residues and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), including antimicrobial resistant (AMR) NTS. Recently, Vietnam has witnessed the emergence of integrated intensive animal production systems, coexisting with more traditional, locally-sourced wet markets. To date no systematic studies have been carried out to compare health hazards in beef, pork and chicken in different production systems. We aimed to: (1) estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in beef, pork and chicken meat; (2) investigate the prevalence and levels of NTS contamination; and (3) investigate serovar distribution and AMR against critically important antimicrobials by animal species and type of retail (wet market vs. supermarket) in Vietnam. Fresh pork, beef and chicken meat samples (N=357) sourced from wet markets and supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Hanoi and Dong Thap were screened for antimicrobial residues by PremiTest, and were further investigated by Charm II. Samples from HCMC (N=113) were cultured using ISO 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007. NTS bacteria were quantified using a minimum probable number (MPN) technique. NTS isolates were assigned to serovar by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and were investigated for their phenotypic susceptibility against 32 antimicrobials. A total of 26 (7.3%) samples tested positive by PremiTest (9.5% beef, 4.1% pork and 8.4% chicken meat). Sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were detected by Charm in 3.1%, 2.8% and 2.0% samples, respectively. Overall, meat samples from wet markets had a higher prevalence of residues than those from supermarkets (9.6% vs. 2.6%) (p=0.016). NTS were isolated from 68.4% samples from HCMC. Chicken samples from wet markets had by far the highest NTS counts (median 3.2 logMPN/g). NTS isolates displayed high levels of resistance against quinolones (52.2%) and β-lactams (49.6%), but low levels against 3rd generation cephalosporins (4.4%) and aminoglycosides (0.8%). The highest adjusted prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) corresponded to isolates from chicken meat and pork (OR 8.3 and 1.8, respectively) (baseline=beef). S. Kentucky was the most common serovar identified (11 from chicken, 1 from beef) and 91.7% isolates was MDR. 11/12 isolates corresponded to ST198, a worldwide-disseminated multi-resistant NTS clone. We recommend stepping up policy measures to promote responsible antimicrobial use in animal production, as well as awareness about withdrawal periods to limit the hazard of residues in animal products, and improving slaughtering/hygiene procedures to limit cross-contamination with NTS, particularly in poultry wet markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Bich Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Tran Thi Nhat
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Hong Nhi
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Viet Nam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Viet Nam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap Province, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
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26
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Lu L, Van Dung N, Ivens A, Bogaardt C, O’Toole A, Bryant JE, Carrique-Mas J, Van Cuong N, Anh PH, Rabaa MA, Tue NT, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Simmonds P, Woolhouse ME. Genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of kobuviruses in Vietnam. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey002. [PMID: 29449965 PMCID: PMC5810437 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of viruses poses a sustained threat to public health. Due to increased contact between humans and other animal species the possibility exists for cross-species transmissions and ensuing disease outbreaks. By using conventional PCR amplification and next generation sequencing, we obtained 130 partial or full genome kobuvirus sequences from humans in a sentinel cohort in Vietnam and various mammalian hosts including bats, rodents, pigs, cats, and civets. The evolution of kobuviruses in different hosts was analysed using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. We estimated and compared time of origin of kobuviruses in different host orders; we also examined the cross-species transmission of kobuviruses within the same host order and between different host orders. Our data provide new knowledge of rodent and bat kobuviruses, which are most closely related to human kobuviruses. The novel bat kobuviruses isolated from bat roosts in Southern Vietnam were genetically distinct from previously described bat kobuviruses, but closely related to kobuviruses found in rodents. We additionally found evidence of frequent cross-species transmissions of kobuviruses within rodents. Overall, our phylogenetic analyses reveal multiple cross-species transmissions both within and among mammalian species, which increases our understanding of kobuviruses genetic diversity and the complexity of their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Nguyen Van Dung
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Carlijn Bogaardt
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Aine O’Toole
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Anh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tri Tue
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Mark Ej Woolhouse
- Ashworth Laboratories, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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27
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Zellweger RM, Carrique-Mas J, Limmathurotsakul D, Day NPJ, Thwaites GE, Baker S. A current perspective on antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:2963-2972. [PMID: 28961709 PMCID: PMC5890732 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia, a vibrant region that has recently undergone unprecedented economic development, is regarded as a global hotspot for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Understanding AMR in Southeast Asia is crucial for assessing how to control AMR on an international scale. Here we (i) describe the current AMR situation in Southeast Asia, (ii) explore the mechanisms that make Southeast Asia a focal region for the emergence of AMR, and (iii) propose ways in which Southeast Asia could contribute to a global solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël M Zellweger
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P. J Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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28
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Hoa LNM, Tuan NA, My PH, Huong TTK, Chi NTY, Hau Thu TT, Carrique-Mas J, Duong MT, Tho ND, Hoang ND, Thanh TL, Diep NT, van Duong N, Toan TK, Tung TS, Mai LQ, Iqbal M, Wertheim H, van Doorn HR, Bryant JE. Assessing evidence for avian-to-human transmission of influenza A/H9N2 virus in rural farming communities in northern Vietnam. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2011-2016. [PMID: 28771136 PMCID: PMC5656782 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rural farming communities in northern Vietnam do not routinely practice vaccination for influenza A viruses (IAV) for either humans or poultry, which enables us to study transmission intensity via seroepidemiology. Using samples from a longitudinal cohort of farming households, we determined the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic human infections for seasonal IAV and avian A/H9 over 2 years. As expected, we detected virologically confirmed acute cases of seasonal IAV in humans, as well as large numbers of subclinical seroconversions to A/H1pdm [55/265 (21 %)], A/H3 [95/265 (36 %)] and A/H9 [24/265 (9 %)]. Five of the A/H9 human seroconverters likely represented true infections rather than heterosubtypic immunity, because the individuals seroconverted solely to A/H9. Among co-located poultry, we found significantly higher seroprevalance for A/H5 compared to A/H9 in both chickens and ducks [for northern study sites overall, 337/1105 (30.5 %) seropositive for A/H5 and 123/1105 (11.1 %) seropositive for A/H9].
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Agriculture
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chickens
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Ducks
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza in Birds/blood
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Poultry Diseases/blood
- Poultry Diseases/epidemiology
- Poultry Diseases/transmission
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Rural Population/statistics & numerical data
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Vietnam
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Nguyen Minh Hoa
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Anh Tuan
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
| | - Pham Ha My
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Kieu Huong
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Yen Chi
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
| | - Trang Thi Hau Thu
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
| | - Mai Thuy Duong
- National Center for
Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi,
Vietnam
| | | | | | - To Long Thanh
- National Center for
Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi,
Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Diep
- Department of Animal
Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi,
Vietnam
| | - Nguyen van Duong
- District Veterinary
Services, BaVi District, Subdepartment of Animal Health,
Hanoi province, Vietnam
| | | | - Trinh Son Tung
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
- National Institute
Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi,
Vietnam
| | - Le Quynh Mai
- National Institute
Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi,
Vietnam
| | | | - Heiman Wertheim
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
- Radboud
University, Nijmegen,
Netherlands
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
- Nuffield Department
of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of
Oxford, Oxford,
UK
| | - Juliet E. Bryant
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
- Nuffield Department
of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of
Oxford, Oxford,
UK
| | - the VIZIONS consortium
- Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Vietnam
- National Center for
Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi,
Vietnam
- Department of Animal
Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi,
Vietnam
- District Veterinary
Services, BaVi District, Subdepartment of Animal Health,
Hanoi province, Vietnam
- Hanoi Medical
University, Hanoi,
Vietnam
- National Institute
Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi,
Vietnam
- The Pirbright
Insitute, UK
- Radboud
University, Nijmegen,
Netherlands
- Nuffield Department
of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of
Oxford, Oxford,
UK
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29
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Nhung NT, Cuong NV, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Production in Southeast Asia: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:E37. [PMID: 27827853 PMCID: PMC5187518 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia is an area of great economic dynamism. In recent years, it has experienced a rapid rise in the levels of animal product production and consumption. The region is considered to be a hotspot for infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We reviewed English-language peer-reviewed publications related to antimicrobial usage (AMU) and AMR in animal production, as well as antimicrobial residues in meat and fish from 2000 to 2016, in the region. There is a paucity of data from most countries and for most bacterial pathogens. Most of the published work relates to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Campylobacter spp. (mainly from Vietnam and Thailand), Enterococcus spp. (Malaysia), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Thailand). However, most studies used the disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; breakpoints were interpreted using Clinical Standard Laboratory Institute (CSLI) guidelines. Statistical models integrating data from publications on AMR in NTS and E. coli studies show a higher overall prevalence of AMR in pig isolates, and an increase in levels of AMR over the years. AMU studies (mostly from Vietnam) indicate very high usage levels of most types of antimicrobials, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones. This review summarizes information about genetic determinants of resistance, most of which are transferrable (mostly plasmids and integrons). The data in this review provide a benchmark to help focus research and policies on AMU and AMR in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T Nhung
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen V Cuong
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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30
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Van Cuong N, Nhung NT, Nghia NH, Mai Hoa NT, Trung NV, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial Consumption in Medicated Feeds in Vietnamese Pig and Poultry Production. Ecohealth 2016; 13:490-498. [PMID: 27198232 PMCID: PMC5063901 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are extensively used as growth promoters in animal feeds worldwide, but reliable estimates are lacking. We conducted an internet-based survey of commercial chicken and pig feed products officially approved for sale in Vietnam over the period March-June 2015. Information on the antimicrobial contents in feed products, alongside animal production data, was used to estimate in-feed antimicrobial consumption to produce one kilogram of live animal (chicken, pig), as well as to estimate country-wide antimicrobial consumption through animal feeds. A total of 1462 commercial feed formulations were examined. The survey-adjusted estimated antimicrobial contents were 25.7 and 62.3 mg/kg in chicken and pig feeds, respectively. Overall, it was estimated that 77.4 mg [95% CI 48.1-106.8] and 286.6 mg [95% CI 191.6-418.3] of in-feed antimicrobials were used to raise 1 kg of live chicken and pig, respectively. Bacitracin (15.5% feeds), chlortetracycline (11.4%), and enramycin (10.8%) were the most common antimicrobials present in chicken feed formulations, whereas bacitracin (24.8%), chlortetracycline (23.9%), and florfenicol (17.4%) were the most common in pig feed formulations. Overall, 57% of the total quantitative usage consisted of antimicrobials regarded by WHO of importance for human medicine, including amoxicillin, colistin, tetracyclines, neomycin, lincomycin, and bacitracin. These figures confirm a very high magnitude of in-feed consumption of antimicrobials, especially in pig production. Results from this study should encourage further monitoring of antimicrobials used in animal production, and foster discussion about existing policies on inclusion of antimicrobials in animal feed rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Mai Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vinh Trung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Pietersbergweg 17, 1105 BM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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31
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Robinson TP, Bu DP, Carrique-Mas J, Fèvre EM, Gilbert M, Grace D, Hay SI, Jiwakanon J, Kakkar M, Kariuki S, Laxminarayan R, Lubroth J, Magnusson U, Thi Ngoc P, Van Boeckel TP, Woolhouse MEJ. Antibiotic resistance is the quintessential One Health issue. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016; 110:377-80. [PMID: 27475987 PMCID: PMC4975175 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T P Robinson
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D P Bu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - E M Fèvre
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Gilbert
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - J Jiwakanon
- Research Group for Preventive Technology in Livestock, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - M Kakkar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, India
| | - S Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R Laxminarayan
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington DC, USA
| | - J Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - U Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Thi Ngoc
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T P Van Boeckel
- Institute of Integrative Biology and Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M E J Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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32
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Walther BA, Boëte C, Binot A, By Y, Cappelle J, Carrique-Mas J, Chou M, Furey N, Kim S, Lajaunie C, Lek S, Méral P, Neang M, Tan BH, Walton C, Morand S. Biodiversity and health: Lessons and recommendations from an interdisciplinary conference to advise Southeast Asian research, society and policy. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 40:29-46. [PMID: 26903421 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asia is an economic, biodiverse, cultural and disease hotspot. Due to rapid socio-economic and environmental changes, the role of biodiversity and ecosystems for human health ought to be examined and communicated to decision-makers and the public. We therefore summarized the lessons and recommendations from an interdisciplinary conference convened in Cambodia in 2014 to advise Southeast Asian societies on current research efforts, future research needs, and to provide suggestions for improved education, training and science-policy interactions. First, we reviewed several examples of the important role of ecosystems as 'sentinels' in the sense that potentially harmful developments for human health become first apparent in ecosystem components. Other ecosystem services which also benefit human well-being are briefly summarized. Second, we summarized the recommendations of the conference's roundtable discussions and added recent developments in the science-policy interface. The recommendations were organized along five themes: Ethical and legal considerations; implementation of the One Health approach; education, training, and capacity building; future research priorities; and potential science-policy interactions. While the role of biodiversity for human health needs further research, especially for zoonoses and emerging diseases, many direct and indirect benefits to human health are already apparent, but have yet to filter down to the science-policy interface in order to influence legislation and enforcement. Therefore, efforts to strengthen the interface in Southeast Asia should become a high priority in order to strengthen the health and resilience of Southeast Asian societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Andreas Walther
- Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Christophe Boëte
- UMR_D 190 Unité des Virus Emergents Aix-Marseille Université - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélie Binot
- CIRAD-ES, UPR AGIRs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; Kasetsart University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Youlet By
- Fondation Mérieux, 73 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Julien Cappelle
- CIRAD-ES, UPR AGIRs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, BP, 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit - Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Monidarin Chou
- University of Health Sciences, 73 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Neil Furey
- Fauna & Flora International, PO Box 1380, No. 19, Street 360, Boeng Keng Kang 1, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 12000
| | - Sothea Kim
- University of Health Sciences, 73 Boulevard Monivong, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Claire Lajaunie
- UMR URMITE, U1095 INSERM - Aix-Marseille Université - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Sovan Lek
- Université de Toulouse, Lab. Evolution & Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Philippe Méral
- UMR GRED (IRD - University Paul Valery Montpellier 3), 911 av. agropolis, BP, 64501 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Ecoland Research Centre - Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development Dangkor district, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Malyne Neang
- Ecoland Research Centre - Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development Dangkor district, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Boon-Huan Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Catherine Walton
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Serge Morand
- CIRAD-ES, UPR AGIRs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; CNRS, Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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33
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Lu L, Van Dung N, Bryant JE, Carrique-Mas J, Van Cuong N, Anh PH, Rabaa MA, Baker S, Simmonds P, Woolhouse ME. Evolution and phylogeographic dissemination of endemic porcine picornaviruses in Vietnam. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew001. [PMID: 27774295 PMCID: PMC4989877 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Picornaviridae are important and often zoonotic viruses responsible for a variety of human and animal diseases. However, the evolution and spatial dissemination of different picornaviruses circulating in domestic animals are not well studied. We examined the rate of evolution and time of origin of porcine enterovirus G (EV-G) and porcine kobuvirus species C lineages (PKV-C) circulating in pig farms in Vietnam and from other countries. We further explored the spatiotemporal spread of EV-G and PKV-C in Southwest Vietnam using phylogeographic models. Multiple types of EV-G are co-circulating in Vietnam. The two dominant EV-G types among isolates from Vietnam (G1 and G6) showed strong phylogenetic clustering. Three clades of PKV-C (PKV-C1-3) represent more recent introductions into Vietnam; PKV-C2 is closely related to PKV-C from Southwest China, indicating possible cross-border dissemination. In addition, high virus lineage migration rates were estimated within four districts in Dong Thap province in Vietnam for both EV-G types (G1, G6) and all PKV-C (C1-3) clades. We found that Chau Thanh district is a primary source of both EV-G and PKV-C clades, consistent with extensive pig trading in and out of the district. Understanding the evolution and spatial dissemination of endemic picornaviruses in pigs may inform future strategies for the surveillance and control of picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Nguyen Van Dung
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Rd, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK and
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Honh Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Rd, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK and; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK,; Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark E Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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34
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Van Vinh Chau N, Buu Chau L, Desquesnes M, Herder S, Phu Huong Lan N, Campbell JI, Van Cuong N, Yimming B, Chalermwong P, Jittapalapong S, Ramon Franco J, Tri Tue N, Rabaa MA, Carrique-Mas J, Pham Thi Thanh T, Tran Vu Thieu N, Berto A, Thi Hoa N, Van Minh Hoang N, Canh Tu N, Khac Chuyen N, Wills B, Tinh Hien T, Thwaites GE, Yacoub S, Baker S. A Clinical and Epidemiological Investigation of the First Reported Human Infection With the Zoonotic Parasite Trypanosoma evansi in Southeast Asia. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1002-1008. [PMID: 26908809 PMCID: PMC4803109 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the bovid-associated parasite Trypanosoma evansi is endemic in Vietnam and has zoonotic potential. Our study describes the first laboratory-confirmed human case of T. evansi in a previously healthy individual without apolipoprotein L1 deficiency. Background. Trypanosoma is a genus of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. Trypanosoma brucei species and Trypanosoma cruzi are the major agents of human trypanosomiasis; other Trypanosoma species can cause human disease, but are rare. In March 2015, a 38-year-old woman presented to a healthcare facility in southern Vietnam with fever, headache, and arthralgia. Microscopic examination of blood revealed infection with Trypanosoma. Methods. Microscopic observation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of blood samples, and serological testing were performed to identify the infecting species. The patient's blood was screened for the trypanocidal protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), and a field investigation was performed to identify the zoonotic source. Results. PCR amplification and serological testing identified the infecting species as Trypanosoma evansi. Despite relapsing 6 weeks after completing amphotericin B therapy, the patient made a complete recovery after 5 weeks of suramin. The patient was found to have 2 wild-type APOL1 alleles and a normal serum APOL1 concentration. After responsive animal sampling in the presumed location of exposure, cattle and/or buffalo were determined to be the most likely source of the infection, with 14 of 30 (47%) animal blood samples testing PCR positive for T. evansi. Conclusions. We report the first laboratory-confirmed case of T. evansi in a previously healthy individual without APOL1 deficiency, potentially contracted via a wound while butchering raw beef, and successfully treated with suramin. A linked epidemiological investigation revealed widespread and previously unidentified burden of T. evansi in local cattle, highlighting the need for surveillance of this infection in animals and the possibility of further human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Buu Chau
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Intertryp, Montpellier, France.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephane Herder
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,UMR 177 Intertryp IRD/CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - James I Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Benjarat Yimming
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piangjai Chalermwong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sathaporn Jittapalapong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jose Ramon Franco
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ngo Tri Tue
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Tam Pham Thi Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nga Tran Vu Thieu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Alessandra Berto
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Ngo Thi Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Van Minh Hoang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathogen and Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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35
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Van Dung N, Anh PH, Van Cuong N, Hoa NT, Carrique-Mas J, Hien VB, Sharp C, Rabaa M, Berto A, Campbell J, Baker S, Farrar J, Woolhouse ME, Bryant JE, Simmonds P. Large-scale screening and characterization of enteroviruses and kobuviruses infecting pigs in Vietnam. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:378-388. [PMID: 26653281 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent survey of pigs in Dong Thap province, Vietnam identified a high frequency of enterovirus species G (EV-G) infection (144/198; 72.7%). Amongst these was a plethora of EV-G types (EV-G1, EV-G6 and four new types EV-G8-EV-G11). To better characterize the genetic diversity of EV-G and investigate the possible existence of further circulating types, we performed a larger-scale study on 484 pig and 45 farm-bred boar faecal samples collected in 2012 and 2014, respectively. All samples from the previous and current studies were also screened for kobuviruses. The overall EV infection frequency remained extremely high (395/484; 81.6%), but with comparable detection rates and viral loads between healthy and diarrhoeic pigs; this contrasted with less frequent detection of EV-G in boars (4/45; 8.9%). EV was most frequently detected in pigs ≤ 14 weeks old (∼ 95%) and declined in older pigs. Infections with EV-G1 and EV-G6 were most frequent, whilst less commonly detected types included EV-G3, EV-G4 and EV-G8-EV-G11, and five new types (EV-G12-EV-G16). In contrast, kobuvirus infection frequency was significantly higher in diarrhoeic pigs (40.9 versus 27.6%; P = 0.01). Kobuviruses also showed contrasting epizootiologies and age associations; a higher prevalence was found in boars (42%) compared with domestic pigs (29%), with the highest infection frequency amongst pigs >52 weeks old. Although genetically diverse, all kobuviruses identified belonged to the species Aichivirus C. In summary, this study confirms infection with EV-G was endemic in Vietnamese domestic pigs and exhibits high genetic diversity and extensive inter-type recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Dung
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pham Hong Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Subdepartment of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam
| | - C Sharp
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M Rabaa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - A Berto
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mark E Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.,Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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36
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Rabaa MA, Tue NT, Phuc TM, Carrique-Mas J, Saylors K, Cotten M, Bryant JE, Nghia HDT, Cuong NV, Pham HA, Berto A, Phat VV, Dung TTN, Bao LH, Hoa NT, Wertheim H, Nadjm B, Monagin C, van Doorn HR, Rahman M, Tra MPV, Campbell JI, Boni MF, Tam PTT, van der Hoek L, Simmonds P, Rambaut A, Toan TK, Van Vinh Chau N, Hien TT, Wolfe N, Farrar JJ, Thwaites G, Kellam P, Woolhouse MEJ, Baker S. The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS): A Strategic Approach to Studying Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Ecohealth 2015; 12:726-35. [PMID: 26403795 PMCID: PMC4700077 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of newly emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin in human populations can be potentially catastrophic, and large-scale investigations of such diseases are highly challenging. The monitoring of emergence events is subject to ascertainment bias, whether at the level of species discovery, emerging disease events, or disease outbreaks in human populations. Disease surveillance is generally performed post hoc, driven by a response to recent events and by the availability of detection and identification technologies. Additionally, the inventory of pathogens that exist in mammalian and other reservoirs is incomplete, and identifying those with the potential to cause disease in humans is rarely possible in advance. A major step in understanding the burden and diversity of zoonotic infections, the local behavioral and demographic risks of infection, and the risk of emergence of these pathogens in human populations is to establish surveillance networks in populations that maintain regular contact with diverse animal populations, and to simultaneously characterize pathogen diversity in human and animal populations. Vietnam has been an epicenter of disease emergence over the last decade, and practices at the human/animal interface may facilitate the likelihood of spillover of zoonotic pathogens into humans. To tackle the scientific issues surrounding the origins and emergence of zoonotic infections in Vietnam, we have established The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS). This countrywide project, in which several international institutions collaborate with Vietnamese organizations, is combining clinical data, epidemiology, high-throughput sequencing, and social sciences to address relevant one-health questions. Here, we describe the primary aims of the project, the infrastructure established to address our scientific questions, and the current status of the project. Our principal objective is to develop an integrated approach to the surveillance of pathogens circulating in both human and animal populations and assess how frequently they are exchanged. This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and identify relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia A Rabaa
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tri Tue
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran My Phuc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Juliet E Bryant
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hong Anh Pham
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Alessandra Berto
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Voong Vinh Phat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Ngoc Dung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Long Hoang Bao
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Heiman Wertheim
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Behzad Nadjm
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Motiur Rahman
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James I Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Pham Thi Thanh Tam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Nguyen Van Vinh Chau
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jeremy J Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Loan HK, Cuong NV, Takhampunya R, Klangthong K, Osikowicz L, Kiet BT, Campbell J, Bryant J, Promstaporn S, Kosoy M, Hoang NV, Morand S, Chaval Y, Hien VB, Carrique-Mas J. Bartonella species and trombiculid mites of rats from the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:40-7. [PMID: 25629779 PMCID: PMC4307099 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of Bartonella spp. from 275 rats purchased in food markets (n=150) and trapped in different ecosystems (rice field, forest, and animal farms) (n=125) was carried out during October, 2012–March, 2013, in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The overall Bartonella spp. prevalence detected by culture and PCR in blood was 14.9% (10.7–19.1%), the highest corresponding to Rattus tanezumi (49.2%), followed by Rattus norvegicus (20.7%). Trapped rats were also investigated for the presence and type of chiggers (larvae of trombiculid mites), and Bartonella spp. were investigated on chigger pools collected from each rat by RT-PCR. A total of five Bartonella spp. were identified in rats, three of which (B. elizabethae, B. rattimassiliensis, and B. tribocorum) are known zoonotic pathogens. Among trapped rats, factors independently associated with increased prevalence of Bartonella spp. included: (1) Rat species (R. tanezumi); (2) the number of Trombiculini–Blankaartia and Schoengastiini–Ascoschoengastia mites found on rats; and (3) the habitat of the rat (i.e., forest/fields vs. animal farms). The prevalence of Bartonella infection among chiggers from Bartonella spp.–positive R. tanezumi rats was 5/25 (25%), compared with 1/27 (3.7%) among Bartonella spp.–negative R. tanezumi rats (relative risk [RR]=5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68–43.09). The finding of Bartonella spp.–positive chiggers on Bartonella spp.–negative rats is strongly suggestive of a transovarial transmission cycle. Rats are ubiquitous in areas of human activity and farms in the Mekong Delta; in addition, trapping and trading of rats for food is common. To correctly assess the human risks due to rat trapping, marketing, and carcass dressing, further studies are needed to establish the routes of transmission and cycle of infection. The widespread presence of these zoonotic pathogens in rats and the abundance of human—rat interactions suggest that surveillance efforts should be enhanced to detect any human cases of Bartonella infection that may arise.
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Nhung NT, Cuong NV, Campbell J, Hoa NT, Bryant JE, Truc VNT, Kiet BT, Jombart T, Trung NV, Hien VB, Thwaites G, Baker S, Carrique-Mas J. High levels of antimicrobial resistance among escherichia coli isolates from livestock farms and synanthropic rats and shrews in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:812-20. [PMID: 25398864 PMCID: PMC4292488 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03366-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mekong Delta farms (Vietnam), antimicrobials are extensively used, but limited data are available on levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Escherichia coli isolates. We performed a structured survey of AMR in E. coli isolates (n = 434) from 90 pig, chicken, and duck farms. The results were compared with AMR among E. coli isolates (n = 234) from 66 small wild animals (rats and shrews) trapped on farms and in forests and rice fields. The isolates were susceptibility tested against eight antimicrobials. E. coli isolates from farmed animals were resistant to a median of 4 (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 6) antimicrobials versus 1 (IQR, 1 to 2) among wild mammal isolates (P < 0.001). The prevalences of AMR among farmed species isolates (versus wild animals) were as follows: tetracycline, 84.7% (versus 25.6%); ampicillin, 78.9% (versus 85.9%); trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 52.1% (versus 18.8%); chloramphenicol, 39.9% (versus 22.5%); amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 36.6% (versus 34.5%); and ciprofloxacin, 24.9% (versus 7.3%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance against three or more antimicrobial classes) among pig isolates was 86.7% compared to 66.9 to 72.7% among poultry isolates. After adjusting for host species, MDR was ∼8 times greater among isolates from wild mammals trapped on farms than among those trapped in forests/rice fields (P < 0.001). Isolates were assigned to unique profiles representing their combinations of susceptibility results. Multivariable analysis of variance indicated that AMR profiles from wild mammals trapped on farms and those from domestic animals were more alike (R(2) range, 0.14 to 0.30) than E. coli isolates from domestic animals and mammals trapped in the wild (R(2) range, 0.25 to 0.45). The results strongly suggest that AMR on farms is a key driver of environmental AMR in the Mekong Delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Nhung
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - N V Cuong
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - J Campbell
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N T Hoa
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J E Bryant
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - V N T Truc
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - B T Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - T Jombart
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - N V Trung
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V B Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - G Thwaites
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Baker
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Carrique-Mas
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Harrison JW, Dung TTN, Siddiqui F, Korbrisate S, Bukhari H, Tra MPV, Hoang NVM, Carrique-Mas J, Bryant J, Campbell JI, Studholme DJ, Wren BW, Baker S, Titball RW, Champion OL. Identification of possible virulence marker from Campylobacter jejuni isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1026-9. [PMID: 24856088 PMCID: PMC4036754 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.130635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel protein translocation system, the type-6 secretion system (T6SS), may play a role in virulence of Campylobacter jejuni. We investigated 181 C. jejuni isolates from humans, chickens, and environmental sources in Vietnam, Thailand, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom for T6SS. The marker was most prevalent in human and chicken isolates from Vietnam.
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Van Cuong N, Carrique-Mas J, Vo Be H, An NN, Tue NT, Anh NL, Anh PH, Phuc NT, Baker S, Voutilainen L, Jääskeläinen A, Huhtamo E, Utriainen M, Sironen T, Vaheri A, Henttonen H, Vapalahti O, Chaval Y, Morand S, Bryant JE. Rodents and risk in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: seroprevalence of selected zoonotic viruses in rodents and humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:65-72. [PMID: 25629782 PMCID: PMC4676424 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, rats are commonly traded in wet markets and sold live for food consumption. We investigated seroprevalence to selected groups of rodent-borne viruses among human populations with high levels of animal exposure and among co-located rodent populations. The indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was used to determine seropositivity to representative reference strains of hantaviruses (Dobrava virus [DOBV], Seoul virus [SEOV]), cowpox virus, arenaviruses (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus [LCMV]), flaviviruses (tick-borne encephalitis virus [TBEV]), and rodent parechoviruses (Ljungan virus), using sera from 245 humans living in Dong Thap Province and 275 rodents representing the five common rodent species sold in wet markets and present in peridomestic and farm settings. Combined seropositivity to DOBV and SEOV among the rodents and humans was 6.9% (19/275) and 3.7% (9/245), respectively; 1.1% (3/275) and 4.5% (11/245) to cowpox virus; 5.4% (15/275) and 47.3% (116/245) for TBEV; and exposure to Ljungan virus was 18.8% (46/245) in humans, but 0% in rodents. Very little seroreactivity was observed to LCMV in either rodents (1/275, 0.4%) or humans (2/245, 0.8%). Molecular screening of rodent liver tissues using consensus primers for flaviviruses did not yield any amplicons, whereas molecular screening of rodent lung tissues for hantavirus yielded one hantavirus sequence (SEOV). In summary, these results indicate low to moderate levels of endemic hantavirus circulation, possible circulation of a flavivirus in rodent reservoirs, and the first available data on human exposures to parechoviruses in Vietnam. Although the current evidence suggests only limited exposure of humans to known rodent-borne diseases, further research is warranted to assess public health implications of the rodent trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hien Vo Be
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngoc An
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tri Tue
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyet Lam Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen The Phuc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Anne Jääskeläinen
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eili Huhtamo
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mira Utriainen
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Olli Vapalahti
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Juliet E. Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Van Dung N, Anh PH, Van Cuong N, Hoa NT, Carrique-Mas J, Hien VB, Campbell J, Baker S, Farrar J, Woolhouse ME, Bryant JE, Simmonds P. Prevalence, genetic diversity and recombination of species G enteroviruses infecting pigs in Vietnam. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:549-556. [PMID: 24323635 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.061978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses infecting pigs, described for many years as 'porcine enteroviruses', have recently been recognized as distinct viruses within three distinct genera (Teschovirus, Sapelovirus and Enterovirus). To better characterize the epidemiology and genetic diversity of members of the Enterovirus genus, faecal samples from pigs from four provinces in Vietnam were screened by PCR using conserved enterovirus (EV)-specific primers from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). High rates of infection were recorded in pigs on all farms, with detection frequencies of approximately 90% in recently weaned pigs but declining to 40% in those aged over 1 year. No differences in EV detection rates were observed between pigs with and without diarrhoea [74% (n = 70) compared with 72% (n = 128)]. Genetic analysis of consensus VP4/VP2 and VP1 sequences amplified from a subset of EV-infected pigs identified species G EVs in all samples. Among these, VP1 sequence comparisons identified six type 1 and seven type 6 variants, while four further VP1 sequences failed to group with any previously identified EV-G types. These have now been formally assigned as EV-G types 8-11 by the Picornavirus Study Group. Comparison of VP1, VP4/VP2, 3D(pol) and 5' UTRs of study samples and those available on public databases showed frequent, bootstrap-supported differences in their phylogenies indicative of extensive within-species recombination between genome regions. In summary, we identified extremely high frequencies of infection with EV-G in pigs in Vietnam, substantial genetic diversity and recombination within the species, and evidence for a much larger number of circulating EV-G types than currently described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Dung
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pham Hong Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hoa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Subdepartment of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mark E Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, W.1 Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.,Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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Carrique-Mas J, Andersson Y, Hjertqvist M, Svensson A, Torner A, Giesecke J. Risk factors for domestic sporadic campylobacteriosis among young children in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37:101-10. [PMID: 15764201 DOI: 10.1080/00365540510027165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A case-control study was conducted in Sweden to study risk factors for domestically acquired Campylobacter jejuni/coli infections among children aged less than 6 y. A total of 126 cases, reported to the national surveillance system were recruited over 1 y. Controls, selected from the population register, were matched to the cases by age, gender, place of residence and time of infection of the case. Information was gathered by posted questionnaires. Two separate conditional regression models were developed including and excluding 'protective' factors. Two of the factors significantly associated with Campylobacter infection were water-related: having a well in the household (OR=2.6) and drinking water from a lake/river (OR=7.4; 6.0). Other exposures associated with increased risk were: having a dog (OR=8.4; 3.8) and eating grilled meat (OR=5.5; 2.1). Drinking unpasteurized milk was borderline significant in 1 model (OR=3.7). Eating sausage was protective (OR=0.05). Eating chicken was not a significant risk. Exposures such as eating grilled meat and drinking water from a lake or a river were more common in the warm months, a factor that may partly explain the observed seasonality. The authors suggest that differences between risk factors across studies may reflect geographical and age-specific differences in the sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carrique-Mas
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Nobels väg, Solna, Sweden.
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Carrique-Mas J, Andersson Y, Petersén B, Hedlund KO, Sjögren N, Giesecke J. A norwalk-like virus waterborne community outbreak in a Swedish village during peak holiday season. Epidemiol Infect 2003; 131:737-44. [PMID: 12948374 PMCID: PMC2870015 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268803008604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Norwalk-like virus (NLV) affecting approximately 500 people occurred in a Swedish ski resort during February-March 2002. Epidemiological investigations were performed on cohorts of schoolchildren, permanent residents and skiers visiting the area. Attack rates were respectively 39.7, 29.9 and 38.5%. Drinking un-boiled water originating from one of the three communal water systems was a significant risk factor for all groups. For schoolchildren, the risk of illness increased with increasing amount of water consumed. Nine of 12 stool samples of patients analysed tested positive for NLV. The water tested negative for indicator bacteria and results of NLV tests were inconclusive. In the absence of microbiological findings, the environmental authorities were reluctant to act based on the epidemiological analysis alone, and intervention was delayed until mid-April, following the discovery of a crack in a sewage pipe 10 m from the well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carrique-Mas
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
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Carrique-Mas J, Iihoshi N, Widdowson MA, Roca Y, Morales G, Quiroga J, Cejas F, Caihuara M, Ibarra R, Edelsten M. An epidemiological study of Taenia solium cysticercosis in a rural population in the Bolivian Chaco. Acta Trop 2001; 80:229-35. [PMID: 11700180 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(01)00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A survey of 100 rural households in a village in the Chaco region of Bolivia revealed a serious problem of Taenia solium cysticercosis, with a seroprevalence of 99/447 (22%) in humans and 102/273 (37%) in pigs. Risk factors for humans were being in older age groups, absence of sanitary facilities, poor formal education and inability to recognise infected pork. Significant risk indicators were a history of seizures and the reported elimination of worms in the faeces. Risk factors for pigs were being in older age groups and absence of sanitary facilities in the owner's house. The proportion of households with evidence of human cysticercosis was similar for those who owned pigs (48%) and those that did not (55%). This unexpected finding was attributed to the high overall prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs and the probability that everyone, regardless of pig-ownership, had ample opportunity to become infected in such communities. The main recommendation for reducing the prevalence of human cysticercosis was to provide more effective education campaigns, aimed at preventing both T. solium infection and cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carrique-Mas
- CTVM-LIDIVET Academic Link Programme, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh University, Easter Bush, Roslin EH259RG, Midlothian, UK.
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