1
|
Hom B, Boyd NK, Vogel BN, Nishimori N, Khoshnood MM, Jafarpour S, Nagesh D, Santoro JD. Down Syndrome and Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024:10.1007/s12016-024-08996-2. [PMID: 38913142 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability and has previously been associated with a variety of autoimmune disorders affecting multiple organ systems. The high prevalence of autoimmune disease, in conjunction with other inflammatory and infectious diseases, in this population suggests an intrinsic immune dysregulation associated with triplication of chromosome 21. Emerging data on the role of chromosome 21 in interferon activation, cytokine production, and activation of B-cell mediated autoimmunity are emerging hypotheses that may explain the elevated prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, type I diabetes, autoimmune skin disease, and a variety of autoimmune neurologic conditions. As the life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome increases, knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical features, management and underlying causes of these conditions will become increasingly important. Disorders such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis are prevalent in between 13 and 34% of individuals with Down syndrome but only 3% of the neurotypical population, a pattern similarly recognized in individuals with Celiac Disease (5.8% v 0.5-2%), alopecia areata (27.7% v. 2%), and vitiligo (4.4% v. 0.05-1.55%), respectively. Given the chronicity of autoimmune conditions, early identification and management can significantly impact the quality of life of individuals with Down syndrome. This comprehensive review will highlight common clinical autoimmune conditions observed in individuals with Down syndrome and explore our current understanding of the mechanisms of disease in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hom
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalie K Boyd
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA90027, USA
| | - Benjamin N Vogel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA90027, USA
| | - Nicole Nishimori
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA90027, USA
| | - Mellad M Khoshnood
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA90027, USA
| | - Saba Jafarpour
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA90027, USA
| | - Deepti Nagesh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA90027, USA
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicineat the, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Santoro
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA90027, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicineat the, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lagan N, Huggard D, Mc Grane F, Leahy TR, Franklin O, Roche E, Webb D, O’ Marcaigh A, Cox D, El-Khuffash A, Greally P, Balfe J, Molloy EJ. Multiorgan involvement and management in children with Down syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:1096-1111. [PMID: 31899550 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To review multiorgan involvement and management in children with Down syndrome (DS). METHODS A literature review of articles from 1980 to 2019 using the MEDLINE interface of PubMed was performed using the following search terms- [Down syndrome] or [Trisomy 21] AND [Cardiology] or [Respiratory] or [neurodevelopment] or [epilepsy] or [musculoskeletal] or [immune system] or [haematological] or [endocrine] or [gastrointestinal] or [ophthalmological] or [Ear Nose Throat] or [dermatology] or [renal]. RESULTS Congenital heart disease particularly septal defects occur in over 60% of infants with DS and 5%-34% of infants develop persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn irrespective of a diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Early recognition and management of aspiration, obstructive sleep apnoea and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) could reduce risk of developing pulmonary hypertension in later childhood. Children with DS have an increased risk of autistic spectrum disorder, attention deficit disorder and epilepsy particularly infantile spasms, which are associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal and renal system as well as autoimmune diseases, coeliac disease, arthropathy, thyroid dysfunction fold diabetes mellitus and dermatological conditions are more common. Hearing and visual anomalies are also well recognised association with DS (Table 1). CONCLUSION Children with DS are at an increased risk of multiorgan comorbidities. Organ-specific health surveillance may provide holistic care for the children and families with DS throughout childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Lagan
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
- Department of Neurodisability and Developmental Paediatrics Children’s Health Ireland at Tallaght Dublin Ireland
| | - Dean Huggard
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
| | - Fiona Mc Grane
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
- Department of Neurodisability and Developmental Paediatrics Children’s Health Ireland at Tallaght Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Orla Franklin
- Cardiology Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| | - Edna Roche
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
- Paediatric Endocrinology Tallaght University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - David Webb
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
- Department of Neurology Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| | - Aengus O’ Marcaigh
- Department of Haematology & Oncology Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| | - Des Cox
- Department of Respiratory Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Peter Greally
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Children’s Health Ireland at Tallaght Dublin Ireland
| | - Joanne Balfe
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
- Department of Neurodisability and Developmental Paediatrics Children’s Health Ireland at Tallaght Dublin Ireland
| | - Eleanor J. Molloy
- Paediatrics Academic Centre Tallaght Hospital Trinity College The University of Dublin Ireland
- Department of Neurodisability and Developmental Paediatrics Children’s Health Ireland at Tallaght Dublin Ireland
- NeonatologyCHI at Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barbosa ÂM, Prestes-Carneiro LE, Sobral ARS, Sakiyama MJ, Lemos BC, Abreu MAMMD, Martos LLC, Moliterno RA. Lack of association between alopecia areata and HLA class I and II in a southeastern Brazilian population. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91:284-9. [PMID: 27438193 PMCID: PMC4938270 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alopecia areata (AA) is a common disorder of unknown etiology that affects
approximately 0.7% to 3.8% of patients among the general population.
Currently, genetic and autoimmune factors are emphasized as etiopathogenic.
Studies linking Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) to AA have suggested that
immunogenetic factors may play a role in the disease's
onset/development. Objectives To investigate an association between AA and HLA class I/II in white
Brazilians. Methods: Patients and control groups comprised 33 and 112
individuals, respectively. DNA extraction was performed by column method
with BioPur kit. Allele's classification was undertaken using the PCR-SSO
technique. HLA frequencies were obtained through direct counting and
subjected to comparison by means of the chi-square test. Results Most patients were aged over 16, with no familial history, and developed
partial AA, with no recurrent episodes. Patients showed a higher frequency
of HLA-B*40, HLA-B*45, HLA-B*53 and HLA-C*04 compared with controls,
although P was not significant after Bonferroni correction. Regarding HLA
class II, only HLA-DRB1*07 revealed statistical significance; nevertheless,
it featured more prominently in controls than patients (P=0.04; Pc=0.52;
OR=0.29; 95%; CI=0.07 to 1.25). P was not significant after Bonferroni
correction. Conclusions The development of AA does not seem to be associated with HLA in white
Brazilians, nor with susceptibility or resistance. The studies were carried
out in populations with little or no miscegenation, unlike the Brazilian
population in general, which could explain the inconsistency found.
Collapse
|