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Massányi M, Halo M, Mlyneková E, Kováčiková E, Tokárová K, Greń A, Massányi P, Halo M. The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19037. [PMID: 37636408 PMCID: PMC10457446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of sport horses is conditioned not only by the quality of its gene pool, but also by a large number of external factors. The most dominant being nutrition, quality of breeding, level of zootechnical care and the quality of the sports rider and coach. Important factor is the process of individuals' adaptation to the training load occurring during the training itself. This study was focused on the analysis of salivary cortisol levels as well as hematological and biochemical blood parameters in relation to load to which the tested horses were subjected. In the study 14 horses of sport breeds were analyzed a all tested horses were in the same (medium) level of training load. Tested horses underwent following stages of workload - transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, shoeing and lunging of various intensity. Saliva samples were obtained using a tampon on a string which was inserted into horse's oral cavity, chewed by the horse and placed in a sterile tube with a closable lid. Afterwards, the samples were then stored in deep-freezing boxes at temperature of -80 °C. The EIA cortisol kit was used in this study. The absorbance was read at the wavelength of 450 nm against a reference wavelength of 620-630 nm or a blank sample. Blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the experiment, after half a year of running the experiment and at the end of the experiment from v. jugularis. Hematological analysis were carried out using automatic hematologic analyser and multiple parameters were observed. Analysis of biochemical parameters in blood serum were realized using commercial DiaSys kits and semiautomatic biochemical spectrophotometer. Sodium, potassium and chlorides were measured using automatic analyzer EasyLytePlus. In all monitored forms of exercise (transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, horse shoeing, lunging), an increase in cortisol concentrations immediately after the exercise was recorded, but only spotted statistically significant differences were found during the transportation of monitored horses. The levels of blood parameters were within the reference range during the experiment period. From a comprehensive evaluation of the results, it can be stated that there were no visible health changes to the horses that underwent the experimental load and that manipulation with horses is an important factor that has effect on horses' stress response. In general, the results of this study show no visible impact of training and/or load on the health status of horses over entire 12-month duration of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Massányi
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marko Halo
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Mlyneková
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Kováčiková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Tokárová
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Agnieszka Greń
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Peter Massányi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marko Halo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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TAKEISHI M, KUWATA R, ONO T, SASAKI A, OGATA M, IWATA E, TAJI S, KOIKE M, NEMOTO M, BANNAI H, ISAWA H, MAEDA K, MORIKAWA S, KITAGAWA H, YOSHIKAWA Y. Seroconversion of anti-Getah virus antibody among Japanese native Noma horses around 2012. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1605-1609. [PMID: 36310045 PMCID: PMC9791237 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes, has been isolated from several animals. GETV infection in horses shows clinical signs such as fever, rash, and edema in the leg. Noma horses are one of the eight Japanese native horses. The present study aimed to clarify the occurrence of GETV infection in Noma horses. Serum samples collected from Noma horses were analyzed using a virus neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and showed that the anti-GETV antibody titers in the samples collected in 2017 were significantly higher than those collected in 2012. We concluded that a seroconversion of anti-GETV antibodies was occurred in the Noma horse population around 2012, providing evidence of the GETV epidemic in Japan circa 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto TAKEISHI
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryusei KUWATA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan,Correspondence to: Kuwata R: , Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555,
Japan
| | - Tetsushi ONO
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Asami SASAKI
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mone OGATA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Eri IWATA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Syuichi TAJI
- Toyo Livestock Hygiene Service Center Imabari Branch Office
in Ehime, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masamitsu KOIKE
- Toyo Livestock Hygiene Service Center Imabari Branch Office
in Ehime, Ehime, Japan
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association,
Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi BANNAI
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association,
Tochigi, Japan
| | - Haruhiko ISAWA
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru MORIKAWA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hitoshi KITAGAWA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
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Metabolomic Profiles in Starved Light Breed Horses during the Refeeding Process. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192527. [PMID: 36230267 PMCID: PMC9559287 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The large population of emaciated horses continues to be an issue troubling the equine industry. However, little is known regarding the collection of equine metabolites (metabolome) during a malnourished state and the changes that occur throughout nutritional rehabilitation. In this study, ten emaciated horses underwent a refeeding process, during which blood samples were collected for a blood chemistry panel and metabolomics analysis via ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Significant differences among blood chemistry analytes and metabolite abundance during the critical care period (CCP; Days 1–10 of rehabilitation) and the recovery period (RP; the remainder of the rehabilitation process) were observed. Potentially toxic compounds, analytes related to liver, kidney, and muscle function, as well as energy-related metabolites were altered during the refeeding process. The combination of blood chemistry and metabolomics analyses on starved equine during rehabilitation provide vital biological insight and evidence that the refeeding process has a significant impact on the equine metabolome.
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Kutara K, Ono T, Hisaeda K, Inoue Y, Henmi C, Sho K, Ohnishi A, Ohzawa E, Une Y, Iwata E, Shibano K, Asanuma T, Kitagawa H. An anatomical study of the skull, the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae and paranasal sinuses in normal Noma horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:624-632. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Tetsushi Ono
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Yoichi Inoue
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Chizuka Henmi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kadekaru Sho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohnishi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Emi Ohzawa
- Noma Horse Preservation Society 8 Noma Imabari Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Eri Iwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Taketoshi Asanuma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
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Ono T, Inoue Y, Hisaeda K, Yamada Y, Hata A, Miyama TS, Shibano K, Kitagawa H, Ohzawa E, Iwata E. Effect of seasons and sex on the physical, hematological, and blood biochemical parameters of Noma horses. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:21-25. [PMID: 33776537 PMCID: PMC7984912 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of seasons and sex on body size and
hematological and biochemistry parameters of Noma horses, a native Japanese breed. Body
size was larger in winter than in summer. Laboratory testing variables, including
erythrocytic parameters and urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, and creatinine kinase
levels, were higher in winter, while the eosinophil count was higher in summer. These
seasonal differences may be related to increased energy consumption of horses due to heat
stress. The higher eosinophil counts may have been related to the dermatitis observed in
summer. Stallions tended to have smaller bodies compared with mares. Future studies are
necessary to investigate the effect of stress in seasonal and sex-based groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Ono
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Inoue
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Akihisa Hata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Shibano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Emi Ohzawa
- Noma Horse Preservation Society, Ehime 794-0082, Japan
| | - Eri Iwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Cywińska A, Michlik-Połczyńska K, Czopowicz M, Strzelec K, Biazik A, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Crisman M, Witkowski L. Variations in haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy ponies. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:38. [PMID: 33468115 PMCID: PMC7814612 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breed specific reference ranges for selected blood parameters are recommended for proper interpretation of blood tests, but there are only few reports dealing with ponies. The purpose of this study was to investigate if blood parameters differ among ponies’ classes and to check if general normal values for equine species are applicable to ponies. Results All, except total protein concentration, biochemical parameter significantly (p < 0.05) differed among ponies’ classes. The most pronounced difference was noted in blood lactate concentrations, higher (p < 0.001) in the smallest ponies (class A). In all groups of ponies muscle enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase) and urea were high when compared to normal values for equine species, but triglycerides and creatinine were low. Blood lactate concentration was high in comparison with normal values for horses only in class A ponies’. Conclusions In healthy ponies, blood lactate concentration significantly differs between height classes. Normal values for equine species should not be directly applied to interpret the lactate, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase values in ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159c, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159c, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland. .,Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Michlik-Połczyńska
- Department of Internal Diseases and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Strzelec
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Biazik
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159c, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mark Crisman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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