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Kleijn AF, Mutter M, Akingbasote JA, Meetro J, Simon RR, Muntendam P, Frommhagen M, Schols HA. Toxicological evaluation of a pumpkin-derived pectin preparation: in vitro genotoxicity studies and a 13-week oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae004. [PMID: 38274036 PMCID: PMC10807847 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The safety of a rhamnogalacturonan-I-enriched pectin extract (G3P-01) from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata var. Dickinson) was evaluated for use as an ingredient in food and dietary supplements. G3P-01 was tested in a battery of genetic toxicity studies including reverse mutagenicity and in vitro micronucleus assay. In addition, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized and orally dosed with G3P-01 incorporated in animal diet at concentrations of 0, 9000, 18,000, and 36,000 ppm daily for 13-weeks (n=10/sex/group) in line with OECD guidelines (TG 408). The results of the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and micronucleus assay in TK6 cells demonstrated a lack of genotoxicity. The 13-week oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrated that the test article, G3P-01 was well tolerated; there were no mortalities and no adverse effects on clinical, gross pathology, hematology, blood chemistry, and histological evaluation of the essential organs of the animals. The present study demonstrates that G3P-01 is non-genotoxic and is safe when ingested in diet at concentrations up to 36, 000 ppm. The subchronic no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for G3P-01 was concluded to be 36,000 ppm, equivalent to 1,899 and 2,361 mg/kg/day for male and female rats respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F Kleijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, WG 6708, The Netherlands
| | - Margien Mutter
- G3P Inc., 20 Mall Road Suite 220, Burlington, MA 01803, United States
| | - James A Akingbasote
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Food and Nutrition Group, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Jwar Meetro
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Food and Nutrition Group, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Ryan R Simon
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Food and Nutrition Group, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Pieter Muntendam
- G3P Inc., 20 Mall Road Suite 220, Burlington, MA 01803, United States
| | - Matthias Frommhagen
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, WG 6708, The Netherlands
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Chai M, Wang L, Li X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Wang G, Chen W. Different Bifidobacterium bifidum strains change the intestinal flora composition of mice via different mechanisms to alleviate loperamide-induced constipation. Food Funct 2021; 12:6058-6069. [PMID: 34038494 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Constipation is a condition with a high prevalence rate worldwide and may occur in men and women of any age. Bifidobacterium bifidum has been shown to have a relieving effect on constipation, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. This study explored the effects of gavage of three strains of B. bifidum (CCFM668, FHNFQ25M12 and FXJCJ32M2) from different sources in mice with loperamide-induced constipation. After 38 days of intervention, B. bifidum CCFM668, FHNFQ25M12 and FXJCJ32M2 showed the ability to modify the levels of gastrointestinal active peptides and promote the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) receptor 4 (5-HT4R), thereby promoting small intestinal peristalsis. The strains could also effectively increase the thickness of the colonic mucosa. However, what was different from previous studies was that these results were independent of the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 5-HT. Further analysis of the intestinal flora revealed that the relative abundances of the genera Faecalibaculum and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 in the constipated mice increased significantly, whereas that of Erysipelatoclostridium decreased. A correlation analysis between the intestinal flora and evaluated gastrointestinal indicators demonstrated that the relative abundances of the genera Anaerotruncus, Angelakisella, Erysipelatoclostridium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 were negatively correlated with the levels of gastrointestinal active peptides. B. bifidum FXJCJ32M2 can increase the relative abundances of Turicibacter and Dubosiella, and this was positively correlated with the expression of aquaporin 8 and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 but could not effectively alleviate faecal dryness or promote colonic motility. These findings suggest that B. bifidum shows significant intraspecific differences in the remission mechanism and provides a theoretical basis for subsequent population experiments and personalised treatment for constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Makizaki Y, Maeda A, Oikawa Y, Tamura S, Tanaka Y, Nakajima S, Yamamura H. Alleviation of low-fiber diet-induced constipation by probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 is based on correction of gut microbiota dysbiosis. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2018; 38:49-53. [PMID: 31106107 PMCID: PMC6502713 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.18-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Constipation, a functional disorder of the digestive system, is common in children and adults and may compromise patient quality of life. Because many patients are not satisfied with the
efficacy of existing therapies, in this study, we investigated the efficacy of the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1) in constipation induced by a low-fiber
diet. After inducing constipation in rats by feeding a low-fiber diet, rats were fed a low-fiber diet mixed with BBG9-1 in 14 days to determine the efficacy of BBG9-1 for alleviating
constipation. BBG9-1 significantly alleviated the dysbiosis induced by a low-fiber diet and improved the fecal counts, fecal weights, and fecal water contents. Moreover, it also improved
organic acid concentrations in the cecal contents. These results suggested that in low-fiber diet-induced constipation, BBG9-1 could alleviate dysbiosis and constipation and may improve the
intestinal environment, supporting its potential application in the treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Makizaki
- R&D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayako Maeda
- R&D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Oikawa
- R&D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Saya Tamura
- R&D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tanaka
- R&D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shunji Nakajima
- R&D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamura
- R&D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Kaji I, Akiba Y, Konno K, Watanabe M, Kimura S, Iwanaga T, Kuri A, Iwamoto KI, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. Neural FFA3 activation inversely regulates anion secretion evoked by nicotinic ACh receptor activation in rat proximal colon. J Physiol 2016; 594:3339-52. [PMID: 26854275 DOI: 10.1113/jp271441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) influence gut physiological function via SCFA receptors and transporters. The contribution of an SCFA receptor, free fatty acid receptor (FFA)3, to the enteric nervous system is unknown. FFA3 is expressed in enteric cholinergic neurons. Activation of neural FFA3 suppresses Cl(-) secretion induced by nicotinic ACh receptor activation via a Gi/o pathway. Neural FFA3 may have an anti-secretory function by modulating cholinergic neural reflexes in the enteric nervous system. ABSTRACT The proximal colonic mucosa is constantly exposed to high concentrations of microbially-produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Although luminal SCFAs evoke electrogenic anion secretion and smooth muscle contractility via neural and non-neural cholinergic pathways in the colon, the involvement of the SCFA receptor free fatty acid receptor (FFA)3, one of the free fatty acid receptor family members, has not been clarified. We investigated the contribution of FFA3 to cholinergic-mediated secretory responses in rat proximal colon. FFA3 was immunolocalized to enteroendocrine cells and to the enteric neural plexuses. Most FFA3-immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve endings were cholinergic, colocalized with protein gene product (PGP)9.5, the vesicular ACh transporter, and the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1. In Ussing chambered mucosa-submucosa preparations (including the submucosal plexus) of rat proximal colon, carbachol (CCh)-induced Cl(-) secretion was decreased by TTX, hexamethonium, and the serosal FFA3 agonists acetate or propionate, although not by an inactive analogue 3-chloropropionate. Serosal application of a selective FFA3 agonist (N-[2-methylphenyl]-[4-furan-3-yl]-2-methyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-quinoline-3-carboxamide; MQC) dose-dependently suppressed the response to CCh but not to forskolin, with an IC50 of 13 μm. Pretreatment with MQC inhibited nicotine-evoked but not bethanechol-evoked secretion. The inhibitory effect of MQC was reversed by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, indicating that FFA3 acts via the Gi/o pathway. Luminal propionate induced Cl(-) secretion via the cholinergic pathway, which was reduced by MQC, as well as by TTX, hexamethonium or removal of the submucosal plexus. These results suggest that the SCFA-FFA3 pathway has a novel anti-secretory function in that it inhibits cholinergic neural reflexes in the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institution, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institution, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kuri
- University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Iwamoto
- University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institution, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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T. Ogata, M. Kingaku, T. Yaeshima,. Effect ofBifidobacterium longumBB536 yogurt administration on the intestinal environment of healthy adults. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/089106099435916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Ogata, M. Kingaku, T. Yaeshima,
- From the Nutritional Science Laboratory, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa,
- Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratory, Asahiku, Yokohama and
- Showa Women‘s University, Setagayaku, Tokyo, Japan
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Fukumoto S, Tatewaki M, Yamada T, Fujimiya M, Mantyh C, Voss M, Eubanks S, Harris M, Pappas TN, Takahashi T. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate colonic transit via intraluminal 5-HT release in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 284:R1269-76. [PMID: 12676748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00442.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether physiological concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) affects colonic transit and colonic motility in conscious rats. Intraluminal administration of SCFAs (100-200 mM) into the proximal colon significantly accelerated colonic transit. The stimulatory effect of SCFAs on colonic transit was abolished by perivagal capsaicin treatment, atropine, hexamethonium, and vagotomy, but not by guanethidine. The stimulatory effect of SCFAs on colonic transit was also abolished by intraluminal pretreatment with lidocaine and a 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)(3) receptor antagonist. Intraluminal administration of SCFAs provoked contractions at the proximal colon, which migrated to the mid- and distal colon. SCFAs caused a significant increase in the luminal concentration of 5-HT of the vascularly isolated and luminally perfused rat colon ex vivo. It is suggested that the release of 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells in response to SCFAs stimulates 5-HT(3) receptors located on the vagal sensory fibers. The sensory information is transferred to the vagal efferent and stimulates the release of acetylcholine from the colonic myenteric plexus, resulting in muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fukumoto
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Tsukahara T, Ushida K. Succinate accumulation in pig large intestine during antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the constitution of succinate-producing flora. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2002; 48:143-54. [PMID: 12469297 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.48.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Succinate was the major organic acid detected in the hindgut content of pigs suffering from antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea was induced by an oral dose of polymyxin B sulfate (3,000,000 units/day) or an intramuscular injection of enrofloxacin (0.6 g enrofloxacin/day). In the large intestine of enrofloxacin-treated pigs, Gram-negative facultative anaerobic rods phylogenetically related to Escherichia coli and Gram-positive facultative anaerobic non-spore-forming rods phylogenetically related to Lactobacilli were isolated as succinate producers. Succinate-producing Lactobacilli were only isolated as the succinate producer in polymyxin B sulfate-treated pigs. In contrast to antibiotic-associated diarrhea pigs, bacteria belonging to Bacteroidaceae, Fusobacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae were detected as succinate producers in a non-treated pig. In antibiotic-associated diarrhea conditions, antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteria, E. coli in particular, and Lactobacilli may contribute to an abnormal succinate accumulation and may affect water absorption in the hindgut that relates to an expression of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
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8
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Sakata T. Influence of short chain fatty acids on intestinal growth and functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 427:191-9. [PMID: 9361844 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5967-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Sakata
- Ishinomaki Senshu University, Department of Basic Sciences, Japan
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9
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Pluske JR, Hampson DJ, Williams IH. Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(97)00057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Muramatsu T, Takemura J, Okumura J. Acetic acid is not involved in enhanced intestinal protein synthesis by the presence of the gut microflora in chickens. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 105:543-8. [PMID: 8101784 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(93)90432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. The present study was conducted to clarify whether or not acetic acid was responsible for enhanced intestinal protein synthesis by the gut microflora in chickens. 2. Conventional and germ-free chicks were fed a practical experimental diet supplemented with or without powdered distilled acetic acid for 10 days from 8 to 18 days of age. At the end of the experimental period, intestinal protein synthesis was measured by injecting a large dose of L-[4-3H]phenylalanine through a wing vein. 3. The results showed that the responses of fractional synthesis rate and protein: DNA ratio to acetic acid supplementation in the jejuno-ileum and caecum were opposite to those observed by the presence of the gut microflora. 4. It was conducted, therefore, that acetic acid was not involved in enhanced intestinal protein synthesis by the presence of the gut microflora in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan
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11
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Nousiainen J, Suomi K. Comparative observations on selected probiotics and olaquindox used as feed additives for piglets around weaning. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1991.tb00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Koo M, Rao AV. Long-term effect of Bifidobacteria and Neosugar on precursor lesions of colonic cancer in CF1 mice. Nutr Cancer 1991; 16:249-57. [PMID: 1775387 DOI: 10.1080/01635589109514163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to study the role of Bifidobacteria and bifidogenic factor Neosugar in the process of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinogenesis in CF1 mice. Intestinal colonization and selective proliferation of Bifidobacteria were achieved by oral administration of indigenous Bifidobacteria and the incorporation of 5% Neosugar in the diet of animals. The Bifidobacteria were isolated from the feces of CF1 mice and were identified to be Bifidobacterium pseudolongum biovar b. This incidence of aberrant crypts and foci were significantly lower 38 weeks after the last injection of the carcinogen in animals fed Bifidobacteria than in animals treated with the carcinogen alone. The aberrance also appeared to be confined to the more distal end of the colon in animals fed bifidogenic diet. Such changes in the precursor lesions of colonic carcinogenesis are presumably due to the increase in the number of Bifidobacteria and their acidifying action in the lower intestinal tract of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Muramatsu T. Gut microflora and tissue protein turnover in vivo in animals. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 22:793-800. [PMID: 2279614 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(90)90282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Muramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan
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14
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Neut C, Colombel JF, Guillemot F, Cortot A, Gower P, Quandalle P, Ribet M, Romond C, Paris JC. Impaired bacterial flora in human excluded colon. Gut 1989; 30:1094-8. [PMID: 2767506 PMCID: PMC1434163 DOI: 10.1136/gut.30.8.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We compared the rectal microflora of 16 patients with surgically excluded colorectum with 16 healthy controls. The cause of diversion was inflammatory bowel disease (n = 10), colon cancer (n = 3), miscellaneous (n = 3). Six patients had a diversion colitis. In the excluded colorectum, the total bacterial count was only slightly lower than controls but the variety of the flora was significantly reduced. This reduction was confined to strict anaerobes, mainly the genus Eubacterium and Bifidobacterium. Among aerobes, enterobacteria were more often isolated than in controls. This altered microflora of excluded colorectum could be involved in the mucosal damage observed in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neut
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Bactériologie, Lille, Faculté de Médecine, France
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15
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Yajima T. Chemical specificity of short-chain fatty acid-induced electrogenic secretory response in the rat colonic mucosa. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 93:851-6. [PMID: 2570669 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Luminal additions of normal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA: 3-6 carbons) increased transmural potential difference (PD: lumen negative) across rat everted colon in a dose-dependent manner. 2. The PD response to SCFA adapted rapidly and was not evoked by further cumulative addition of the same acid (self-adaptation) or different acids (cross-adaptation). 3. A broad range of SCFA derivatives were tested as potential stimulators of the PD response and cross-adaptation with propionate: a single carboxyl group and 3-6 carbon-chain were an absolute requirement for recognition. 4. These results suggest that SCFA-reception mechanism of the rat colonic mucosa has some sort of chemical specificity for stimulating electrogenic secretory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yajima
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
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