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Oruni A, Lynd A, Njoroge H, Onyige I, van’t Hof AE, Matovu E, Donnelly MJ. Pyrethroid resistance and gene expression profile of a new resistant An. gambiae colony from Uganda reveals multiple resistance mechanisms and overexpression of Glutathione-S-Transferases linked to survival of PBO-pyrethroid combination. Wellcome Open Res 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38813466 PMCID: PMC11134160 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19404.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are being threatened by growing resistance to pyrethroids. To restore their efficacy, a synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) which inhibits cytochrome P450s has been incorporated into pyrethroid treated nets. A trial of PBO-LLINs was conducted in Uganda from 2017 and we attempted to characterize mechanisms of resistance that could impact intervention efficacy. Methods We established an Anopheles gambiae s.s colony in 2018 using female mosquitoes collected from Busia district in eastern Uganda. We first assessed the phenotypic resistance profile of this colony using WHO tube and net assays using a deltamethrin dose-response approach. The Busia colony was screened for known resistance markers and RT-qPCR targeting 15 genes previously associated with insecticide resistance was performed. Results The Busia colony had very high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT. In addition, the colony had moderate resistance to alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin but were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion. Exposure to PBO in combination with permethrin and deltamethrin resulted in higher mortality rates in both net and tube assays, with a higher mortality observed in net assays than tube assays. The kdr marker, Vgsc-995S was at very high frequency (91.7-98.9%) whilst the metabolic markers Coeae1d and Cyp4j5-L43F were at very low (1.3% - 11.5%) and moderate (39.5% - 44.7%) frequencies respectively. Our analysis showed that gene expression pattern in mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin, permethrin or DDT only were similar in comparison to the susceptible strain and there was significant overexpression of cytochrome P450s, glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) and carboxyl esterases (COEs). However, mosquitoes exposed to both PBO and pyrethroid strikingly and significantly only overexpressed closely related GSTs compared to unexposed mosquitoes while major cytochrome P450s were underexpressed. Conclusions The high levels of pyrethroid resistance observed in Busia appears associated with a wide range of metabolic gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Oruni
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Harun Njoroge
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ismail Onyige
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Arjen E. van’t Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
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Osimitz TG, Droege W. Perspectives on interpretation of Rivera-González et al., (2021). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132599. [PMID: 34673040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Osimitz
- Science Strategies, LLC, 1001 East Market St., Suite 202, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA.
| | - Wiebke Droege
- Science Strategies, LLC, 1001 East Market St., Suite 202, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
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Piperonyl butoxide: Mode of action analysis for mouse liver tumour formation and human relevance. Toxicology 2020; 439:152465. [PMID: 32320717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In a 79 week bioassay the pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was shown to significantly increase the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma (but not hepatocellular carcinoma) in male CD-1 mice at dietary levels of 100 and 300 mg/kg/day PBO and in female mice at a dietary level of 300 mg/kg/day. As PBO is not a genotoxic agent, a series of investigative studies were undertaken to elucidate the mode of action (MOA) for PBO-induced mouse liver tumour formation. Male CD-1 mice were fed diets to provide intakes of 0 (control), 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day PBO and for purposes of comparison 500 ppm sodium phenobarbital (NaPB), a known constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator, for 7 and 14 days. Treatment with 100 and 300 mg/kg/day PBO and 500 ppm NaPB increased relative liver weight which was associated with hepatocyte hypertrophy, with hepatocyte replicative DNA synthesis (RDS) being increased after 7 days treatment. The treatment of CD-1 mice with 30-300 mg/kg/day PBO for 14 days resulted in significant dose-dependent increases in hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) content and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) activity and in hepatic Cyp2b10 mRNA levels. In contrast, PBO produced a biphasic effect on markers of activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), with small increases in microsomal lauric acid 12-hydroxylase activity and hepatic Cyp4a10 mRNA levels being observed in mice given 100 mg/kg/day with PBO, with either no increase or a significant inhibition being observed in mice given 300 mg/kg/day PBO. The hepatic effects of PBO in male CD-1 mice were generally similar to those produced by NaPB and were reversible after the cessation of treatment for 28 days. Studies were also performed in male C57BL/6J (wild type) mice and in hepatic CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) knockout mice (CAR KO/PXR KO mice), where in the CAR KO/PXR KO mice PBO had little effect on markers of CAR activation, but produced some increases in markers of PPARα activation. The treatment of male CD-1 mouse hepatocytes for 4 days with 5-50 μM PBO, 10-1000 μM NaPB and 25 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF) resulted in significant increases in hepatocyte RDS. While treatment of hepatocytes from one male and one female human donor with 5-500 μM PBO and 10-1000 μM NaPB for 4 days had no effect on hepatocyte RDS, treatment with EGF resulted in significant increases in RDS in both human hepatocyte preparations. In summary, PBO is predominantly a hepatic CAR activator at carcinogenic dose levels in CD-1 mice, with activation of hepatic CAR resulting in a suppression of the effect of PBO on hepatic PPARα. A robust MOA for PBO-induced mouse liver tumour formation has been established, this MOA being similar to that previously identified for NaPB and some other rodent liver CAR activators. Based on the lack of effect of PBO on RDS in human hepatocytes, it is considered that the MOA for PBO-induced mouse liver tumour formation is qualitatively not plausible for humans.
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The effect of insecticide synergist treatment on genome-wide gene expression in a polyphagous pest. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13440. [PMID: 29044179 PMCID: PMC5647426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergists can counteract metabolic insecticide resistance by inhibiting detoxification enzymes or transporters. They are used in commercial formulations of insecticides, but are also frequently used in the elucidation of resistance mechanisms. However, the effect of synergists on genome-wide transcription in arthropods is poorly understood. In this study we used Illumina RNA-sequencing to investigate genome-wide transcriptional responses in an acaricide resistant strain of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae upon exposure to synergists such as S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), diethyl maleate (DEM), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and cyclosporin A (CsA). Exposure to PBO and DEF resulted in a broad transcriptional response and about one third of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferases, was shared between both treatments, suggesting common transcriptional regulation. Moreover, both DEF and PBO induced genes that are strongly implicated in acaricide resistance in the respective strain. In contrast, CsA treatment mainly resulted in downregulation of Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) genes, while DEGs of the DEM treatment were not significantly enriched for any GO-terms.
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Sakamoto Y, Yoshida M, Tamura K, Takahashi M, Kodama Y, Inoue K. Dose-dependent difference of nuclear receptors involved in murine liver hypertrophy by piperonyl butoxide. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:787-96. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sakamoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
- Toxicology Research Department, Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited
| | - Midori Yoshida
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Kei Tamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
- Toxicology Research Department, Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited
| | - Miwa Takahashi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Yukio Kodama
- Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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AlGusbi S, Krücken J, Ramünke S, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Demeler J. Analysis of putative inhibitors of anthelmintic resistance mechanisms in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:647-58. [PMID: 24907555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide and the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil on the efficacy of ivermectin and thiabendazole were studied in vitro in susceptible and resistant isolates of the cattle parasitic nematodes Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi. The effects of combined use of drug and piperonyl butoxide/verapamil, respectively, were investigated in the Egg Hatch Assay, the Larval Development Assay and the Larval Migration Inhibition Assay. The effects of piperonyl butoxide and verapamil as inhibitors of thiabendazole and ivermectin responses were particularly marked for larval development, where both inhibitors were able to completely eliminate all differences between susceptible and resistant isolates. Even the lowest concentrations of anthelmintics used in combination with inhibitors caused complete inhibition of development. Differences and/or similarities among responses in different isolates were only obtained in the two other assays: in the Egg Hatch Assay piperonyl butoxide caused a shift in concentration-response curves obtained with thiabendazole to the left for all isolates tested, changing relative differences between isolates. In contrast, an effect of verapamil in the Egg Hatch Assay was only apparent for benzimidazole-resistant isolates. In the Larval Migration Inhibition Assay only ivermectin was tested and piperonyl butoxide shifted the concentration-response curves for all isolates to the left, again eliminating differences in EC50 values between susceptible and resistant isolates. This was not the case using verapamil as an inhibitor, where curves for both susceptible and benzimidazole-resistant isolates shifted to the left in Ostertagia isolates. In Cooperia the picture was more complex with ivermectin-resistant isolates showing a larger shift than the susceptible isolate. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene were investigated. Significantly increased frequencies of resistance-associated alleles were observed for the codons 167 and 200 in one benzimidazole-resistant isolate but not in an isolate selected for benzimidazole resistance at an early stage of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salha AlGusbi
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ramünke
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany.
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Fang X, Nunoshiba T, Yoshida M, Nishikawa A, Nemoto K, Degawa M, Arimoto S, Okamoto K, Takahashi E, Negishi T. Effects of Oral Administration of Non-genotoxic Hepato-hypertrophic Compounds on Metabolic Potency of Rat Liver. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2013.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Tasaki M, Kuroiwa Y, Inoue T, Hibi D, Matsushita K, Ishii Y, Maruyama S, Nohmi T, Nishikawa A, Umemura T. Oxidative DNA damage andin vivomutagenicity caused by reactive oxygen species generated in the livers ofp53-proficient or -deficientgptdelta mice treated with non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1433-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tasaki
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Yuichi Kuroiwa
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoki Inoue
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hibi
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Soichi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science; Nihon University; 1866, Kameino Fujisawa-city Kanagawa 252-8510 Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Biological Safety Research Center; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
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Tasaki M, Umemura T, Suzuki Y, Hibi D, Inoue T, Okamura T, Ishii Y, Maruyama S, Nohmi T, Nishikawa A. Oxidative DNA damage and reporter gene mutation in the livers of gpt delta rats given non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens with cytochrome P450-inducible potency. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2525-30. [PMID: 20735435 PMCID: PMC11159437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have proposed that reactive oxygen species resulting from induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes might be involved in the modes of action of hepatocarcinogens with CYP-inducible potency. In the present study, we investigated 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, in vivo mutagenicity and glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci in the livers of gpt delta rats treated with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or phenobarbital (PhB) for 4 and 13 weeks. Significant elevations in Cyp 1A1 and Cyp 1A2 mRNA levels after PBO treatment, and in Cyp 2B1 mRNA levels after PBO or PhB treatment, appeared together with remarkable hepatomegaly through the experimental period. Time-dependent and statistically significant increases in 8-OHdG levels were observed in the PBO treatment group along with significant increases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive hepatocytes at 4 weeks, while no increase in 8-OHdG levels was found in PhB-treated rats. No changes in mutant frequencies of gpt and red/gam (Spi(-)) genes in liver DNA from PBO- or PhB-treated rats were observed at 4 or 13 weeks. A 13-week exposure to either PBO or PhB did not affect the number and area of GST-P-positive hepatocytes. CYP 1A1 and 1A2 induction may be responsible for elevated levels of 8-OHdG in PBO-treated rats. However, neither GC:TA transversions nor deletion mutations, typically regarded as 8-OHdG-related mutations, were observed in any of the treated rats. We conclude that reactive oxygen species, possibly produced through CYP catalytic pathways, likely induced genomic DNA damage but did not give rise to permanent gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tasaki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Muguruma M, Arai K, Moto M, Nishimura J, Dewa Y, Mitsumori K. Piperonyl butoxide activates c-Jun and ATF-2 in the hepatocytes of mice. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:749-53. [PMID: 18228000 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the possible mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by piperonyl butoxide, we attempted to identify the transcription factor activated by piperonyl butoxide in the male ICR mouse liver. Administration of 0.6% piperonyl butoxide for 24 h elevated the level of liver nuclear proteins that bind to an AP-1 consensus oligonucleotide, and these proteins demonstrated a supershift with the anti-c-Jun antibody. Additionally, immunoblot analysis revealed that piperonyl butoxide induced c-Jun phosphorylation within 8 h of administration, and phosphorylated ATF-2 was detected after 24 h of piperonyl butoxide treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated the presence of phosphorylated ATF-2 in the hepatocyte nuclei of mice fed with 0.6% piperonyl butoxide for 24 h. Furthermore, piperonyl butoxide induced ATF-2 phosphorylation in TLR-3, a mouse immortalized hepatocyte cell line. These results indicated that piperonyl butoxide activated c-Jun and ATF-2 in mouse hepatocytes during the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Muguruma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Sargeant AM, Klein RD, Rengel RC, Clinton SK, Kulp SK, Kashida Y, Yamaguchi M, Wang X, Chen CS. Chemopreventive and bioenergetic signaling effects of PDK1/Akt pathway inhibition in a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:549-61. [PMID: 17562488 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701338966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)/Akt pathway is an important regulator of multiple biological processes including cell growth, survival, and glucose metabolism. In light of the mechanistic link between Akt signaling and prostate tumorigenesis, we evaluated the chemopreventive relevance of inhibiting this pathway in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the model prostate (TRAMP) mouse with OSU03012, a celecoxib-derived, but COX-2-inactive, PDK1 inhibitor. Beginning at ten weeks of age when prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions are well developed, TRAMP mice received OSU03012 via daily oral gavage for 8 weeks. The drug treatment significantly decreased the weight of all 4 prostate lobes as well as the grade of epithelial proliferation in the dorsal and lateral lobes compared to vehicle-treated control mice. The incidences of carcinoma and metastasis were decreased, although not to statistically significant levels. Treated mice lost body fat and failed to gain weight independent of food intake. This change and periportal hepatocellular atrophy can be linked to sustained PDK1 inhibition through downstream inactivation of glycogen synthase. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy and necrosis of Type II skeletal myofibers were also compound-related effects. We conclude that targeting of the PDK1/Akt pathway has chemopreventive relevance in prostate cancer and causes other in vivo effects mediated in part by an alteration of bioenergetic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Sargeant
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1291, USA
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Willoughby L, Batterham P, Daborn PJ. Piperonyl butoxide induces the expression of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes in Drosophila melanogaster. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2007; 63:803-8. [PMID: 17514638 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is an insecticide synergist known to inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. PBO is currently used in some insecticide formulations, and has also been suggested as a pretreatment for some pesticide applications. Little is known about how insects respond to PBO exposure at the gene transcription level. The authors have characterised the transcriptional response of the Drosophila melanogaster genome after PBO treatment, using both a custom-designed 'detox' microarray, containing cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterase genes, and a full genome microarray. A subset of P450 and GST genes is identified, along with additional metabolic genes, that are induced by PBO. The gene set is an extremely similar gene set to that induced by phenobarbital, a compound for which pretreatment is known to confer tolerance to a range of insecticide compounds. The implications of the induction of gene families known to metabolise insecticides and the use of PBO in pest management programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Willoughby
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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