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Lienig P, Banerjee S, Kenneweg F, Thum T, Kirschning A, Dräger G. Dextrans, Pullulan and Lentinan, New Scaffold Materials for Use as Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303843. [PMID: 38217885 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The development of hydrogels based on dextrans, pullulan and lentinan to be used in biomedical applications including tissue engineering is reported. Despite the fact that selected polysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid are well established, little is known, how these polysaccharides can be chemically modified to create hydrogels under controlled conditions. In this study we present a small library of chemically modified polysaccharides which are used for a divergent approach to achieve biomedical relevant hydrogels. In this case the crosslinking is based on thio ether formation between thiol modified donor and vinylsulfone or maleimide modified acceptor components. Successful synthesis of the linker systems and coupling at the polysaccharides, hydrogel formation takes place under physiological conditions. We extended the study by coupling small molecules like adhesion factors for increasing cell compatibility as well as a dye for further studies. The different hydrogels were studied to their rheological properties, water uptake, their permeability, biodegrability and their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lienig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samhita Banerjee
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Kenneweg
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Bikmurzin R, Maršalka A, Kalėdienė L. Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Soluble and Insoluble β-Glucans Extracted from Candida lusitaniae. Molecules 2023; 28:8066. [PMID: 38138557 PMCID: PMC10745363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are widely known for their biological activities. However, the choice of extraction method can significantly influence their structural characteristics, thereby potentially impacting their biological functions. In this paper, three fractions of β-glucans were obtained from Candida lusitaniae yeast via alkali and hot-water extraction methods and were analyzed using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used as a nondestructive technique that preserves the structure of the analyzed molecules. The results suggest that differences in the β-glucan structure are affected by the choice of extraction method. The main difference occurred in the 82-92 ppm region with signal presence suggesting that β-glucans have a linear structure when hot-water-extracted, which is absent in alkali-extracted fractions resulting in the acquisition of β-glucans with an ordered, possibly helical structure. A hot-water extracted water-insoluble (HWN) fraction consists of linear β-1,3-glucans with other signals indicating the presence of β-1,6-linked side chains, chitin and small amounts of α-glucan impurities. For those that are alkali-extracted, alkali-insoluble (AN) and water-soluble (AWS) fractions are structurally similar and consist of an ordered β-1,3-glucan structure with β-1,6-linked side chains and a significant amount of α-glucan and chitin in both fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Bikmurzin
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Medical Technology and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Care, Vilniaus Kolegija/Higher Education Institution, Didlaukio Str. 45, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Maršalka
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Lilija Kalėdienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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The Mushroom Glucans: Molecules of High Biological and Medicinal Importance. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051009. [PMID: 36900525 PMCID: PMC10000499 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, including polysaccharide macromolecules, are the main constituents of the fungal cell wall. Among these, the homo- or heteropolymeric glucan molecules are decisive, as they not only protect fungal cells but also have broad, positive biological effects on the animal and human bodies. In addition to the beneficial nutritional properties of mushrooms (mineral elements, favorable proteins, low fat and energy content, pleasant aroma, and flavor), they have a high glucan content. Folk medicine (especially in the Far East) used medicinal mushrooms based on previous experience. At the end of the 19th century, but mainly since the middle of the 20th century, progressively more scientific information has been published. Glucans from mushrooms are polysaccharides that contain sugar chains, sometimes of only one kind (glucose), sometimes having several monosaccharide units, and they have two (α and β) anomeric forms (isomers). Their molecular weights range from 104 to 105 Da, and rarely 106 Da. X-ray diffraction studies were the first to determine the triple helix configuration of some glucans. It seems that the existence and integrity of the triple helix structure are criteria for their biological effects. Different glucans can be isolated from different mushroom species, and several glucan fractions can be obtained. The biosynthesis of glucans takes place in the cytoplasm, the processes of initiation and then chain extension take place with the help of the glucan synthase enzyme complex (EC 2.4.1.34), and the sugar units are provided by sugar donor UDPG molecules. The two methods used today for glucan determination are the enzymatic and Congo red methods. True comparisons can only be made using the same method. Congo red dye reacts with the tertiary triple helix structure, and the resulting glucan content better reflects the biological value of glucan molecules. The biological effect of β-glucan molecules is proportional to the integrity of the tertiary structure. The glucan contents of the stipe exceed the values of the caps. The glucan levels of individual fungal taxa (including varieties) differ quantitatively and qualitatively. This review presents in more detail the glucans of lentinan (from Lentinula edodes), pleuran (from Pleurotus ostreatus), grifolan (from Grifola frondose), schizophyllan (from Schizophyllum commune), and krestin (from Trametes versicolor), along with their main biological effects.
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Garcia J, Rodrigues F, Saavedra MJ, Nunes FM, Marques G. Bioactive polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms: A review on their isolation, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Shibakami M. Nanofibers made from acetylparamylons by a soaking method. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yao HYY, Wang JQ, Yin JY, Nie SP, Xie MY. A review of NMR analysis in polysaccharide structure and conformation: Progress, challenge and perspective. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110290. [PMID: 33992390 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been widely used as an analytical chemistry technique to investigate the molecular structure and conformation of polysaccharides. Combined with 1D spectra, chemical shifts and coupling constants in both homo- and heteronuclear 2D NMR spectra are able to infer the linkage and sequence of sugar residues. Besides, NMR has also been applied in conformation, quantitative analysis, cell wall in situ, degradation, polysaccharide mixture interaction analysis, as well as carbohydrates impurities profiling. This review summarizes the principle and development of NMR in polysaccharides analysis, and provides NMR spectra data collections of some common polysaccharides. It will help to promote the application of NMR in complex polysaccharides of biochemical interest, and provide valuable information on commercial polysaccharide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ying-Ye Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jun-Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
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Selvasekaran P, Mahalakshmi, Roshini F, Angalene LA, Chandini, Sunil T, Chidambaram R. Fungal Exopolysaccharides: Production and Biotechnological Industrial Applications in Food and Allied Sectors. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Song HH, Raynor S. A Cyclic Periodic Wave Function Approach for the Study of Infinitely Periodic Solid-State Systems: II. Application to Helical Polysaccharides. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27556-27565. [PMID: 33134719 PMCID: PMC7594323 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic periodic wave function (CPWF) approach is applied at the AM1 and PM3 semiempirical levels of approximation to two infinitely periodic polymer systems in the solid state. The two polysaccharides of interest here are (1→3)-β-d-glucan and (1→3)-β-d-xylan. Our calculated results show excellent agreement with the available data for the two polysaccharides and demonstrate that the use of the CPWF approach at the AM1 and PM3 levels of approximation provides a convenient and reliable method for the study of infinitely periodic bonds of two different types: moderately strong O-H···O hydrogen bonding and strong C-O-C covalent bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Raynor
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers
University—Newark, The State University
of New Jersey. 73 Warren
Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Wang Y, Jin H, Yu J, Qu C, Wang Q, Yang S, Ma S, Ni J. Quality control and immunological activity of lentinan samples produced in China. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:129-136. [PMID: 32407945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lentinan is widely used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of malignant tumors in clinical practice. The chemical structure of lentinan is highly associated with its biological activity. In this study, the correlation between the structure of lentinan and its immune activity was investigated to assess the function of key parameters that can influence quality control of lentinan. The results showed that the batch-to-batch consistency of two lentinan samples was satisfactory, indicating the stability of production process of lentinan. However, although the chemical composition and triple-helical conformation (THC) of the tested samples were relatively similar, their Mw, polydispersity index (PDI), and Rgz remarkably varied due to different production processes. In vitro immunomodulatory assay reflects that lentinan could stimulate the macrophages phagocytic capacity. Meanwhile, lentinan samples could improve the spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of lymphocytes and adjust for the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effect of lentinan sample B (Mw: 650,700 g/mol) was superior than that of the sample A (Mw: 4,818,700 g/mol). It was noted that the Mw should be detected as a necessary index for quality control of lentinan to ensure stability and effectiveness of the production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiandong Yu
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Meng Y, Lyu F, Xu X, Zhang L. Recent Advances in Chain Conformation and Bioactivities of Triple-Helix Polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1653-1677. [PMID: 31986015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides derived from renewable biomass sources are regarded as environmentally friendly and sustainable polymers. As the third most abundant biomacromolecule in nature, after proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides are also closely related with many different life activities. In particular, β-glucans are one of the most widely reported bioactive polysaccharides and are usually considered as biological response modifiers. Among them, β-glucans with triple-helix conformation have been the hottest and most well-researched polysaccharides at present, especially lentinan and schizophyllan, which are clinically used as cancer therapies in some Asian countries. Thus, creation of these active triple-helix polysaccharides is beneficial to the research and development of sustainable "green" biopolymers in the fields of food and life sciences. Therefore, full fundamental research of triple-helix polysaccharides is essential to discover more applications for polysaccharides. In this Review, the recent research progress of chain conformations, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of triple-helix β-glucans is summarized. The main contents include the characterization methods of the macromolecular conformation, proof of triple helices, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships. We believe that the governments, enterprises, universities, and institutes dealing with the survival and health of human beings can expect the development of natural bioproducts in the future. Hence, a deep understanding of β-glucans with triple-helix chain conformation is necessary for application of natural medicines and biologics for a sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Fengzhi Lyu
- College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Lyu F, Xu X, Zhang L. Natural polysaccharides with different conformations: extraction, structure and anti-tumor activity. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9652-9667. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01713b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides as sustainable polymers are rich sources with good biological safety and various biological functions, which are important research topics in the fields of food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Lyu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan 430072
- China
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12
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Comparison of chain conformation properties of bio-active fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from two different sea cucumbers. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Zhang J, Wen C, Gu J, Ji C, Duan Y, Zhang H. Effects of subcritical water extraction microenvironment on the structure and biological activities of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:1002-1011. [PMID: 30468806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of subcritical water microenvironment on the structure and biological activities of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes. The results showed that, under different SWE conditions (100-150 °C for 15 min, and 150 °C for 10-30 min), all the polysaccharides were heteropolysaccharides and consisted of glucose, mannose and galactose with different molar ratios. In addition, FT-IR results showed that all samples were typical β-pyranose and protein-free polysaccharides. Moreover, Congo red staining and atomic force microscope (AFM) analyses showed that when the temperature was above 150 °C for 15 min, the triple-helix structure no longer existed. Furthermore, various polysaccharides had varying degrees of inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells and MCF-7 cells in vitro. These findings indicated that subcritical water microenvironment has an extremely important effect on the structure and bioactivities of polysaccharides. The polysaccharides may be extracted more effectively by changing the subcritical water microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chaoting Wen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chenchen Ji
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Haihui Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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14
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Heat-induced conformation transition of the comb-branched β-glucan in dimethyl sulfoxide/water mixture. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1404-1412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Hirabayashi K, Kondo N, Hayashi S. Characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally treated β-1,3–1,6-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:206. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Huang X, Nie S. The structure of mushroom polysaccharides and their beneficial role in health. Food Funct 2016; 6:3205-17. [PMID: 26345165 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom is a kind of fungus that has been popular for its special flavour and renowned biological values. The polysaccharide contained in mushroom is regarded as one of the primary bioactive constituents and is beneficial for health. The structural features and bioactivities of mushroom polysaccharides have been studied extensively. It is believed that the diverse biological bioactivities of polysaccharides are closely related to their structure or conformation properties. In this review, the structural characteristics, conformational features and bioactivities of several mushroom polysaccharides are summarized, and their beneficial mechanisms and the relationships between their structure and bioactivities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
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17
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Xu S, Ping Z, Xu X, Zhang L. Changes in shape and size of the stiff branched β-glucan in dimethlysulfoxide/water solutions. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 138:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Cell wall structure of mushroom sclerotium (Pleurotus tuber-regium): Part 2. Fine structure of a novel alkali-soluble hyper-branched cell wall polysaccharide. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Li S, Huang Y, Wang S, Xu X, Zhang L. Determination of the Triple Helical Chain Conformation of β-Glucan by Facile and Reliable Triple-Detector Size Exclusion Chromatography. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:668-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4087199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Tang Q, Yang Y, Guo Q, Wang Q, Wu D, Cui SW. Physicochemical characterization of a high molecular weight bioactive β-d-glucan from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 101:968-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Xu X, Yan H, Tang J, Chen J, Zhang X. Polysaccharides inLentinus edodes: Isolation, Structure, Immunomodulating Activity and Future Prospective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:474-87. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.587616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura M, Hayashi M. Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid β-1,3-glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:95-101. [PMID: 23987321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new strategy for creating surface modified polysaccharide nanofibers. To demonstrate proof of principle, the synthesis, structure, and self-assembly behavior of a carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide made from paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) and succinic anhydride were investigated. Examination by a combination of NMR, FT-IR, and SEC-MALLS confirmed that successful preparation of the desired succinylated paramylon without significant depolymerization. NMR, SEC-MALLS, visible absorption and CD spectroscopic analyses indicated that the paramylon derivative forms the triplex structure in solutions. SEM observation revealed that succinylated paramylon forms a nanofiber that has carboxylic acid on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Nandi LG, Guerra JPTA, Bellettini IC, Machado VG, Minatti E. Properties of aqueous solutions of lentinan in the absence and presence of zwitterionic surfactants. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1-7. [PMID: 23987310 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and conformational transitions of lentinan (LT), a β-glucan extracted from Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes), were investigated at different concentrations of aqueous NaOH, using Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) technique. At low NaOH(aq) concentration LT chains are self-associated and adopt the triple helix form where as at higher NaOH concentrations the polymer chains undergo a transition to random coil chains. Also, the presence of fractal dimensions was observed through analysis of the exponential decay of the scattering intensity as a function of the scattering angle. In addition, the lateral radius of gyration was determined for LT in different concentrations of NaOH solution, indicating a rigid triple helix present as a small rod-like structure. Interactions of LT with two zwitterionic surfactants were investigated by surface tension, fluorescence, and static light scattering measurements. Experimental data showed that the formation of LT-(surfactant) complexes occurred through a cooperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G Nandi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
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Chen Y, Hu D, Cheong K, Li J, Xie J, Zhao J, Li S. Quality evaluation of lentinan injection produced in China. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura M, Hayashi M. Polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid alga. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 93:499-505. [PMID: 23499089 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have fabricated a polysaccharide nanofiber made from paramylon (β-1,3-glucan), a storage polysaccharide stored as a micrometer-sized particle in the cell of euglenoid alga. Preparation of this nanofiber primarily hinges on the bottom-up approach. First, paramylon, which is originally present in the form of a bundle of nanofibers in a particle, was fibrillated to a randomly coiled polymer by dissolving the particle in a 1.0-mol/L NaOH aqueous solution. Second, the randomly coiled polymer was allowed to self-assemble into a triplex as the NaOH concentration was reduced to 0.25-0.20mol/L. Third, a 20-nm-width nanofiber made from the triplex emerged in the solution when the NaOH concentration was reduced to approximately 0.20mol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Liu Q, Xu X, Zhang L. Variable chain conformations of renatured β-glucan in dimethylsulfoxide/water mixture. Biopolymers 2012; 97:988-97. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang X, Xu X, Zhang L. The LiCl effect on the conformation of lentinan in DMSO. Biopolymers 2012; 97:840-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim J, Lee SM, Bae IY, Park HG, Gyu Lee H, Lee S. (1-3)(1-6)-β-glucan-enriched materials from Lentinus edodes mushroom as a high-fibre and low-calorie flour substitute for baked foods. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1915-1919. [PMID: 21480277 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive physiological and biological emphasis has been placed on pharmaceutical and medicinal uses of mushrooms containing β-glucans, but their incorporation into processed functional foods is quite limited. Thus, low-grade Lentinus edodes mushrooms were utilised to produce β-glucan-enriched materials (BGEMs), which were evaluated as a high-fibre and low-calorie substitute for wheat flour. RESULTS The fractions obtained from Lentinus edodes mushrooms contained 514 g kg⁻¹ of (1-3)-β-glucans with (1-6)-β-linked side chains and the chemical structure was confirmed by ¹³C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Replacement of a portion of the wheat flour with BGEMs resulted in the solutions with lower values of pasting parameters and also caused significant changes in starch gelatinisation. When BGEMs were incorporated into cake formulations, batter viscosity increased with more shear-thinning behaviours and elastic properties improved. Overall, the cakes containing more BGEMs showed decreased volume and increased hardness while no significant differences were observed between the control and BGEM cakes containing 1 g of β-glucan per serving. CONCLUSION As a wheat flour substitute, the BGEMs that were prepared from low-grade Lentinus edodes mushrooms, could be successfully used to produce cakes containing 1 g of β-glucan per serving with quality attributes similar to those of the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea 143-747
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Zhang Y, Li S, Wang X, Zhang L, Cheung PC. Advances in lentinan: Isolation, structure, chain conformation and bioactivities. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu X, Wang X, Cai F, Zhang L. Renaturation of triple helical polysaccharide lentinan in water-diluted dimethylsulfoxide solution. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang L. Physicochemical properties and antitumor activities for sulfated derivatives of lentinan. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:2209-16. [PMID: 19733344 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Five fractions of lentinan, a beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan bearing beta-(1-->6)-d-glucopyranosyl branches, were treated with chlorosulfonic acid for 90 min at 60 degrees C in pyridine medium to synthesize water-soluble sulfated derivatives having the substitution degree of 1.44-1.76. The (13)C NMR spectra of the sulfated beta-glucans indicated that the C-6 position was preferentially substituted by the sulfate groups. The values of the weight-average molecular weight (M(w)), radius of gyration (s(2)(z)(1/2)), and intrinsic viscosity ([eta]) of the sulfated lentinan fractions were determined by size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) and viscometry in 0.15 M aq NaCl at 25 degrees C, respectively. The dependence of [eta] on M(w) for the sulfated lentinan was found to be [eta]=8.93 x 10(-3)M(w)(0.73+/-0.02) (mL/g) in 0.15 M aq NaCl (for M(w) ranging from 14.6 x 10(4) to 50.4 x 10(4)). On the basis of the Yamakawa-Fujii-Yoshizaki (YFY) theory, the conformational parameters of the sulfated lentinan were calculated as 950 nm(-1) for the molar mass per unit contour length (M(L)), 4.8 nm for the persistence length (q), and 13.9 for the characteristic ratio (C(infinity)), indicating relatively extended single flexible chains in solution. The sulfated glucan fractions exhibited in vitro antiproliferative activities against sarcoma 180 (S-180) cells, and their inhibition ratios were lower than that of the triple-helix lentinan, but higher than that for the one with single random-coil lentinan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Ding Y. Multiple Conformation Transitions of Triple Helical Lentinan in DMSO/Water by Microcalorimetry. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:9915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811289y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yanwei Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Zhang Y, Xu X, Zhang L. Gel formation and low-temperature intramolecular conformation transition of a triple-helical polysaccharide lentinan in water. Biopolymers 2008; 89:852-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang X, Xu X, Zhang L. Thermally Induced Conformation Transition of Triple-Helical Lentinan in NaCl Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:10343-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802174v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Xu X, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Rheology of triple helical Lentinan in solution: Steady shear viscosity and dynamic oscillatory behavior. Food Hydrocoll 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dynamic viscoelastic behavior of triple helical Lentinan in water: Effects of concentration and molecular weight. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Surenjav U, Zhang L, Xu X, Zhang X, Zeng F. Effects of molecular structure on antitumor activities of (1→3)-β-d-glucans from different Lentinus Edodes. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Xu X. Morphologies and conformation transition of lentinan in aqueous NaOH solution. Biopolymers 2005; 75:187-95. [PMID: 15356872 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular morphologies and conformation transition of lentinan, a beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan from Lentinus edodes, were studied in aqueous NaOH solution by atomic force microscopy (AFM), viscometry, multiangle laser light scattering, and optical rotation measurements. The results revealed that lentinan exists as triple-helical chains and as single random-coil chains at NaOH concentration lower than 0.05M and higher than 0.08M, respectively. Moreover, the dramatic changes in weight-average molecular weight Mw, radius of gyration [s2](1/2), intrinsic viscosity [eta], as well as specific optical rotation at 589 nm [alpha]589 occurred in a narrow range of NaOH concentration between 0.05 and 0.08M NaOH, indicating that the helix-coil conformation transition of lentinan was carried out more easily than that of native schizophyllan and scleroglucan, and was irreversible. For the first time, we confirmed that the denatured lentinan molecule, which was dissolved in 0.15M NaOH to be disrupted into single coil chains, could be renatured as triple helical chain by dialyzing against abundant water in the regenerated cellulose tube at ambient temperature (15 degrees C). In view of the AFM image, lentinan in aqueous solution exhibited the linear, circular, and branched species of triple helix compared with native linear schizophyllan or scleroglucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Zhang L, Li X, Xu X, Zeng F. Correlation between antitumor activity, molecular weight, and conformation of lentinan. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1515-21. [PMID: 15882854 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan having (1-->6) branching (L-FV-IB) from Lentinus edodes in water was degraded into seven fractions of different molecular weights by ultrasonic irradiation, and each was further fractionated into three parts, by precipitation from water into acetone at room temperature. The weight-average molecular weight (M(w)), radius of gyration (<S(2)>(z)(1/2)), and intrinsic viscosity ([eta]) of lentinan and its fractions in 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution and dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) were determined by size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-LLS), LLS, and viscometry. Analysis of M(w), [eta], and <S(2)>(z)(1/2) in terms of known theory for worm-like chains yielded 2240 +/- 100 nm(-1), and 100 +/- 10 nm for molar mass per unit contour length (M(L)), and persistence length (q), respectively, corresponding with theoretical data for triple-helical chains. The [alpha](D) of lentinan in water-Me(2)SO mixtures indicated an order-disorder transition. The results indicated that lentinan exists as a triple helix in 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution and as a single flexible chain in Me(2)SO. Assays in vivo and in vitro against the growth of Sarcoma 180 solid tumor as well as the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method for lentinan showed that the triple-helix sample exhibited a relatively high inhibition ratio. Interestingly, the triple-helix lentinan with M(w) of 1.49 x 10(6) exhibited the highest antitumor activity in vivo, having an inhibition ratio (xi) of 49.5%, close to that of 5-fluorouracil (xi = 50.5%), whereas the bioactivity (xi = 12.3%) of its single flexible chains almost disappeared. The triple-helix conformation plays an important role in enhancing the antitumor effects of lentinan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, China.
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Zhang X, Xu J, Zhang L. Effects of excluded volume and polydispersity on solution properties of lentinan in 0.1M NaOH solution. Biopolymers 2005; 78:187-96. [PMID: 15852301 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seven lentinan fractions of various weight-average molecular weights (M(w)), ranging from 1.45 x 10(5) to 1.13 x 10(6) g mol(-1) were investigated by static light scattering and viscometry in 0.1M NaOH solution at 25 degrees C. The intrinsic viscosity [eta] - M(w) and radius of gyration s(2)(z) (1/2) - M(w) relationships for lentinan in 0.1M NaOH solution were found to be represented by [eta] = 5.1 x 10(-3)M(w) (0.81) cm(3) g(-1) and s(2)(z) (1/2) = 2.3 x 10(-1)M(w) (0.58) nm, respectively. Focusing on the effects of the M(w) polydispersity with the Schulz-Zimm distribution function, the data of M(w), s(2)(z) (1/2), and [eta] was analyzed on the basis of the Yoshizaki-Nitta-Yamakawa theory for the unperturbed helical wormlike chain combined with the quasi-two-parameter (QTP) theory for excluded-volume effects. The persistence length, molecular weight per unit contour length, and the excluded-volume strength were determined roughly to be 6.2 nm, 980 nm(-1), and 0.1, respectively. Compared with the theoretical value calculated by the Monte Carlo model, the persistence length is longer than that of the single (1 --> 3)-beta-(D)-glucan chain. The results revealed that lentinan exists as single-stranded flexible chains in 0.1M NaOH solution with a certain degree of expansion due to the electrostatic repulsion from the interaction between the OH(-) anions and lentinan molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Ruan D, Shashkov AS, Kilcoyne M, Savage AV, Zhang L. Chemical components and molecular mass of six polysaccharides isolated from the sclerotium of Poria cocos. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:327-34. [PMID: 14698891 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Six polysaccharides were extracted sequentially from the fresh sclerotium of Poria cocos cultivated in China using 0.9% NaCl (PCS1), hot water (PCS2), 0.5M NaOH (PCS3-I and PCS3-II), and 88% formic acid (PCS4-I and PCS4-II). Their chemical and physical characteristics were determined using infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography (GC), GC-MS methylation analysis, 13C NMR spectroscopy, elementary analysis (EA), protein analysis, size exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (SEC-LLS), light scattering (LS), and viscometry. The results indicated that the polysaccharides PCS1, PCS2, and PCS3-I were heteropolysaccharides containing D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fucose, and D-xylose; the predominant monosaccharide was D-glucose except for PCS1 where it was D-galactose. PCS3-II, the main component of the sclerotium of P. cocos, was a linear (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan of high purity. PCS4-I consisted of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan with some beta-(1-->6) linked branches. PCS4-II was mainly composed of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan containing some glucose branches. The M(w) values of the six polysaccharides PCS1, PCS2, PCS3-I, PCS4-I in 0.2M NaCl aqueous solution, PCS3-II, and PCS4-II in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) were determined to be 11.6 x 10(4), 20.8 x 10(4), 17.1 x 10(4), 9.1 x 10(4), 12.3 x 10(4), and 21.1 x 10(4), respectively. The six polysaccharides in aqueous solution or Me(2)SO exist as flexible chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
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Mourey TH. SEC Molecular-Weight-Sensitive Detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660490890510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jin Y, Zhang L, Chen L, Chen Y, Cheung PCK, Chen L. Effect of culture media on the chemical and physical characteristics of polysaccharides isolated from Poria cocos mycelia. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1507-15. [PMID: 12829396 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycelia of a wild strain Poria cocos were cultured in two media differing in one constituent: bran extract or corn steep liquor, and are designated as wb and wc, respectively. Six polysaccharide fractions were isolated sequentially from the two mycelia by 0.9% NaCl (PCM1), hot water (PCM2), 0.5 M NaOH (PCM3-I and -II) and 88% formic acid (PCM4-I and -II). Their chemical and physical characteristics were determined by infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography (GC), 13C NMR, light scattering (LS) and viscometry. The results indicated that wb-, wc-PCM1, and PCM2 were heteropolysaccharides mainly composed of alpha-D-glucose, mannose, and galactose, whereas wb-PCM3-I and wc-PCM3-I were mainly (1-->3)-alpha-D-glucans, and wb- and wc-PCM3-II, PCM4-I and PCM4-II were (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans. Interestingly, (1-->3) alpha- and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans co-existed in the 0.5 M NaOH fraction and were separated individually into the two fractions (PCM3-I and PCM3-II) after neutralizing with acetic acid. The polysaccharides from wc-PCM cultured in media containing corn steep liquor contained relatively more protein. The polysaccharide fractions also existed in conformations including random coil (as in PCM0 and PCM1) and expanded chain (as in PCM3), and differed molecular mass. In addition, two exo-polysaccharides isolated from the two culture media by methanol precipitation (wb- and wc-PCM0) also differed in their monosaccharide composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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