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Škubník J, Bejček J, Pavlíčková VS, Rimpelová S. Repurposing Cardiac Glycosides: Drugs for Heart Failure Surmounting Viruses. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185627. [PMID: 34577097 PMCID: PMC8469069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a successful approach in medicinal research. It significantly simplifies the long-term process of clinical drug evaluation, since the drug being tested has already been approved for another condition. One example of drug repositioning involves cardiac glycosides (CGs), which have, for a long time, been used in heart medicine. Moreover, it has been known for decades that CGs also have great potential in cancer treatment and, thus, many clinical trials now evaluate their anticancer potential. Interestingly, heart failure and cancer are not the only conditions for which CGs could be effectively used. In recent years, the antiviral potential of CGs has been extensively studied, and with the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this interest in CGs has increased even more. Therefore, here, we present CGs as potent and promising antiviral compounds, which can interfere with almost any steps of the viral life cycle, except for the viral attachment to a host cell. In this review article, we summarize the reported data on this hot topic and discuss the mechanisms of antiviral action of CGs, with reference to the particular viral life cycle phase they interfere with.
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Morimoto M, Tatsumi K, Yuui K, Terazawa I, Kudo R, Kasuda S. Convallatoxin, the primary cardiac glycoside in lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), induces tissue factor expression in endothelial cells. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2440-2444. [PMID: 34469053 PMCID: PMC8604113 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convallotoxin (CNT), present in lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), is a toxin that causes food poisoning among humans and companion animals. Although various symptoms of CNT poisoning have been well described, hypercoagulability owing to CNT is only empirically known among some veterinarians, and the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. CNT exerts cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether CNT induces the expression of tissue factor (TF), a potent initiator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade, in endothelial cells and leads to a hypercoagulable state. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used for in vitro experiments. HUVECs were treated with or without CNT (50 and 100 nM) for 4 h. Phosphate-buffered saline was used as a control. Cell viability was determined using the WST-8 assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine TF mRNA expression. TF protein expression was observed using a laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS The viability of HUVECs significantly reduced after CNT treatment compared with that of non-treated cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase in TF mRNA and protein expression was observed after 4 h of CNT treatment. CNT elicited these effects in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS TF expression induced by CNT in endothelial cells can contribute to the development of a hypercoagulable state. The present study partially revealed the mechanisms underlying the CNT-induced hypercoagulable state. The findings can contribute to the development of a novel therapy for lily of the valley poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Morimoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- Advanced Medical Science of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yuui
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Ikuko Terazawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Risa Kudo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shogo Kasuda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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Kumavath R, Paul S, Pavithran H, Paul MK, Ghosh P, Barh D, Azevedo V. Emergence of Cardiac Glycosides as Potential Drugs: Current and Future Scope for Cancer Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1275. [PMID: 34572488 PMCID: PMC8465509 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are natural sterols and constitute a group of secondary metabolites isolated from plants and animals. These cardiotonic agents are well recognized and accepted in the treatment of various cardiac diseases as they can increase the rate of cardiac contractions by acting on the cellular sodium potassium ATPase pump. However, a growing number of recent efforts were focused on exploring the antitumor and antiviral potential of these compounds. Several reports suggest their antitumor properties and hence, today cardiac glycosides (CG) represent the most diversified naturally derived compounds strongly recommended for the treatment of various cancers. Mutated or dysregulated transcription factors have also gained prominence as potential therapeutic targets that can be selectively targeted. Thus, we have explored the recent advances in CGs mediated cancer scope and have considered various signaling pathways, molecular aberration, transcription factors (TFs), and oncogenic genes to highlight potential therapeutic targets in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O) Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India;
| | - Sayan Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu 627012, India;
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Honey Pavithran
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O) Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India;
| | - Manash K. Paul
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, India;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-001, Brazil;
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-001, Brazil;
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Quo vadis Cardiac Glycoside Research? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050344. [PMID: 34064873 PMCID: PMC8151307 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs), toxins well-known for numerous human and cattle poisoning, are natural compounds, the biosynthesis of which occurs in various plants and animals as a self-protective mechanism to prevent grazing and predation. Interestingly, some insect species can take advantage of the CG’s toxicity and by absorbing them, they are also protected from predation. The mechanism of action of CG’s toxicity is inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase (the sodium-potassium pump, NKA), which disrupts the ionic homeostasis leading to elevated Ca2+ concentration resulting in cell death. Thus, NKA serves as a molecular target for CGs (although it is not the only one) and even though CGs are toxic for humans and some animals, they can also be used as remedies for various diseases, such as cardiovascular ones, and possibly cancer. Although the anticancer mechanism of CGs has not been fully elucidated, yet, it is thought to be connected with the second role of NKA being a receptor that can induce several cell signaling cascades and even serve as a growth factor and, thus, inhibit cancer cell proliferation at low nontoxic concentrations. These growth inhibitory effects are often observed only in cancer cells, thereby, offering a possibility for CGs to be repositioned for cancer treatment serving not only as chemotherapeutic agents but also as immunogenic cell death triggers. Therefore, here, we report on CG’s chemical structures, production optimization, and biological activity with possible use in cancer therapy, as well as, discuss their antiviral potential which was discovered quite recently. Special attention has been devoted to digitoxin, digoxin, and ouabain.
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Impact of SLCO4C1 Genotypes, Creatinine, and Spironolactone on Digoxin Population Pharmacokinetic Variables in Patients With Cardiac Insufficiency. Clin Ther 2020; 42:1799-1810.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Naveed M, Majeed F, Taleb A, Zubair HM, Shumzaid M, Farooq MA, Baig MMFA, Abbas M, Saeed M, Changxing L. A Review of Medicinal Plants in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:259-286. [PMID: 32345058 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many cultivated and wild plants are used for the management of various diseases, specifically renal and hepatic diseases and those of the immune and cardiovascular systems. In China, medicinal plants from ancient to modern history have been used in patients with angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF), systolic hypertension, arrhythmia, and venous insufficiency for centuries. The latest increase in the fame of natural products and alternative medicine has revived interest in conventional remedies that have been consumed in the management of CVD. The cardio-protective properties of the various herbs are possibly due to their anti-oxidative, antihypercholesterolemic, anti-ischemic activities, and inhibition of platelet aggregation that reduce the risk of CVD. Ethno-pharmacological and biological properties of these plants are explored, based upon published scientific literature. Although a majority of medicinal plants having a biological mechanism that linked with CVD management, to date, published literature pertaining to their promising scientific properties are still poorly understood. Compared with synthetic medicines, alternative medicines do not need scientific studies before their formal approval from the government sector and due to this purpose; their safety, as well as efficacy, still remain elusive. Taken together, we addressed all accessible evidence on alternative medicines commonly consumed in CVD management. Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature indicated that many TCMs are available and valuable herbal medication would be the best alternative for the management of CVD as a complementary therapy. Furthermore, practitioners should always discuss possible benefits-risks of alternative medicines with patients so that they are aware of the consumption of alternative medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Fatima Majeed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Abdoh Taleb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Shumzaid
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Punjab Province, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 6300, Pakistan
| | - Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810000, Qinghai Province, P. R. China
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Dasgupta A, Bourgeois L. Convallatoxin, the active cardiac glycoside of lily of the valley, minimally affects the ADVIA Centaur digoxin assay. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22583. [PMID: 29855084 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lily of the valley is a poisonous plant due to the presence of the cardiac glycoside convallatoxin which is known to interfere with serum digoxin measurement using the LOCI digoxin assay and other digoxin assays. We evaluated potential interference of convallatoxin as well as extract of lily of the valley with the ADVIA Centaur digoxin assay by comparing results obtained using the LOCI digoxin assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aliquots of a drug-free serum pool and a digoxin serum pool were supplemented with nanograms to 1 μg quantities of convallatoxin or 1.0 and 2.5 μL of lily of the valley extract per milliliter of serum followed by measurement of digoxin concentrations using the LOCI and ADVIA Centaur digoxin assays. RESULTS Apparent digoxin concentrations were minimal using the ADVIA Centaur digoxin assay when aliquots of drug-free serum were supplemented with convallatoxin or extract of lily of the valley but apparent digoxin levels were very high using the LOCI digoxin assay. Moreover, minimal interference in serum digoxin measurement using the ADVIA Centaur digoxin assay was observed when aliquots of serum digoxin pool were further supplemented with lily of the valley extract. As expected, the LOCI digoxin assay showed significant interference of convallatoxin in serum digoxin measurement. CONCLUSIONS Significant interference of convallatoxin in serum digoxin measurement using the LOCI digoxin assay could be minimized using the ADVIA Centaur digoxin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laverne Bourgeois
- Laboratory Services, Memorial-Hermann Hospital at Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kaushik V, Yakisich JS, Azad N, Kulkarni Y, Venkatadri R, Wright C, Rojanasakul Y, Iyer AKV. Anti-Tumor Effects of Cardiac Glycosides on Human Lung Cancer Cells and Lung Tumorspheres. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2497-2507. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hampton University School of Pharmacy; Hampton Virginia
| | - Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hampton University School of Pharmacy; Hampton Virginia
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hampton University School of Pharmacy; Hampton Virginia
| | - Yogesh Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hampton University School of Pharmacy; Hampton Virginia
| | - Rajkumar Venkatadri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hampton University School of Pharmacy; Hampton Virginia
| | - Clayton Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hampton University School of Pharmacy; Hampton Virginia
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; West Virginia University; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Anand Krishnan V. Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hampton University School of Pharmacy; Hampton Virginia
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Patel S. Plant-derived cardiac glycosides: Role in heart ailments and cancer management. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1036-1041. [PMID: 27780131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides, the cardiotonic steroids such as digitalis have been in use as heart ailment remedy since ages. They manipulate the renin-angiotensin axis to improve cardiac output. However; their safety and efficacy have come under scrutiny in recent times, as poisoning and accidental mortalities have been observed. In order to better understand and exploit them as cardiac ionotropes, studies are being pursued using different cardiac glycosides such as digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain, oleandrin etc. Several cardiac glycosides as peruvoside have shown promise in cancer control, especially ovary cancer and leukemia. Functional variability of these glycosides has revealed that not all cardiac glycosides are alike. Apart from their specific affinity to sodium-potassium ATPase, their therapeutic dosage and behavior in poly-morbidity conditions needs to be considered. This review presents a concise account of the key findings in recent years with adequate elaboration of the mechanisms. This compilation is expected to contribute towards management of cardiac, cancer, even viral ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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