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Freitas CND, Castelo PM, Noritomi PY, Scudine KGDO, Rontani RMP, Miziara T, Machado LMR. Mechanical stress distribution over the palate by different pacifiers assessed by finite element analysis and clinical data. Clin Anat 2024; 37:620-627. [PMID: 37991219 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of each type of pacifier on rigid structures and their various impacts on orofacial growth have yet to be discovered. The study aimed to evaluate the stress distribution over a child's palate by three types of pacifiers using finite element analysis and clinical and laboratory data. Modulus of elasticity was obtained from 30 specimens comprising 10 of each conventional (A), orthodontic (B), and breast-shaped (C) pacifiers. Tongue strength was assessed in eight 3-year-old children (kPa). A hemi-maxilla model was obtained from 2- to 3-year-old skull tomography, and the images of pacifiers A, B, and C were captured using 3D scanning. The Hypermesh® program generated a mesh of 6-node tetrahedral elements for applying forces in the X, Y, and Z directions to enable a nonlinear analysis. Pacifier B exhibited the highest values for distributed stress on the palate, followed by pacifier A. Pacifier B stimulated the maxilla forward and sideways. In contrast, pacifier A promoted a forward and upward load, favoring a more atresic palate. Pacifiers A and B tended to rotate in the sagittal plane, generating tensions in the anterior incisors and favoring the open bite. Pacifier C exhibited lateral expansion by stress induction over the mid-palatal suture with less influence on incisor inclination. Pacifiers showed different detrimental stress distributions on the palate. This information can be helpful for improving recommendations given to parents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Pedro Yoshito Noritomi
- Three-Dimensional Technologies Division, Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thanus Miziara
- Three-Dimensional Technologies Division, Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI), Campinas, Brazil
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Kanellopoulos AK, Costello SE. The effects of prolonged pacifier use on language development in infants and toddlers. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1349323. [PMID: 38445061 PMCID: PMC10912588 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1349323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Pacifiers are a common soothing tool used by parents to calm and comfort infants and toddlers. While pacifiers can provide temporary relief, there is growing concern about the potential long-term effects of prolonged pacifier use on language and cognitive development. Previous studies have suggested that prolonged use of pacifiers may have negative consequences on language outcomes in infants and toddlers, especially during the first few years of life known to be a critical period for language development. Previous studies have shown that children who use pacifiers extensively have smaller vocabulary sizes at 1 and 2 years of age which can have subsequent effects on socioemotional. In addition, significant association between greater frequency of daytime pacifier use and worsening of cognitive outcomes was shown. Furthermore, research has shown a strong dose-response association between intense pacifier use up to 4 years of age and lower IQ at 6 years. Recently, the importance of oral motor movements and sensorimotor production for speech perception in infants as young as 6 months has been highlighted, raising important questions on the effect of oral motor movement restrictions at an early age. Together, these findings raise concern about the potential long-term effects of prolonged pacifier use on language and cognitive development at a critical time in child development. However, it is still debatable within the scientific field the potential relationship between pacifier use and language development in early life most likely due to the complexity of studying child development. This mini review aims to provide valuable insights for parents, caregivers, and healthcare professionals in making informed decisions and understand regarding pacifier use for infants and toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros K. Kanellopoulos
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Carrillo-Díaz M, Ortega-Martínez AR, Ruiz-Guillén A, Romero-Maroto M, González-Olmo MJ. The impact of co-sleeping less than 6 months on children's anxiety, oral habits, and malocclusion in a Spanish sample between 2 and 5 years old: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Orthod 2021; 44:110-115. [PMID: 34089051 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Families often use co-sleeping to mitigate potential physiological and emotional effects on infants. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the early termination of co-sleeping is associated with high levels of anxiety, non-nutritive sucking habits for self-comfort, and increased malocclusion. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on the parents of 215 children [aged 2-5 years (3.94 ± 0.89)], who were divided according to the duration of co-sleeping (≤6 months or >6 months). The parents completed a questionnaire about co-sleeping, sucking, breastfeeding habits, and anxiety. Finally, a clinical examination was carried out to diagnose malocclusion according to the World Health Organization (WHO) index, and the aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-AC) was recorded. RESULTS Children that co-slept for 6 months or less had an increased incidence of pacifier use (P < 0.05), finger sucking (P < 0.01), and atypical swallowing (P < 0.05). Lower anxiety levels were found in the group with a longer duration of co-sleeping (P < 0.01). In the assessment of malocclusions, the group that co-slept for ≤6 months had higher IOTN scores (P < 0.01) and WHO indices (P < 0.05); in addition, there were differences in anterior open bite (P < 0.05), posterior crossbite (P < 0.01), skeletal Class II (P < 0.01), canine Class II (P < 0.05), and overjet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A co-sleeping duration of >6 months appears to be a protective factor associated with less anxiety, fewer negative sucking habits, and a decreased incidence of malocclusions in co-sleeping children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carrillo-Díaz
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Ruiz-Guillén
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Romero-Maroto
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Orthodontic Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José González-Olmo
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Orthodontic Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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Ling HTB, Sum FHKMH, Zhang L, Yeung CPW, Li KY, Wong HM, Yang Y. The association between nutritive, non-nutritive sucking habits and primary dental occlusion. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:145. [PMID: 30134878 PMCID: PMC6106723 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of primary dentition can be affected by oral sucking habits. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits with primary dentition development. Methods One thousand one hundred and fourteen children aged 2 to 5 years old in Hong Kong were recruited in a cross-sectional study. Information on their nutritive (e.g. breastfeeding and bottle feeding) and non-nutritive sucking habits (e.g. pacifier use and thumb/digit sucking) was collected via questionnaires. The children’s primary occlusions were examined in three dimensions. Results Children who were breastfed for more than 6 months had a lower proportion of daily pacifier use (p < 0.05). Children who used pacifiers daily had a higher proportion of thumb/digit sucking (p < 0.05). Children who used pacifiers daily for more than one year had higher chances of developing an anterior open bite (p < 0.05) and a reduced overbite (p < 0.05). Those exhibiting daily thumb/digit sucking for more than one year had higher chances of developing Class II incisor and Class II canine relationships, an increased overjet and anterior open bite (p < 0.05). Conclusion Pure breastfeeding for more than 6 months is inversely associated with daily pacifier use and daily pacifier use is positively associated with daily thumb/digit sucking. Children with more than one year of daily pacifier use and thumb/digit sucking have higher chances of developing abnormal dental relationships in the sagittal (i.e. Class II incisor and Class II canine relationships and increased overjet) and vertical (i.e. anterior open bite) dimensions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Tung Bonnie Ling
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 2/F, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fung Hou Kumoi Mineaki Howard Sum
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 2/F, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linkun Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Cindy Po Wan Yeung
- Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 7A26, 7/F, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kar Yan Li
- Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 7A26, 7/F, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hai Ming Wong
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 2/F, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanqi Yang
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 2/F, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Nelson-Filho P, Louvain MC, Macari S, Lucisano MP, Silva RABD, Queiroz AMD, Gaton-Hernández P, Silva LABD. Microbial contamination and disinfection methods of pacifiers. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 23:523-8. [PMID: 26537723 PMCID: PMC4621945 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the microbial contamination of pacifiers by Mutans Streptococci(MS) and the efficacy of different methods for their disinfection. METHODS Twenty-eight children were assigned to a 4-stage changeover system with a 1-week interval. In each stage, children received a new pacifier and the parents were instructed to maintain their normal habits for 1 week. After this time, the pacifiers were subjected to the following 4 disinfection methods: spraying with 0.12% chlorhexidine solution, Brushtox or sterile tap water, and immersion in boiling tap water for 15 minutes. Microbiological culture for MS and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed. The results were analyzed statistically by Friedman's non-parametric test (a=0.05). RESULTS The 0.12% chlorhexidine spray was statistically similar to the boiling water (p>0.05) and more effective than the Brushtox spray and control (p<0.05). The analysis of SEM showed the formation of a cariogenic biofilm in all groups with positive culture. CONCLUSIONS Pacifiers become contaminated by MS after their use by children and should be disinfected routinely. Spraying with a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution and immersion in boiling water promoted better disinfection of the pacifiers compared with a commercial antiseptic toothbrush cleanser (Brushtox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Departamento de Odontopediatria, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Soraia Macari
- Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- Departamento de Odontopediatria, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Departamento de Odontopediatria, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Mussolino de Queiroz
- Departamento de Odontopediatria, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gaton-Hernández
- Departament d'Odontostomatologia, Facultat d'Odontologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Departamento de Odontopediatria, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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