1
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Hurricane OA, Callahan DA, Casey DT, Christopherson AR, Kritcher AL, Landen OL, Maclaren SA, Nora R, Patel PK, Ralph J, Schlossberg D, Springer PT, Young CV, Zylstra AB. Energy Principles of Scientific Breakeven in an Inertial Fusion Experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:065103. [PMID: 38394600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.065103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Fusion "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain G_{target}, total fusion energy out > laser energy input) has been achieved for the first time (here, G_{target}∼1.5). This Letter reports on the physics principles of the design changes that led to the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce target gain greater than unity and exceeded the previously obtained conditions needed for ignition by the Lawson criterion. Key elements of the success came from reducing "coast time" (the time duration between the end of the laser pulse and implosion peak compression) and maximizing the internal energy delivered to the "hot spot" (the yield producing part of the fusion fuel). The link between coast time and maximally efficient conversion of kinetic energy into internal energy is explained. The energetics consequences of asymmetry and hydrodynamic-induced mixing were part of high-yield big radius implosion design experimental and design strategy. Herein, it is shown how asymmetry and mixing consolidate into one key relationship. It is shown that mixing distills into a kinetic energy cost similar to the impact of implosion asymmetry, shifting the threshold for ignition to higher implosion kinetic energy-a factor not normally included in most statements of the generalized Lawson criterion, but the key needed modifications clearly emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A R Christopherson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S A Maclaren
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P T Springer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C V Young
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-472, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Zhang K, Xia L, Huang X, Li H, Mao Y, Zhou X, Zhang W. Effect of thermal fluctuations in the fill tube on deuterium-tritium ice layering in an inertial confinement fusion target. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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3
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Zhang W, Zhang K, Xia L, Huang X, Zhou X, Peng S, Shi L. Growth of a solid D-T ice and β-layering in the GDP capsule. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Sayre DB, Cerjan CJ, Sepke SM, Gericke DO, Caggiano JA, Divol L, Eckart MJ, Graziani FR, Grim GP, Hansen SB, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett SP, Hayes AK, Hopkins LFB, Johnson MG, Khan SF, Knauer JP, Le Pape S, MacKinnon AJ, McNaney JM, Meezan NB, Rinderknecht HG, Shaughnessy DA, Stoeffl W, Yeamans CB, Zylstra AB, Schneider DH. Neutron Time-of-Flight Measurements of Charged-Particle Energy Loss in Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:165001. [PMID: 31702328 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutron spectra from secondary ^{3}H(d,n)α reactions produced by an implosion of a deuterium-gas capsule at the National Ignition Facility have been measured with order-of-magnitude improvements in statistics and resolution over past experiments. These new data and their sensitivity to the energy loss of fast tritons emitted from thermal ^{2}H(d,p)^{3}H reactions enable the first statistically significant investigation of charged-particle stopping via the emitted neutron spectrum. Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, constrained to match a number of observables from the implosion, were used to predict the neutron spectra while employing two different energy loss models. This analysis represents the first test of stopping models under inertial confinement fusion conditions, covering plasma temperatures of k_{B}T≈1-4 keV and particle densities of n≈(12-2)×10^{24} cm^{-3}. Under these conditions, we find significant deviations of our data from a theory employing classical collisions whereas the theory including quantum diffraction agrees with our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S M Sepke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F R Graziani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Hatchett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A K Hayes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L F Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J MacKinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W Stoeffl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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5
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Numerical analysis of dynamic heating modulation during rapid cooling of fuel layer in an indirect-drive cryogenic target. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Li C, Chen P, Zhao J, Li Y, Luo H. Thermal distribution and cooling performance of cryogenic target under stable and fluctuating cooling conditions. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Walters C, Alger E, Bhandarkar S, Boehm K, Braun T, Espinosaloza F, Haid B, Heredia R, Kline J, Kozioziemski B, Kroll J, Malone D, Nikroo A, Opsahl P, Sater J, Zylstra A. D2 and D-T Liquid-Layer Target Shots at the National Ignition Facility. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1397488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Walters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Ethan Alger
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Suhas Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Kurt Boehm
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Tom Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | - Benjamin Haid
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Ricardo Heredia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - John Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | | | - Jeremy Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Daniel Malone
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Abbas Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Patrick Opsahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - James Sater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Alex Zylstra
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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8
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Sater JD, Espinosa-Loza F, Kozioziemski B, Mapoles ER, Dylla-Spears R, Pipes JW, Walters CF. Technique for Forming Solid D 2 and D-T Layers for Shock Timing Experiments at the National Ignition Facility. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Sater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551
| | - F. Espinosa-Loza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551
| | - B. Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551
| | - E. R. Mapoles
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551
| | - R. Dylla-Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551
| | - J. W. Pipes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551
| | - C. F. Walters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551
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9
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Bernat TP, Petta N, Kozioziemski B, Shin SJ, Harding DR. Zinc-Nucleated D2 and H2 Crystal Formation from Their Liquids. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Bernat
- Schafer Livermore Laboratory, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551
| | - N. Petta
- Schafer Livermore Laboratory, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551
| | - B. Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California
| | - S. J. Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California
| | - D. R. Harding
- University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 E. River Road, Rochester, New York 14623
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10
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Shin SJ, Zepeda-Ruiz LA, Lee JRI, Baxamusa SH, Dylla-Spears R, Suratwala T, Kozioziemski BJ. Supercooling of Hydrogen on Template Materials to Deterministically Seed Ignition-Quality Solid Fuel Layers. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | | | - J. R. I. Lee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. H. Baxamusa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. Dylla-Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - T. Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
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11
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Parham T, Kozioziemski B, Atkinson D, Baisden P, Bertolini L, Boehm K, Chernov A, Coffee K, Coffield F, Dylla-Spears R, Edwards O, Fair J, Fedorov M, Fry J, Gibson C, Haid B, Holunga D, Kohut T, Lewis T, Malsbury T, Mapoles E, Sate J. Cryogenic Target System for Hydrogen Layering. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Parham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. Atkinson
- Retired, formerly Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - P. Baisden
- Retired, formerly Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - L. Bertolini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. Boehm
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121
| | - A. Chernov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. Coffee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - F. Coffield
- Retired, formerly Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. Dylla-Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - O. Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Fair
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. Fedorov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Fry
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. Gibson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121
| | - B. Haid
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. Holunga
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - T. Kohut
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - T. Lewis
- AKIMA Infrastructure Services, LLC, Livermore, California 94550
| | - T. Malsbury
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. Mapoles
- Retired, formerly Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Sate
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
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12
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Haan SW, Atherton J, Clark DS, Hammel BA, Callahan DA, Cerjan CJ, Dewald EL, Dixit S, Edwards MJ, Glenzer S, Hatchett SP, Hicks D, Jones OS, Landen OL, Lindl JD, Marinak MM, Macgowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, Meezan NB, Milovich JL, Munro DH, Robey HF, Salmonson JD, Spears BK, Suter LJ, Town RP, Weber SV, Kline JL, Wilson DC. NIF Ignition Campaign Target Performance and Requirements: Status May 2012. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-tfm20-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Atherton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. S. Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. A. Hammel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. A. Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - C. J. Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. L. Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. Dixit
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. J. Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. Glenzer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. P. Hatchett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. Hicks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - O. S. Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - O. L. Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Lindl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. M. Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. J. Macgowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - A. J. Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - N. B. Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. L. Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. H. Munro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - H. F. Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Salmonson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - B. K. Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - L. J. Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - R. P. Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. V. Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. L. Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - D. C. Wilson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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13
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Weber CR, Döppner T, Casey DT, Bunn TL, Carlson LC, Dylla-Spears RJ, Kozioziemski BJ, MacPhee AG, Nikroo A, Robey HF, Sater JD, Smalyuk VA. First Measurements of Fuel-Ablator Interface Instability Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:075002. [PMID: 27563971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth at the fuel-ablator interface in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are reported for the first time. These experiments investigate one of the degradation mechanisms behind the lower-than-expected performance of early ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility. Face-on x-ray radiography is used to measure instability growth occurring between the deuterium-tritium fuel and the plastic ablator from well-characterized perturbations. This growth starts in two ways through separate experiments-either from a preimposed interface modulation or from ablation front feedthrough. These experiments are consistent with analytic modeling and radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, which say that a moderately unstable Atwood number and convergence effects are causing in-flight perturbation growth at the interface. The analysis suggests that feedthrough from outersurface perturbations dominates the interface perturbation growth at mode 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T L Bunn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L C Carlson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - R J Dylla-Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - H F Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Sater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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14
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Hurricane OA, Callahan DA, Casey DT, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Dewald EL, Dittrich TR, Döppner T, Hinkel DE, Hopkins LFB, Kline JL, Le Pape S, Ma T, MacPhee AG, Milovich JL, Pak A, Park HS, Patel PK, Remington BA, Salmonson JD, Springer PT, Tommasini R. Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosion. Nature 2014; 506:343-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Smalyuk VA, Atherton LJ, Benedetti LR, Bionta R, Bleuel D, Bond E, Bradley DK, Caggiano J, Callahan DA, Casey DT, Celliers PM, Cerjan CJ, Clark D, Dewald EL, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edgell DH, Edwards MJ, Frenje J, Gatu-Johnson M, Glebov VY, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Grim G, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hicks DG, Hsing WW, Izumi N, Jones OS, Key MH, Khan SF, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Knauer J, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Le Pape S, Lindl JD, Ma T, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, McNaney J, Meezan NB, Moody JD, Moore A, Moran M, Moses EI, Pak A, Parham T, Park HS, Patel PK, Petrasso R, Ralph JE, Regan SP, Remington BA, Robey HF, Ross JS, Spears BK, Springer PT, Suter LJ, Tommasini R, Town RP, Weber SV, Widmann K. Performance of high-convergence, layered DT implosions with extended-duration pulses at the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:215001. [PMID: 24313493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-driven, low-adiabat, cryogenic DT layered plastic capsule implosions were carried out on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study the sensitivity of performance to peak power and drive duration. An implosion with extended drive and at reduced peak power of 350 TW achieved the highest compression with fuel areal density of ~1.3±0.1 g/cm2, representing a significant step from previously measured ~1.0 g/cm2 toward a goal of 1.5 g/cm2. Future experiments will focus on understanding and mitigating hydrodynamic instabilities and mix, and improving symmetry required to reach the threshold for thermonuclear ignition on NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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16
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Robey HF, Moody JD, Celliers PM, Ross JS, Ralph J, Le Pape S, Berzak Hopkins L, Parham T, Sater J, Mapoles ER, Holunga DM, Walters CF, Haid BJ, Kozioziemski BJ, Dylla-Spears RJ, Krauter KG, Frieders G, Ross G, Bowers MW, Strozzi DJ, Yoxall BE, Hamza AV, Dzenitis B, Bhandarkar SD, Young B, Van Wonterghem BM, Atherton LJ, Landen OL, Edwards MJ, Boehly TR. Measurement of high-pressure shock waves in cryogenic deuterium-tritium ice layered capsule implosions on NIF. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:065003. [PMID: 23971581 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The first measurements of multiple, high-pressure shock waves in cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT) ice layered capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility have been performed. The strength and relative timing of these shocks must be adjusted to very high precision in order to keep the DT fuel entropy low and compressibility high. All previous measurements of shock timing in inertial confinement fusion implosions [T. R. Boehly et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 195005 (2011), H. F. Robey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 215004 (2012)] have been performed in surrogate targets, where the solid DT ice shell and central DT gas regions were replaced with a continuous liquid deuterium (D2) fill. This report presents the first experimental validation of the assumptions underlying this surrogate technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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Regan SP, Epstein R, Hammel BA, Suter LJ, Scott HA, Barrios MA, Bradley DK, Callahan DA, Cerjan C, Collins GW, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edwards MJ, Farley DR, Fournier KB, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Golovkin IE, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hicks DG, Izumi N, Jones OS, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Ma T, MacFarlane JJ, MacKinnon AJ, Mancini RC, McCrory RL, Meezan NB, Meyerhofer DD, Nikroo A, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington BA, Sangster TC, Smalyuk VA, Springer PT, Town RPJ. Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:045001. [PMID: 23931375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixing of plastic ablator material, doped with Cu and Ge dopants, deep into the hot spot of ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion implosions by hydrodynamic instabilities is diagnosed with x-ray spectroscopy on the National Ignition Facility. The amount of hot-spot mix mass is determined from the absolute brightness of the emergent Cu and Ge K-shell emission. The Cu and Ge dopants placed at different radial locations in the plastic ablator show the ablation-front hydrodynamic instability is primarily responsible for hot-spot mix. Low neutron yields and hot-spot mix mass between 34(-13,+50) ng and 4000(-2970,+17 160) ng are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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18
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Mackinnon AJ, Kline JL, Dixit SN, Glenzer SH, Edwards MJ, Callahan DA, Meezan NB, Haan SW, Kilkenny JD, Döppner T, Farley DR, Moody JD, Ralph JE, MacGowan BJ, Landen OL, Robey HF, Boehly TR, Celliers PM, Eggert JH, Krauter K, Frieders G, Ross GF, Hicks DG, Olson RE, Weber SV, Spears BK, Salmonsen JD, Michel P, Divol L, Hammel B, Thomas CA, Clark DS, Jones OS, Springer PT, Cerjan CJ, Collins GW, Glebov VY, Knauer JP, Sangster C, Stoeckl C, McKenty P, McNaney JM, Leeper RJ, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Nelson AG, Chandler GGA, Hahn KD, Moran MJ, Schneider MB, Palmer NE, Bionta RM, Hartouni EP, LePape S, Patel PK, Izumi N, Tommasini R, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Grim GP, Merrill FE, Fittinghoff DN, Guler N, Drury O, Wilson DC, Herrmann HW, Stoeffl W, Casey DT, Johnson MG, Frenje JA, Petrasso RD, Zylestra A, Rinderknecht H, Kalantar DH, Dzenitis JM, Di Nicola P, Eder DC, Courdin WH, Gururangan G, Burkhart SC, Friedrich S, Blueuel DL, Bernstein LA, Eckart MJ, Munro DH, Hatchett SP, Macphee AG, Edgell DH, Bradley DK, Bell PM, Glenn SM, Simanovskaia N, Barrios MA, Benedetti R, Kyrala GA, Town RPJ, Dewald EL, Milovich JL, Widmann K, Moore AS, LaCaille G, Regan SP, Suter LJ, Felker B, Ashabranner RC, Jackson MC, Prasad R, Richardson MJ, Kohut TR, Datte PS, Krauter GW, Klingman JJ, Burr RF, Land TA, Hermann MR, Latray DA, Saunders RL, Weaver S, Cohen SJ, Berzins L, Brass SG, Palma ES, Lowe-Webb RR, McHalle GN, Arnold PA, Lagin LJ, Marshall CD, Brunton GK, Mathisen DG, Wood RD, Cox JR, Ehrlich RB, Knittel KM, Bowers MW, Zacharias RA, Young BK, Holder JP, Kimbrough JR, Ma T, La Fortune KN, Widmayer CC, Shaw MJ, Erbert GV, Jancaitis KS, DiNicola JM, Orth C, Heestand G, Kirkwood R, Haynam C, Wegner PJ, Whitman PK, Hamza A, Dzenitis EG, Wallace RJ, Bhandarkar SD, Parham TG, Dylla-Spears R, Mapoles ER, Kozioziemski BJ, Sater JD, Walters CF, Haid BJ, Fair J, Nikroo A, Giraldez E, Moreno K, Vanwonterghem B, Kauffman RL, Batha S, Larson DW, Fortner RJ, Schneider DH, Lindl JD, Patterson RW, Atherton LJ, Moses EI. Assembly of high-areal-density deuterium-tritium fuel from indirectly driven cryogenic implosions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:215005. [PMID: 23003274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.215005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The National Ignition Facility has been used to compress deuterium-tritium to an average areal density of ~1.0±0.1 g cm(-2), which is 67% of the ignition requirement. These conditions were obtained using 192 laser beams with total energy of 1-1.6 MJ and peak power up to 420 TW to create a hohlraum drive with a shaped power profile, peaking at a soft x-ray radiation temperature of 275-300 eV. This pulse delivered a series of shocks that compressed a capsule containing cryogenic deuterium-tritium to a radius of 25-35 μm. Neutron images of the implosion were used to estimate a fuel density of 500-800 g cm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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