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Yang DK, Kim HH, Lee S, Yoon YS, Park J, Oh D, Yoo JY, Ji M, Han B, Oh S, Hyun BH. Isolation and molecular characterizations of canine distemper virus from a naturally infected Korean dog using Vero cells expressing dog signaling lymphocyte activation molecule. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e64. [PMID: 33016015 PMCID: PMC7533389 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection results in high morbidity and mortality in dogs. There has been no report about isolation of Korean CDV since 1980 in Korea. Objectives To investigate the biological properties and the genetic characterization of Korean CDV. Methods Vero cells expressing dog signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (dSLAM) gene named as Vero/dSLAM were used to isolate CDV using 17 samples. Diagnostic methods such as cytopathic effects, immunofluorescence assay, peroxidase linked assay, electron microscopy, rapid immunodiagnostic assay, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm the Korean CDV isolate as a CDV. The genetic analysis was performed through cloning and sequencing of hemagglutinin gene of CDV isolate. Results A virus propagated in Vero/dSLAM cell was confirmed as CDV (CD1901 strain) based on the above methods. The CD1901 strain showed the highest viral titer (105.5 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50]/mL) in the Vero/dSLAM cells at 4 days post inoculation, but did not form a fork on chorioallantoic membrane of 7-day-old egg. Ribavirin, a nucleotide analogue anti-viral agent, inhibits moderately the Korean CDV propagation in the Vero/dSLAM cells. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the H gene of CD1901 strain were compared with those of other CDV strains. The CD1901 strain belonged to Asia 1 group and had the highest similarity (99.9%) with the BA134 strain, which was isolated in China in 2008. Conclusions We constructed successfully Vero/dSLAM and isolated one Korean CDV isolate (CD1901 strain) from a naturally infected dog. The CD1901 strain belonged to Asia 1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
| | - Ha Hyun Kim
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Siu Lee
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Yoon Seek Yoon
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Dongryul Oh
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jae Young Yoo
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Miryeon Ji
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Bokhee Han
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Subin Oh
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Bang Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea
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Lan NT, Yamaguchi R, Kien TT, Hirai T, Hidaka Y, Nam NH. First isolation and characterization of canine distemper virus in Vietnam with the immunohistochemical examination of the dog. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:155-62. [PMID: 19262025 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) is a contagious, incurable, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease that affects the respiratory gastrointestinal and central nervous system. Strains Vn86 and Vn99 of CDV were isolated, we believe for the first time, in Vietnam from two 4-month-old autopsied dogs pathologically showing non-suppurative encephalitis with pneumonia, lymphoid depletion and severe gastroenteritis. These strains caused syncytium cytopathic effect in Vero cells and Vero cells expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecules. The titers of cell-associated viruses of both strains were higher than for released viruses. Molecular analysis showed that both new isolates of CDV joined to the group of classic type that is far from the Asia 1 and Asia 2 groups. These results indicated that first isolation and characterization of canine distemper virus in Vietnam with the immunohistochemical examination of the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Lan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, Infectious diseases, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Trau Quy- Gialam-Hanoi, Vietnam
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Lan NT, Yamaguchi R, Kai K, Uchida K, Kato A, Tateyama S. The growth profiles of three types of canine distemper virus on Vero cells expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:491-5. [PMID: 15942133 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To know growth profiles of canine distemper virus (CDV) on Vero cells stably expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (Vero-DogSLAMtag; Vero-DST cells), the propagation of three strains of CDV was tested in Vero-DST cells in comparison with parental Vero cells. Strain MD77 could grow well in both cell lines, but demonstrated no syncytium formation or indistinguishable rounding cytopathic effects (CPE) in Vero cells. Strains Onderstepoort and KDK-1 also grew well in Vero-DST cells with apparent syncytium CPE, while they grew less or no efficiently, respectively, in Vero cells. All three CDV strains demonstrated the peak titers, in Vero-DST cells before reaching to an extensive CPE and drastic decrease of titers at/after full CPE. Immunohistochemistry revealed that viral antigens of all CDV strains were found exclusively in the syncytia in Vero-DST cells, while in Vero cells, viral antigen was identified in their single cells for strain MD77 but none for other strains. Thus, every strain of CDV could grow well in Vero-DST cells and behaved differently against Vero cells. These results would be of practical value for workers of CDV because 1) In Vero-DST cells, by observation of distinct syncytium CPE, the highest titer or the best growth of virus could be identified; 2) In Vero cells, various CDV strains could be readily classified after propagation in Vero-DST cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Lan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Yamaguchi R, Kojimoto A, Sakai H, Uchida K, Sugano S, Tateyama S. Growth characteristics of canine distemper virus in a new cell line CCT cells originated from canine malignant histiocytosis. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:203-6. [PMID: 15750320 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) growth and the morphological characterization were examined in a cell line established from a canine malignant histiocytosis (CCT cell line). The susceptibility of the CCT cells to 3 CDV strains, FXNO, YSA-TC and MD-77 was shown by detection of the antigen in the indirect fluorescent assay. After passaging 4 and 9 times through the CCT cells, only FXNO strain could produce the syncytia where demonstrated the antigens. Titers of 9 passaged viruses through the CCT cells showed slightly higher in the CCT cells than those in Vero cells. Morphological characterization of karyorrhexis and specific DNA ladder by extracted DNA electrophoresis indicated apoptosis in the CDV infected CCT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Guo A, Lu C. Canine distemper virus causes apoptosis of Vero cells. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2000; 47:183-90. [PMID: 10829572 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of Vero cells infected with two canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine strains was detected using TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL), flow cytometric analysis, agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy (EM). By TUNEL, apoptotic cells were found in CDV-Onderstepoort (CDV-Ond)-infected cells. DNA fragments isolated from infected cells were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and a 'ladder' pattern appeared. EM observations demonstrated that the cells undergoing cytopathic effect (CPE) possessed morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that CDV could induce apoptosis of Vero cells, but the percentages of the apoptotic cells were correlated with the CPE types. The strain showing the cell-rounding type of CPE produced a much higher percentage of apoptotic cells than CDV-Ond with the syncytium type of CPE (P < 0.01). It was concluded that CDV vaccine strains could induce apoptosis of Vero cells and the apoptosis was virus strain-dependent and cell-dependent. The mechanism remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, People's Republic of China
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Iwatsuki K, Tokiyoshi S, Hirayama N, Nakamura K, Ohashi K, Wakasa C, Mikami T, Kai C. Antigenic differences in the H proteins of canine distemper viruses. Vet Microbiol 2000; 71:281-6. [PMID: 10703710 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic properties between new Japanese field isolates and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus (CDV) have been compared using four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (JD-5, JD-7, JD-11 and d-7) against the hemagglutinin (H) proteins of CDV. JD-5, JD-7 and JD-11 are newly established antibodies. Three MAbs, namely d-7, JD-5 and JD-11, reacted similarly to all the CDV strains examined. However, JD-7 reacted much more strongly with the vaccine strains and an old field isolate than the recent field isolates in immunofluorescence, radio immunoprecipitation and virus neutralization assays. These results indicate that an antigenic region in the H protein, concerned with neutralization and recognized by JD-7, has been altered in the recent field isolates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/classification
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- Distemper/immunology
- Distemper/virology
- Distemper Virus, Canine/classification
- Distemper Virus, Canine/immunology
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/classification
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Japan
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests/veterinary
- Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay/veterinary
- Vero Cells
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwatsuki
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Yoshida E, Shin YS, Iwatsuki K, Gemma T, Miyashita N, Tomonaga K, Hirayama N, Mikami T, Kai C. Epitopes and nuclear localization analyses of canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein by expression of its deletion mutants. Vet Microbiol 1999; 66:313-20. [PMID: 10384892 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of nucleocapsid protein (NP)-deleted genes of the Onderstepoort strain was constructed in order to locate antigenic regions of the NP of canine distemper virus. The expression of proteins from 5'-deleted NP genes was examined in COS-7 cells by indirect immunofluorescence assay using three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), c-5, f-5 and h-6, and a rabbit serum against NP. These MAbs reacted with two regions of NP. Amino acid residues from 1 to 80, and 337-358, were necessary and sufficient for formation of the epitopes identified by MAbs f-5 and h-6, and c-5, respectively. The proteins translated from intact or 3'-deleted genes were found to be localized in the nuclei of COS-7 cells, whereas the proteins from the 5'-deleted genes were mainly detected in the cytoplasm. These results suggested that 80 amino acid residues at the N-terminus are required for transportation of NP into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yoshida
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Yoshida E, Iwatsuki K, Miyashita N, Gemma T, Kai C, Mikami T. Molecular analysis of the nucleocapsid protein of recent isolates of canine distemper virus in Japan. Vet Microbiol 1998; 59:237-44. [PMID: 9549863 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the molecular properties of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of canine distemper viruses (CDV), isolated between 1992 and 1995 in Japan. Four CDV field isolates (Yanaka, Ueno, Hamamatsu, and Adachi strains) obtained were antigenically identical. Sequence analysis of entire region of the NP gene of a field isolate, the Yanaka strain, revealed that the NP gene contained 1683 nucleotides and was 93.2% homologous with a laboratory strain, the Onderstepoort strain. The deduced amino acid sequence contained 523 amino acids and was 95.2 and 99% homologous with those of the Onderstepoort and a virulent strain, A75/17 strain, respectively. Since most of the diversities in amino acid sequence occurred in two domains, at the N'- and the C'- termini, we further sequenced 3'-terminal regions of the remaining three field isolates. Based on the sequences, the new CDV isolates had one cluster that distinguished them from the laboratory strain.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology
- Distemper/cerebrospinal fluid
- Distemper/virology
- Distemper Virus, Canine/chemistry
- Distemper Virus, Canine/classification
- Distemper Virus, Canine/genetics
- Dogs
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary
- Japan
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Precipitin Tests/veterinary
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yoshida
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Canine distemper morbillivirus (CDV) induces a multisystemic, often fatal disease in a wide and seemingly expanding host range among the Carnivora. Several genotypes of an otherwise monotypic virus species co-circulate in a geographically restricted pattern. Interspecies transmissions frequently occur, often leading to devastating epizootics in highly susceptible or immunologically naive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Harder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Christian-Albrecht's University, Kiel, Germany
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Shin YS, Mori T, Tomonaga K, Iwatsuki K, Kai C, Mikami T. Expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene of the canine distemper virus. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:51-3. [PMID: 9035079 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed a cDNA clone of canine distemper virus (CDV) encoding an entire nucleoprotein (NP) gene, by means of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cloned NP gene was inserted into the eucaryotic expression vector, pRVSV. After transfection of the plasmid into Vero cells, we examined the expression of CDV-specific NP antigen by means of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting, using various antibodies against NP of CDV and an antiserum against NP of measles virus. The CDV-NP specific antigen was detected in the nuclei of the cells transfected with pRV-ON, by means of IFA with antibodies specific to the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Shin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Senda M, Parrish CR, Harasawa R, Gamoh K, Muramatsu M, Hirayama N, Itoh O. Detection by PCR of wild-type canine parvovirus which contaminates dog vaccines. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:110-3. [PMID: 7699026 PMCID: PMC227890 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.1.110-113.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for detecting wild-type canine parvovirus (CPV) strains which contaminate vaccines for dogs has been developed by PCR. PCR primers which distinguish vaccine strains from the most common, recent strains of wild-type CPV in many countries, including Japan and the United States, were developed. This PCR is based on the differences in nucleotide sequences which determine the two antigenic types of this virus. CPV vaccine strains derived from antigenically old-type virus prevalent in former times were not detected by PCR with differential primers. Detection sensitivity of PCR was 100- to 10,000-fold higher than that of the culture method in Crandell feline kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Senda
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
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Harder TC, Klusmeyer K, Frey HR, Orvell C, Liess B. Intertypic differentiation and detection of intratypic variants among canine and phocid morbillivirus isolates by kinetic neutralization using a novel immunoplaque assay. J Virol Methods 1993; 41:77-92. [PMID: 8432764 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90164-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intertypic antigenic differences and the intratypic variability of the closely related canine (CVD) and phocid distemper viruses (PDV) were examined using a molecular (monoclonal antibodies specific for the H- and F-glycoproteins) and a functional (kinetic neutralization, KN) approach. KN studies were carried out using a novel immunoplaque technique which combined conventional plaque assay and antigen-specific enzyme-immunostaining techniques. Morbillivirus isolates of canine and phocid origin clearly formed two separate groups. Minor antigenic differences were also evident within each cluster. A distemper isolate of mustelid origin was distinguishable from both CDV- and PDV-like prototype viruses by kinetic neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Harder
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Veterinary School, Germany
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Evans MB, Bunn TO, Hill HT, Platt KB. Comparison of in vitro replication and cytopathology caused by strains of canine distemper virus of vaccine and field origin. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991; 3:127-32. [PMID: 1892930 DOI: 10.1177/104063879100300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three biological properties of canine distemper virus were examined to determine if any would consistently differentiate field from vaccine strains of the virus. The properties were the ability to (1) infect macrophages and epithelial cells, (2) produce distinct cytopathologic effect in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages and Vero cells, and (3) produce pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs. Four vaccine strains and 5 field isolates were used in the study. The 5 field isolates were obtained directly from canine tissues. Of the 3 properties studied, only the comparison of the ability of the viruses to infect macrophages and epithelial cells was a consistent marker of virus origin. Virulent field isolates would only infect macrophage cultures, whereas the vaccine strains infected both types of cells. One avirulent field isolate from a case of old dog encephalitis reacted more like a vaccine strain by infecting both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Evans
- US Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 50010
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