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Paltrinieri S, Ferrari R, Scavone D, Pieroni C, Diamanti D, Tagliasacchi F. Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs: Frequency in Routine Clinical Practice and Association with Hematological Changes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1409. [PMID: 38791627 PMCID: PMC11117206 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has been reported to increase in some infectious or inflammatory diseases in dogs, but no information on the frequency of increases in a routine clinical setting exists. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of an increased ESR in dogs and to investigate its possible association with hematologic changes; (2) Methods: A total of 295 EDTA blood samples were randomly selected from the routine caseload of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Samples were grouped in controls and in pathologic groups based on the clinical presentation. A routine hemogram was performed, then the ESR was measured using the instrument MINI-PET; (3) Results: compared with controls, the ESR was significantly higher in all the pathologic groups, except for the hematological disorders group. The highest ESR was found in samples from dogs with chronic kidney disease or inflammation, followed by those from dogs with mild chronic disorders, severe/acute diseases, tumors and urinary disorders. The ESR negatively correlated with hematocrit and positively with neutrophil counts. (4) Conclusions: The ESR increases more frequently in dogs with clinically evident inflammation or CKD, but also in several other conditions, likely as a consequence of anemia and acute phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (R.F.); (D.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Roberta Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (R.F.); (D.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Donatella Scavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (R.F.); (D.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Carolina Pieroni
- DIESSE Diagnostica Senese SpA, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy; (C.P.); (D.D.)
| | - Daniela Diamanti
- DIESSE Diagnostica Senese SpA, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy; (C.P.); (D.D.)
| | - Filippo Tagliasacchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (R.F.); (D.S.); (F.T.)
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Pieroni C, Grassi A, Pantoli M, Berretti M, Messina S, Giovannini C, Lubas G, Diamanti D. Analytical Validation of MINI-PET as Point-of-Care for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Measure in Horses. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:9965095. [PMID: 38023429 PMCID: PMC10665103 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9965095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a widely used diagnostic assay in human medicine but nowadays poorly applied in veterinary medicine. This test measures the speed (millimeters per hour) at which red blood cells settle in a whole anticoagulated blood tube. In human medicine, high ESR values are associated with various disorders, including infections, rheumatoid arthritis, oncologic diseases, and other inflammatory conditions. The ESR can also be influenced by some factors such as age and gender. In veterinary medicine, the ESR with the Westergren manual method was almost forgotten over the years due to blood consumption and long turn-around time. The instrument MINI-PET, using a modified Westergren method, does not require blood consumption or release waste product and recently has been applied in canine medicine. The aims of the study in the horse were as follows: to establish the appropriate time to read the ESR with the Westergren reference method; to compare the MINI-PET ESR results with the reference technique; to assess the ESR reference intervals with MINI-PET; and to establish the ESR stability from collection at different time points by MINI-PET. Using 150 horses, we established 60 minutes as the appropriate time for ESR reading with the Westergren method. Moreover, ESR results obtained in 8 minutes with MINI-PET showed a good correlation with the Westergren ESR. Reference intervals (RIs) with MINI-PET were established in mm/h for the healthy horses (geldings 18.6-100.1; stallions, 13.8-55.7; and mares 1-73.7) according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. In addition, the ESR stability from the blood collection time was evaluated in the MINI-PET on 15 horses: at room temperature, ESR is stable up to 8 hours and at 4°C up to 24 hours. In conclusion, MINI-PET represents a rapid and reliable tool for measuring ESR in horses, offering a valid option to replace the traditional manual technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pieroni
- DIESSE- Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Strada dei Laghi, 35-39, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Grassi
- I-Vet Diagnostica Veterinaria, Via Ettore Majorana, 10, Flero, Brescia, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sede Territoriale di Pavia, Str. Privata Campeggi, 59, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marianna Pantoli
- I-Vet Diagnostica Veterinaria, Via Ettore Majorana, 10, Flero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mirko Berretti
- DIESSE- Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Strada dei Laghi, 35-39, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Messina
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V.le Mario Bracci, 11, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Giovannini
- Il Ceppo Equine Hospital, Strada Monteresi 3, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | - George Lubas
- Clinica Veterinaria Colombo, VetPartners Italia, V.le Colombo 153, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
| | - Daniela Diamanti
- DIESSE- Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Strada dei Laghi, 35-39, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
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Vincelette A. The Characteristics, Distribution, Function, and Origin of Alternative Lateral Horse Gaits. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2557. [PMID: 37627349 PMCID: PMC10451235 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This article traces the characteristics, origin, distribution, and function of alternative lateral horse gaits, i.e., intermediate speed lateral-sequence gaits. Such alternative lateral gaits (running walk, rack, broken pace, hard pace, and broken trot) are prized by equestrians today for their comfort and have been found in select horse breeds for hundreds of years and even exhibited in fossil equid trackways. After exploring the evolution and development of alternative lateral gaits via fossil equid trackways, human art, and historical writings, the functional and genetic factors that led to the genesis of these gaits are discussed. Such gaited breeds were particularly favored and spread by the Scythians, Celts, Turks, and Spaniards. Fast and low-swinging hard pacing gaits are common in several horse breeds of mountainous areas of East and North Asia; high-stepping rack and running walk gaits are often displayed in European and North and South American breeds; the broken pace is found in breeds of Central Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, Western North America, and Brazil in South America; and the broken trot occurs in breeds of North Asia, South Asia, the Southern United States, and Brazil in South America, inhabiting desert or marshy areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Vincelette
- Department of Pretheology, St. John's Seminary, 5012 Seminary Road, Camarillo, CA 93021, USA
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Richardson H, Collins R, Williams J. Sport science relevance and integration in horseracing: perceptions of UK racehorse trainers. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Whilst equestrian sport science research has expanded over recent years, and technologies to positively impact training and performance have been developed, long-standing traditions and experiential learning in the racing industry still appear to impede the integration of sport science knowledge. This study used semi-structured interviews to investigate the perceptions of eleven national hunt and flat-based racehorse trainers to determine the current status of sport science integration within the racing industry, the perceived barriers to its uptake, and areas where trainers sought further knowledge. Three key higher order themes emerged from the interviews: the current training and monitoring principles for health and fitness of racehorses, trainers’ attitudes toward sport science research, and areas for potential future research and integration of sports science in training. Subjective methods grounded in personal experience were found to form the basis of racehorse training principles, with the application of sport science minimal, namely due to poor integration strategies. Negative connotations arising from a general lack of understanding of the application of knowledge and a scepticism toward adapting already successful principles, as well as pressure from industry stakeholders, appear to create barriers to sport science uptake. Trainers felt a stronger evidence base emphasising performance benefits is needed to overcome these. Where trainers identified areas of research potential, many studies had already been undertaken, highlighting the necessity for effective dissemination strategies to demonstrate how research could apply to industry practice. Increased educational initiatives to showcase technology and improve trainer understanding and application of currently available sport science knowledge is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Richardson
- Hartpury University, Hartpury House, GL19 3BE Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - R. Collins
- Hartpury University, Hartpury House, GL19 3BE Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Williams
- Hartpury University, Hartpury House, GL19 3BE Gloucester, United Kingdom
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Hiraga A, Sugano S. Studies on the exercise physiology of draft horses performed in Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. J Equine Sci 2017; 28:1-12. [PMID: 28400701 PMCID: PMC5383625 DOI: 10.1294/jes.28.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the total number of horses raised in Japan dramatically decreased after World War II, because draft horses were still used for farm work in paddy fields and on farms during the period of the 1950s and 1960s, a performance test for selecting better draft horses was needed. In order to determine the most suitable size of draft horses for Japanese farm conditions, the working power of horses weighing from 185 to 622 kg was evaluated by performing an endurance test, several kinds of working power tests, and maximum pulling power tests. Oxygen consumption during draft exercise was measured by the Douglas bag method in order to evaluate effects of draft workload under the conditions of different types of work (14- and 18-cm plow depths, cultivator, and tillage), traction methods (shoulder traction, shoulder-trunk traction, and chest-trunk traction), walking speeds (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 m/min), and depths of water (0, 18, 36, and 54 cm) on energy expenditure. The relationship between energy consumption and pulse rate during exercise was also evaluated. A study of a performance test for draft horses was conducted to establish a new approach for evaluating draft horse performance using heart rate as an index. For this study, a beat meter for measuring heart rate was developed, and experimental protocols were used to evaluate the relationship between heart rate and workload. Although the research results obtained from these studies do not have particular relevance in the current day, these studies are valuable for understanding the history of equine exercise physiology in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hiraga
- Hidaka Training and Research Center of the Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sugano
- Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 180-0004, Japan
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