1
|
Alvarado-Ramírez L, Santiesteban-Romero B, Poss G, Sosa-Hernández JE, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R, Bonaccorso AD, Melchor-Martínez EM. Sustainable production of biofuels and bioderivatives from aquaculture and marine waste. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1072761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual global fish production reached a record 178 million tonnes in 2020, which continues to increase. Today, 49% of the total fish is harvested from aquaculture, which is forecasted to reach 60% of the total fish produced by 2030. Considering that the wastes of fishing industries represent up to 75% of the whole organisms, the fish industry is generating a large amount of waste which is being neglected in most parts of the world. This negligence can be traced to the ridicule of the value of this resource as well as the many difficulties related to its valorisation. In addition, the massive expansion of the aquaculture industry is generating significant environmental consequences, including chemical and biological pollution, disease outbreaks that increase the fish mortality rate, unsustainable feeds, competition for coastal space, and an increase in the macroalgal blooms due to anthropogenic stressors, leading to a negative socio-economic and environmental impact. The establishment of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has received increasing attention due to the environmental benefits of using waste products and transforming them into valuable products. There is a need to integrate and implement new technologies able to valorise the waste generated from the fish and aquaculture industry making the aquaculture sector and the fish industry more sustainable through the development of a circular economy scheme. This review wants to provide an overview of several approaches to valorise marine waste (e.g., dead fish, algae waste from marine and aquaculture, fish waste), by their transformation into biofuels (biomethane, biohydrogen, biodiesel, green diesel, bioethanol, or biomethanol) and recovering biomolecules such as proteins (collagen, fish hydrolysate protein), polysaccharides (chitosan, chitin, carrageenan, ulvan, alginate, fucoidan, and laminarin) and biosurfactants.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmmed MK, Carne A, Tian H(S, Bekhit AEDA. Use of fungal and bacterial protease preparations to enhance extraction of lipid from fish roe: effect on lipidomic profile of extracted oil. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100499. [PMID: 36387300 PMCID: PMC9663326 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid extraction of fish roe was evaluated after hydrolysis with HT, FP-II and Alcalase proteases. Alcalase hydrolysis of fish roe protein was more extensive than that of HT and FP-II. The highest total lipid yield was obtained following hydrolysis of fish roe with Alcalase. Alcalase hydrolysis achieved the greatest degree of hydrolysis and yielded less oxidised lipid. The yield of omega-3 fatty acids and phospholipids was highest after HT hydrolysis.
The present study investigated the hydrolysis of protein in hoki roe homogenate using a HT (bacterial), a FP-II (fungal) protease preparations and Alcalase (bacterial) to enhance lipid yield extraction. The degree of hydrolysis was determined at various pH, temperature and time using casein and hoki roe. Total lipid extraction and lipidomic analysis was carried out following proteolysis of hoki roe homogenate. The degree of hydrolysis and SDS-PAGE revealed that the hydrolytic capability of Alcalase was better than HT and FPII. The total extracted lipid yield was better following hydrolysis with Alcalase (19.29 %), compared to HT (18.29 %) and FPII (18.33 %). However, the total phospholipid (PL) and n-3 fatty acid yields were better from HT hydrolysed hoki roe homogenate (PL = 30.7 μmol/g; n-3 = 10.5 %), compared to Alcalase (PL = 22 μmol/g; n-3 = 5.95 %). Overall, this study indicates that HT protease preparation hydrolysis of fish roe homogenate can both enhance lipid extraction and retain lipid quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Fishing and Post-harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Alaa El-Din Ahmed Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Venugopal V. Valorization of Seafood Processing Discards: Bioconversion and Bio-Refinery Approaches. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.611835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The seafood industry generates large volumes of waste. These include processing discards consisting of shell, head, bones intestine, fin, skin, voluminous amounts of wastewater discharged as effluents, and low-value under-utilized fish, which are caught as by-catch of commercial fishing operations. The discards, effluents, and by-catch are rich in nutrients including proteins, amino acids, lipids containing good proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), carotenoids, and minerals. The seafood waste is, therefore, responsible for loss of nutrients and serious environmental hazards. It is important that the waste is subjected to secondary processing and valorization to address the problems. Although chemical processes are available for waste treatment, most of these processes have inherent weaknesses. Biological treatments, however, are environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective. Biological treatments are based on bioconversion processes, which help with the recovery of valuable ingredients from by-catch, processing discards, and effluents, without losing their inherent bioactivities. Major bioconversion processes make use of microbial fermentations or actions of exogenously added enzymes on the waste components. Recent developments in algal biotechnology offer novel processes for biotransformation of nutrients as single cell proteins, which can be used as feedstock for the recovery of valuable ingredients and also biofuel. Bioconversion options in conjunction with a bio-refinery approach have potential for eco-friendly and economical management of seafood waste that can support sustainable seafood production.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mkadem H, Kaanane A. Recovery and Characterization of Fish Oil from By-products of Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the Canning Process. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2019.1682733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hind Mkadem
- Food and Nutrition Sciences, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amar Kaanane
- Food and Nutrition Sciences, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliveira D, Bernardi D, Drummond F, Dieterich F, Boscolo W, Leivas C, Kiatkoski E, Waszczynskyj N. Potential Use of Tuna (Thunnus albacares) by-product: Production of Antioxidant Peptides and Recovery of Unsaturated Fatty Acids from Tuna Head. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2015-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTuna by-products were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase (enzyme to substrate ratio 1 : 200 w/w; 60 °C; pH 6.5, 120 min) rendering a tuna protein hydrolysate (TPH) with 9.24 % degree of hydrolysis (DH). The antioxidant capacity of TPH determined by the methods of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were similar and 10 times lower than the result obtained by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The total amino acid profile indicated that 42.15 % are composed of hydrophobic amino acids and 7.7 % of aromatics, with leucine being found in the highest quantity (17.85 %). The fatty acid profile of the oil recovered by centrifugation of the TPH – as determined by a gas chromatograph – was characterized by a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (39.06 %), mainly represented by the fatty acids ω3, docosahexaenoic acid (27.15 %) and eicosapentaenoic acid (6.05 %). The simultaneous recovery of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant peptides can add value to tuna by-products, assisting in the efficient management of fishing industry waste.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shirahigue LD, Silva MO, Camargo AC, Sucasas LFDA, Borghesi R, Cabral ISR, Savay-da-Silva LK, Galvão JA, Oetterer M. The Feasibility of Increasing Lipid Extraction in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)Waste by Proteolysis. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2013.845276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Olofsson M, Lamela T, Nilsson E, Bergé JP, del Pino V, Uronen P, Legrand C. Combined effects of nitrogen concentration and seasonal changes on the production of lipids in Nannochloropsis oculata. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1891-910. [PMID: 24691025 PMCID: PMC4012439 DOI: 10.3390/md12041891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Instead of sole nutrient starvation to boost algal lipid production, we addressed nutrient limitation at two different seasons (autumn and spring) during outdoor cultivation in flat panel photobioreactors. Lipid accumulation, biomass and lipid productivity and changes in fatty acid composition of Nannochloropsis oculata were investigated under nitrogen (N) limitation (nitrate:phosphate N:P 5, N:P 2.5 molar ratio). N. oculata was able to maintain a high biomass productivity under N-limitation compared to N-sufficiency (N:P 20) at both seasons, which in spring resulted in nearly double lipid productivity under N-limited conditions (0.21 g L−1 day−1) compared to N-sufficiency (0.11 g L−1 day−1). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased from 76% to nearly 90% of total fatty acids in N-limited cultures. Higher biomass and lipid productivity in spring could, partly, be explained by higher irradiance, partly by greater harvesting rate (~30%). Our results indicate the potential for the production of algal high value products (i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acids) during both N-sufficiency and N-limitation. To meet the sustainability challenges of algal biomass production, we propose a dual-system process: Closed photobioreactors producing biomass for high value products and inoculum for larger raceway ponds recycling waste/exhaust streams to produce bulk chemicals for fuel, feed and industrial material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olofsson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Teresa Lamela
- Necton SA, Belamandil s/n, 8700-152 Olhão, Portugal.
| | - Emmelie Nilsson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Jean-Pascal Bergé
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Science et Technologie de la Biomasse Marine (STBM), 44311 Nantes cedex 03, France.
| | | | - Pauliina Uronen
- Neste Oil, Technology Centre, POB 310, 06101 Porvoo, Finland.
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fish silage oil from rainbow trout processing waste as alternative to conventional fish oil in formulated diets for Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Beaulieu L, Thibodeau J, Bonnet C, Bryl P, Carbonneau MÉ. Detection of antibacterial activity in an enzymatic hydrolysate fraction obtained from processing of Atlantic rock crab (Cancer irroratus) by-products. PHARMANUTRITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Beaulieu L, Thibodeau J, Bonnet C, Bryl P, Carbonneau ME. Evidence of anti-proliferative activities in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) by-products. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:975-90. [PMID: 23535393 PMCID: PMC3705383 DOI: 10.3390/md11040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shellfish waste components contain significant levels of high quality protein and are therefore a potential source for biofunctional high-value peptides. The feasibility of applying a pilot scale enzymatic hydrolysis process to whole Mytilus edulis and, by fractionation, recover hydrolysates presenting a biological activity of interest, was evaluated. Fractions were tested on four immortalized cancerous cell lines: A549, BT549, HCT15 and PC3. The 50 kDa fraction, enriched in peptides, presented anti-proliferative activity with all cell lines and results suggest a bioactive molecule synergy within the fraction. At a protein concentration of 44 µg/mL, the 50 kDa fraction induced a mortality of 90% for PC3, 89% for A549, 85% for HCT15 and of 81% for BT549 cell lines. At the low protein concentration of only 11 µg/mL the 50 kDa fraction still entails a cell mortality of 76% for A549 and 87% for PC3 cell lines. The 50 kDa fraction contains 56% of proteins, 3% of lipids and 6% of minerals on a dry weight basis and the lowest levels detected of taurine and methionine and highest levels of threonine, proline and glycine amino acids. The enzymatic hydrolysis process suggests that Mytilus edulis by-products should be viewed as high-valued products with strong potential as anti-proliferative agent and promising active ingredients in functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Beaulieu
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, University of Quebec at Rimouski (UQAR), 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; E-Mails: (J.T.); (C.B.)
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Thibodeau
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, University of Quebec at Rimouski (UQAR), 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; E-Mails: (J.T.); (C.B.)
- Merinov, Quebec Fisheries and Aquaculture Innovation Centre, 96 montee de Sandy Beach, office 1.07, Gaspe, QC G4X 2V6, Canada; E-Mails: (P.B.); (M.-E.C.)
| | - Claudie Bonnet
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, University of Quebec at Rimouski (UQAR), 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; E-Mails: (J.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Piotr Bryl
- Merinov, Quebec Fisheries and Aquaculture Innovation Centre, 96 montee de Sandy Beach, office 1.07, Gaspe, QC G4X 2V6, Canada; E-Mails: (P.B.); (M.-E.C.)
| | - Marie-Elise Carbonneau
- Merinov, Quebec Fisheries and Aquaculture Innovation Centre, 96 montee de Sandy Beach, office 1.07, Gaspe, QC G4X 2V6, Canada; E-Mails: (P.B.); (M.-E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Beaulieu L, Thibodeau J, Bryl P, Carbonneau MÉ. Proteolytic processing of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and biochemical characterisation of hydrolysates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Beaulieu L, Thibodeau J, Bryl P, Carbonneau ME. Characterization of enzymatic hydrolyzed snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) by-product fractions: a source of high-valued biomolecules. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:3332-3342. [PMID: 19286372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) constitutes valuable and nutritional sources of components, such as proteins, lipids and chitin. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of applying a pilot scale enzymatic hydrolysis process of snow crab by-products, followed by fractionation, in order to recover enriched high-valued compounds. The yield of snow crab by-products recovered after manual processing; on a dry weight was 87.4%. The by-products (raw materials) were mainly moist (approximately 78%), and contained 42.9% proteins, 14.8% lipids, 25.7% minerals, 16.2% chitin, all expressed on a dry weight. The fatty acid profile of snow crab by-products and all fractions obtained following processing showed a higher content in mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs; approximately 50%), followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; approximately 20%) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs; approximately 15%). The n-3/n-6 ratio was approximately 10 and represents a good index of nutritional value for snow crab oil by-products. Most protein enriched fractions demonstrate a well-balanced amino acid composition, notably the most essential amino acids. These protein fractions are characterized by biomolecules having a relatively low molecular weight (35 kDa and less) range. The enzymatic hydrolysis process developed in this study shows that snow crab by-products should to be viewed as having the potential of being identified as high-valued products. Even though the process could be optimized, it is controllable, and depending on hydrolyses conditions, the products obtained are reproducible and well defined. Results presented in this study indicate that snow crab by-products may serve as excellent nutritional components for future applications in the health and food sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Beaulieu
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Batista I, Ramos C, Mendonça R, Nunes ML. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) By-products and Lipid Recovery. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850802581823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Laplante S, Souchet N, Bryl P. Comparison of low-temperature processes for oil and coenzyme Q10 extraction from mackerel and herring. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Enzymatic hydrolysis of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) viscera using commercial proteases: Effects on lipid distribution and amino acid composition. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Dumay J, Radier S, Barnathan G, Bergé JP, Jaouen P. Recovery of valuable soluble compounds from washing waters generated during small fatty pelagic surimi processing by membrane processes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2008; 29:451-461. [PMID: 18619150 DOI: 10.1080/09593330801983912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the treatment of washing waters coming from surimi manufacturing using ultrafiltration technology at a laboratory scale. Four membrane materials (poly-ether sulfone, polyacrilonytrile, poly vinylidene fluoride and regenerated cellulose) and 5 Molecular Weight Cut-Off (from 3 to 100 kDa) have been studied at bench laboratory scale using the pilot Rayflow 100, commercialised by Rhodia Orelis. The investigation deals with the ability for membranes to offer a high retention of biochemical compounds (proteins and lipids). Results obtained during adsorption tests showed that the regenerated cellulose material seems to be the most appropriate with regards to pore size reduction due to the protein-adsorption. During the ultrafiltration of the washing water, the regenerated cellulose material leads to the best results, followed by the polyacrylonitrile and poly-vinylidene fluoride materials. Poor results were obtained with polyether sulfone membrane. Compared to the other materials, the regenerated cellulose is the easiest to regenerate, with minimal cleaning water and no chemical treatment necessary. Biochemical characterization of the fractions generated during the ultrafiltration with the polyacrilonytrile, poly vinylidene fluoride and regenerated cellulose membranes showed that all the membranes provided a high recovery rate of the lipids and proteins. The 10 kDa regenerated cellulose membrane had the highest performance and was further evaluated. With such a treatment, the chemical oxygen demand was reduced by 75%. By performing hydrolysis followed by a centrifugation, biochemical composition of the sludge and liquid fraction were modified, producing an insoluble fraction containing fats and few proteins and a soluble fraction containing proteins and few fats. The sludge, initially insoluble, was mainly solubilized during hydrolysis, and lipids and peptides were concentrated by ultrafiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dumay
- IFREMER, Nantes Atlantique Universités, BP 21105, F 44311 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Néchet SL, Dubois N, Gouygou JP, Bergé JP. Lipid composition of the liver oil of the ray, Himantura bleekeri. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
18
|
Improvement of lipid and phospholipid recoveries from sardine (Sardina pilchardus) viscera using industrial proteases. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|