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Habteweld HA, Asfaw T. Novel Dietary Approach with Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics to Mitigate Antimicrobial Resistance and Subsequent Out Marketplace of Antimicrobial Agents: A Review. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3191-3211. [PMID: 37249957 PMCID: PMC10224695 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s413416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern worldwide. The continuous use and misuse of antimicrobial agents have led to the emergence and spread of resistant strains of bacteria, which can cause severe infections that are difficult to treat. One of the reasons for the constant development of new antimicrobial agents is the need to overcome the resistance that has developed against existing drugs. However, this approach is not sustainable in the long term, as bacteria can quickly develop resistance to new drugs as well. Additionally, the development of new drugs is costly and time-consuming, and there is no guarantee that new drugs will be effective or safe. An alternative approach to combat AMR is to focus on improving the body's natural defenses against infections by using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, which are helpful to restore and maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the body. Probiotics are live microorganisms that can be consumed as food or supplements to promote gut health and improve the body's natural defenses against infections. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, while synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics that work together to improve gut health. By promoting a healthy balance of bacteria in the body, these can help to reduce the risk of infections and the need for antimicrobial agents. Additionally, these approaches are generally safe and well tolerated, and they do not contribute to the development of AMR. In conclusion, the continuous development of new antimicrobial agents is not a sustainable approach to combat AMR. Instead, alternative approaches such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics should be considered as they can help to promote a healthy balance of bacteria in the body and reduce the need for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsegahun Asfaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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Kurian SJ, Unnikrishnan MK, Miraj SS, Bagchi D, Banerjee M, Reddy BS, Rodrigues GS, Manu MK, Saravu K, Mukhopadhyay C, Rao M. Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:582-594. [PMID: 33785208 PMCID: PMC7972717 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Saving lives and flattening the curve are the foremost priorities during the ongoing pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2. Developing cutting-edge technology and collating available evidence would support frontline health teams. Nutritional adequacy improves general health and immunity to prevent and assuage infections. This review aims to outline the potential role of probiotics in fighting the COVID-19 by covering recent evidence on the association between microbiota, probiotics, and COVID-19, the role of probiotics as an immune-modulator and antiviral agent. The high basic reproduction number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2, absence of conclusive remedies, and the pleiotropic effect of probiotics in fighting influenza and other coronaviruses together favour probiotics supplements. However, further support from preclinical and clinical studies and reviews outlining the role of probiotics in COVID-19 are critical. Results are awaited from many ongoing clinical trials investigating the benefits of probiotics in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilia Jacob Kurian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sonal Sekhar Miraj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, USA
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - B Shrikar Reddy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Gabriel Sunil Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan K Manu
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Chioma OS, Hesse LE, Chapman A, Drake WP. Role of the Microbiome in Interstitial Lung Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:595522. [PMID: 33604346 PMCID: PMC7885795 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.595522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are trillions of microorganisms in the human body, consisting of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea; these collectively make up the microbiome. Recent studies suggest that the microbiome may serve as a biomarker for disease, a therapeutic target, or provide an explanation for pathophysiology in lung diseases. Studies describing the impact of the microorganisms found in the respiratory tract on lung health have been published and are discussed here in the context of interstitial lung diseases. Additionally, epidemiological and experimental evidence highlights the importance of cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the lungs, called the gut–lung axis. The gut-lung axis postulates that alterations in gut microbial communities may have a profound effect on lung disease. Dysbiosis in the microbial community of the gut is linked with changes in immune responses, homeostasis in the airways, and inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinal tract itself. In this review, we summarize studies describing the role of the microbiome in interstitial lung disease and discuss the implications of these findings on the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. This paper describes the impact of the microbial communities on the pathogenesis of lung diseases by assessing recent original research and identifying remaining gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma S Chioma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Laura E Hesse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Austin Chapman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Wonder P Drake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Crosstalk Between Lung and Extrapulmonary Organs in Infection and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:333-350. [PMID: 33788201 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic lung inflammation is a risk factor for various diseases involving lungs and extrapulmonary organs. Intercellular and interorgan networks, including crosstalk between lung and brain, intestine, heart, liver, and kidney, coordinate host immunity against infection, protect tissue, and maintain homeostasis. However, this interaction may be counterproductive and cause acute or chronic comorbidities due to dysregulated inflammation in the lung. In this chapter, we review the relationship of the lung with other key organs during normal cell processes and disease development. We focus on how pneumonia may lead to a systemic pathophysiological response to acute lung injury and chronic lung disease through organ interactions, which can facilitate the development of undesirable and even deleterious extrapulmonary sequelae.
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Alberca RW, Oliveira LDM, Branco ACCC, Pereira NZ, Sato MN. Obesity as a risk factor for COVID-19: an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2262-2276. [PMID: 32539446 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1775546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents a huge challenge for health-care systems worldwide. Many different risk factors are associated with disease severity, such as older age, diabetes, hypertension, and most recently obesity. The incidence of obesity has been on the rise for the past 25 years, reaching over 2 billion people throughout the world, and obesity itself could be considered a pandemic. In this review, we summarize aspects involved with obesity, such as changes in the immune response, nutritional factors, physiological factors, and the gut-lung axis, that impact the viral response and the COVID-19 prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Wesley Alberca
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation-56, - Departament of Dermatology, - Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, - Departament of Immunology, - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nátalli Zanete Pereira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation-56, - Departament of Dermatology, - Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation-56, - Departament of Dermatology, - Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DLA, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, Hansbro PM. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 15:55-63. [PMID: 27694885 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is vital for the development of the immune system and homeostasis. Changes in microbial composition and function, termed dysbiosis, in the respiratory tract and the gut have recently been linked to alterations in immune responses and to disease development in the lungs. In this Opinion article, we review the microbial species that are usually found in healthy gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, their dysbiosis in disease and interactions with the gut-lung axis. Although the gut-lung axis is only beginning to be understood, emerging evidence indicates that there is potential for manipulation of the gut microbiota in the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis F Budden
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Shaan L Gellatly
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - David L A Wood
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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