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Effects of 3 R, 16 S-2-hydroxyethyl apovincaminate (HEAPO), donepezil and galantamine on learning and memory retention in naïve Wistar rats. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:91-105. [PMID: 36692469 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 3R,16S-2-hydroxyethyl apovincaminate (HEAPO, RGH-10885) compared with those of two cholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil and galantamine, were examined in naïve Wistar rats using standard active and passive avoidance tests. The active avoidance test (shuttle box) and two passive avoidance tests (step-through and step-down) were performed according to the experimental design. There were 10 groups of rats (n = 8) and the substances studied were applied orally before each testing session. In the active avoidance test, the number of conditioned stimuli (avoidances), unconditioned stimuli (escapes) and intertrial crossings were observed. In step-down and step-through passive avoidance tests, the latencies of reactions were observed. All the studied compounds showed positive effects in the learning and memory tests, compared to the controls. It was concluded that HEAPO, donepezil and galantamine had a memory-enhancing effect in active and passive avoidance tests.
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2
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Nguyen KV, Nguyen TOT, Ho DV, Heinämäki J, Raal A, Nguyen HT. In Vitro Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of Alphonsea tonkinensis A.DC. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211042134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the bioactivity of Alphonsea tonkinensis A.DC is limited. We have investigated the in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of extracts and pure compounds isolated from stems and leaves of this species collected from Dakrong district, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Extracts and isolated compounds were obtained by using an in-house extraction and chromatographic technique. The in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities were evaluated using an Ellman test and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl test, respectively. The total MeOH and CH2Cl2 extracts, the MeOH portion of the CH2Cl2 extract, pseudocolumbamine, and pseudopalmatine showed potential inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 22.7, 32.9, 14.6, 18.9, and 8.6 μM, respectively. The aqueous phase (pH 9), MeOH portion of the CH2Cl2 extract, and N- trans-feruloyltyramin exhibited significant antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 24.5, 72.1, and 61.2 µM, respectively. This is the first study showing such bioactivities of various extracts obtained from A. tonkinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Viet Nguyen
- Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Duc Viet Ho
- Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ain Raal
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hoai Thi Nguyen
- Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
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3
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Trenaman SC, Bowles SK, Kirkland S, Andrew MK. An examination of three prescribing cascades in a cohort of older adults with dementia. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:297. [PMID: 33964882 PMCID: PMC8106136 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescribing cascades are a source of inappropriate prescribing for older adults with dementia. We aimed to study three prescribing cascades in older Nova Scotians with dementia using administrative databases. METHODS Cohort entry for Nova Scotia Seniors' Pharmacare Program beneficiaries was the date of dementia diagnosis. Prescription drug dispensing data was extracted for inciting medication and second treatment (cholinesterase inhibitor and bladder anticholinergic, metoclopramide and Parkinson's disease medication, or calcium channel blocker (CCB) and diuretic) over the six-year period April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2015. In three separate analyses, dispensing an inciting medication signaled a look back of 365 days from the date of first dispensing to confirm that the second treatment was started after the inciting medication. The prescribing cascade was considered when the second treatment was started within 180 days of the inciting treatment. Sex differences in the prescribing cascade were tested using t-tests or chi square tests as appropriate. Both univariate (unadjusted) and multivariate (adjusted) logistic regression (adjusted for age, rurality, and sex) and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify risk factors for the prescribing cascade. RESULTS From March 1, 2005 to March 31, 2015, 28,953 Nova Scotia Seniors' Pharmacare beneficiaries with dementia (NSSPBD) were identified. There were 60 cases of bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors, 11 cases of Parkinson's disease medication following metoclopramide, and 289 cases of a diuretic following CCB in the cohort. Regression analysis demonstrated that risk of bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors and diuretics following CCBs were associated with female sex. Cox regression suggested that bladder anticholinergics were less often used by those on cholinesterase inhibitors and did not identify CCB use as leading more frequently to diuretic use. CONCLUSIONS The combination of diuretics following CCB was the most common prescribing cascade and bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors the second most common. However, exposure to the inciting medications did not increase risk of exposure to the second treatments. Combinations of bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors and diuretics following CCBs were more common for women raising concern that women may be at increased risk of these prescribing cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna C Trenaman
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Susan K Bowles
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Susan Kirkland
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of imaging agents for PET that have been applied for research and diagnostic purposes in patients affected by dementia. Classified by the target which the agents visualize, seven groups of tracers can be distinguished, namely radiopharmaceuticals for: (1) Misfolded proteins (ß-amyloid, tau, α-synuclein), (2) Neuroinflammation (overexpression of translocator protein), (3) Elements of the cholinergic system, (4) Elements of monoamine neurotransmitter systems, (5) Synaptic density, (6) Cerebral energy metabolism (glucose transport/ hexokinase), and (7) Various other proteins. This last category contains proteins involved in mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation or cognitive impairment, which may also be potential therapeutic targets. Many receptors belong to this category: AMPA, cannabinoid, colony stimulating factor 1, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and 5 (mGluR1, mGluR5), opioid (kappa, mu), purinergic (P2X7, P2Y12), sigma-1, sigma-2, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, besides several enzymes: cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1, COX-2), phosphodiesterase-5 and 10 (PDE5, PDE10), and tropomyosin receptor kinase. Significant advances in neuroimaging have been made in the last 15 years. The use of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for quantification of regional cerebral glucose metabolism is well-established. Three tracers for ß-amyloid plaques have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Several tracers for tau neurofibrillary tangles are already applied in clinical research. Since many novel agents are in the preclinical or experimental stage of development, further advances in nuclear medicine imaging can be expected in the near future. PET studies with established tracers and tracers for novel targets may result in early diagnosis and better classification of neurodegenerative disorders and in accurate monitoring of therapy trials which involve these targets. PET data have prognostic value and may be used to assess the response of the human brain to interventions, or to select the appropriate treatment strategy for an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sofia Marcolini
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul de Deyn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Antwerp, Born-Bunge Institute, Neurochemistry and Behavior, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Pohanka M. Diagnoses of Pathological States Based on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2994-3011. [PMID: 30706778 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190130161202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two cholinesterases exist: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). While AChE plays a crucial role in neurotransmissions, BChE has no specific function apart from the detoxification of some drugs and secondary metabolites from plants. Thus, both AChE and BChE can serve as biochemical markers of various pathologies. Poisoning by nerve agents like sarin, soman, tabun, VX, novichok and overdosing by drugs used in some neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer´s disease and myasthenia gravis, as well as poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides are relevant to this issue. But it appears that changes in these enzymes take place in other processes including oxidative stress, inflammation, some types of cancer and genetically conditioned diseases. In this review, the cholinesterases are introduced, the mechanism of inhibitors action is explained and the relations between the cholinesterases and pathologies are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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6
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Begum MM, Thangapandiyan S, Rahman MS, Aleya L, Mathew B, Ahmed M, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: Multitargeting Strategy Based on Anti-Alzheimer's Drugs Repositioning. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3519-3535. [PMID: 31593530 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191008103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, acetylcholine (ACh) is regarded as one of the major neurotransmitters. During the advancement of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cholinergic deficits occur and this can lead to extensive cognitive dysfunction and decline. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains a highly feasible target for the symptomatic improvement of AD. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains a highly viable target for the symptomatic improvement in AD because cholinergic deficit is a consistent and early finding in AD. The treatment approach of inhibiting peripheral AChE for myasthenia gravis had effectively proven that AChE inhibition was a reachable therapeutic target. Subsequently tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine were developed and approved for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Since then, multiple cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) have been continued to be developed. These include newer ChEIs, naturally derived ChEIs, hybrids, and synthetic analogues. In this paper, we summarize the different types of ChEIs which are under development and their respective mechanisms of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Sohanur Rahman
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - George E Barreto
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Amin MJ, Miana GA, Rashid U, Rahman KM, Khan HU, Sadiq A. SAR based in-vitro anticholinesterase and molecular docking studies of nitrogenous progesterone derivatives. Steroids 2020; 158:108599. [PMID: 32126219 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone is a steroidal hormone that has been described with pathogenic features of brain dysfunction, realized with advanced age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, sixteen nitrogenous derivatives of progesterone which we previously synthesized have been used for Alzheimer targets. The progesterone derivatives (1-16) were screened for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potentials in a dose-dependent manner. All the compounds exhibited overwhelming AChE inhibitions, with IC50 values ranging from 14.40 to 40.37 μM. Similarly, the BChE inhibitory potentials of our compounds were also dominant with IC50values between 20.08 and 46.84 μM. In comparison to our compounds, the standard drug galantamine attain IC50 values of 12.03 and 18.20 μM against AChE and BChE respectively. Molecular docking studies suggested that the compounds exerted their inhibitory activity by binding to the active site of the enzyme. The cholinergic system plays an important role in the regulation of learning and memory processes and has been a major target for the design of anti-Alzheimer's drugs. Therefore, these nitrogen-containing progesterone derivatives will be of potential interest to researchers working in AD for developing new drugs or chemical tools to study the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muafia Jabeen Amin
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas Miana
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan.
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Hidayat-Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), KP, Pakistan.
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8
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Morris R, Martini DN, Madhyastha T, Kelly VE, Grabowski TJ, Nutt J, Horak F. Overview of the cholinergic contribution to gait, balance and falls in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 63:20-30. [PMID: 30796007 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mobility deficits, including gait disturbance, balance impairments and falls, are common features of Parkinson's disease (PD) that negatively impact quality of life. Mobility deficits respond poorly to dopaminergic medications, indicating a role for additional neurotransmitters. Due to the critical role of cortical input to gait and balance, acetylcholine-an essential neurotransmitter system for attention-has become an area of interest for mobility. This review aimed to identify the role of cholinergic function on gait, balance, and falls in PD using three techniques; pharmacological, imaging, and electrophysiological. Studies supported the role of the cholinergic system for mobility in PD, with the most promising evidence indicating a role in falls. Imaging studies demonstrated involvement of anterior cholinergic (basal forebrain) systems in gait, and posterior (brainstem) systems in balance. However, this review identified a small number of studies which used varying protocols, making comparisons difficult. Further studies are warranted, measuring comprehensive gait and balance characteristics as well as gold standard falls detection to further quantify the relationship between ACh and mobility in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Morris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Douglas N Martini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tara Madhyastha
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valerie E Kelly
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Nutt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fay Horak
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Portland Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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9
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Sharma P, Srivastava P, Seth A, Tripathi PN, Banerjee AG, Shrivastava SK. Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 174:53-89. [PMID: 30599179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia in an aging population worldwide. The enormous challenge which AD possesses to global healthcare makes it as urgent as ever for the researchers to develop innovative treatment strategies to fight this disease. An in-depth analysis of the extensive available data associated with the AD is needed for a more comprehensive understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological pathways associated with the onset and progression of the AD. The currently understood pathological and biochemical manifestations include cholinergic, Aβ, tau, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, ApoE, CREB signaling pathways, insulin resistance, etc. However, these hypotheses have been criticized with several conflicting reports for their involvement in the disease progression. Several issues need to be addressed such as benefits to cost ratio with cholinesterase therapy, the dilemma of AChE selectivity over BChE, BBB permeability of peptidic BACE-1 inhibitors, hurdles related to the implementation of vaccination and immunization therapy, and clinical failure of candidates related to newly available targets. The present review provides an insight to the different molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of the AD and potential therapeutic strategies, enlightening perceptions into structural information of conventional and novel targets along with the successful applications of computational approaches for the design of target-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyoosh Sharma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pavan Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Ankit Seth
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Prabhash Nath Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Anupam G Banerjee
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sushant K Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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10
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AnjiReddy K, Karpagam S. Chitosan nanofilm and electrospun nanofiber for quick drug release in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:131-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Lee MR, Begum S, Sung CK. Effect of red and black ginseng on cholinergic markers, presynaptic markers, and neurotrophins in the brain of aged mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1743-1747. [PMID: 30263713 PMCID: PMC6049720 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chronic administration of red ginseng extract (RGE) and black ginseng extract (BGE) on memory impairment in aged (18-month-old) mice. RGE and BGE (200 mg/kg) were orally administered for 16 weeks. Aging induced DNA damage; however, RGE and BGE protected DNA from damage and allowed for DNA recovery in blood lymphocytes. Choline acetyltransferase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, growth-associated protein 43, synaptosomal-associated protein 25, nerve growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein expression were significantly increased after treatment with RGE and BGE. These data suggest that chronic administration of red ginseng and black ginseng may decrease the cognitive deficits associated with normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental
Medicine, Daegu, 41062 Korea
| | - Shahnaz Begum
- Department Food Science and
Technology, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - Chang Keun Sung
- Department Food Science and
Technology, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, 34134 Korea
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12
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Tyler CM, Federoff HJ. CNS Gene Therapy and a Nexus of Complexity: Systems and Biology at a Crossroads. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:267-73. [PMID: 16719061 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a potentially promising new treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been difficult to treat with conventional therapeutics. Viral vector-mediated somatic gene therapy is a rapidly developing methodology for providing never before achieved capability to deliver specific genes to the CNS in a highly localized and controlled manner. With the advent and refinements of this technology one focus is directed to which genes are the most appropriate to select for specific disease indications. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a potent survival factor for critical cell populations that degenerate in AD, has been chosen already for clinical gene therapy trials in human AD patients. Much knowledge about the pathophysiological underpinnings of AD is still lacking to make clear which patients may benefit from a gene therapy approach. Moreover, a detailed understanding of sustained NGF action in the normal and diseased CNS needs to be resolved before conclusions can be drawn regarding the utility of NGF gene therapy. Systematic efforts to acquire this new knowledge should compel clinically and biologically sophisticated efforts to advance gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Tyler
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA
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13
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Hossain T, Saha A, Mukherjee A. Exploring molecular structural requirement for AChE inhibition through multi-chemometric and dynamics simulation analyses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1274-1285. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1320231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Hossain
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Arup Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
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14
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Remya C, Dileep KV, Variayr EJ, Sadasivan C. An in silico guided identification of nAChR agonists from Withania somnifera. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2016.1207569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Remya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter-University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Palayad, India
| | - K. V. Dileep
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - E. J. Variayr
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter-University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Palayad, India
| | - C. Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter-University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Palayad, India
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15
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Zhang S, Hou B, Yang H, Zuo Z. Design and prediction of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor via quantitative structure activity relationship of huprines derivatives. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:591-602. [PMID: 26832327 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important enzyme in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Comparative quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses on some huprines inhibitors against AChE were carried out using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), and hologram QSAR (HQSAR) methods. Three highly predictive QSAR models were constructed successfully based on the training set. The CoMFA, CoMSIA, and HQSAR models have values of r (2) = 0.988, q (2) = 0.757, ONC = 6; r (2) = 0.966, q (2) = 0.645, ONC = 5; and r (2) = 0.957, q (2) = 0.736, ONC = 6. The predictabilities were validated using an external test sets, and the predictive r (2) values obtained by the three models were 0.984, 0.973, and 0.783, respectively. The analysis was performed by combining the CoMFA and CoMSIA field distributions with the active sites of the AChE to further understand the vital interactions between huprines and the protease. On the basis of the QSAR study, 14 new potent molecules have been designed and six of them are predicted to be more active than the best active compound 24 described in the literature. The final QSAR models could be helpful in design and development of novel active AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Sadiq A, Mahmood F, Ullah F, Ayaz M, Ahmad S, Haq FU, Khan G, Jan MS. Synthesis, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of ketoesters derivatives of succinimides: a possible role in the management of Alzheimer's. Chem Cent J 2015; 9:31. [PMID: 26064188 PMCID: PMC4461796 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-015-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the pharmacological potency and structural features of succinimides, this study was designed to synthesize new ketoesters derivatives of succinimides. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their possible anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. The compounds were synthesized by organocatalytic Michael additions of α-ketoesters to N-aryl maleimides. Acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were determined using Ellman’s spectrophotometric assay. The antioxidant activity was performed with DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging assay. Results The Michael additions of α-ketoesters to maleimides was promoted by 8-hydroxyquinoline. The organocatalyst (8-hydroxyquinoline, 20 mol %) produced the compounds in relatively shorter time (20–24 h) and with excellent isolated yields (84-98 %). The synthesized compounds (1–4) showed outstanding acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potentials, i.e., 98.75 and 90.00 % respectively for compound 2, with IC50 < 0.1 μg/mL. Additionally, compounds 1–4 revealed moderate antioxidant activity at different concentrations. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, compound 1 showed dominant result with 72.41 ± 0.45, 52.49 ± 0.78 and 35.60 ± 0.75 % inhibition at concentrations of 1000, 500 and 250 μg/mL respectively, IC50 value of 440 μg/mL. However, the free radical scavenging was better when used ABTS free radicals. In ABTS free radicals scavenging assay compound 1 exhibited 88.51 ± 0.62 % inhibition at highest tested concentration i.e., 1000 μg/mL. Conclusions Herein, we have synthesized four ketoesters derivatives of succinimides in a single step reaction and high yields. As a highlight, we have showed a first report on the anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of succinimides. All the compounds showed overwhelming enzyme inhibitions and moderate antioxidant potentials. Graphical representation of synthesis, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of ketoester derivatives of succinimides. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0107-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Pakistan
| | - Fawad Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Pakistan ; Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KPK Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Pakistan
| | - Ghazan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Pakistan
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Fernandes LS, Emerick GL, Santos NAGD, de Paula ES, Barbosa F, Santos ACD. In vitro study of the neuropathic potential of the organophosphorus compounds trichlorfon and acephate. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:522-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nimczick M, Decker M. New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Design, synthesis and in vitro testing of 7-methoxytacrine-amantadine analogues: a novel cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Zeb A, Sadiq A, Ullah F, Ahmad S, Ayaz M. Investigations of anticholinestrase and antioxidant potentials of methanolic extract, subsequent fractions, crude saponins and flavonoids isolated from Isodon rugosus. Biol Res 2014; 47:76. [PMID: 25723481 PMCID: PMC4297394 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the ethnomedicinal uses and the effective outcomes of natural products in various diseases, this study was designed to evaluate Isodon rugosus as possible remedy in oxidative stress, alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Acetylecholinestrase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of crude methanolic extract (Ir.Cr), resultant fractions (n-hexane (Ir.Hex), chloroform (Ir.Cf), ethyl acetate (Ir.EtAc), aqueous (Ir.Aq)), flavonoids (Ir.Flv) and crude saponins (Ir.Sp) of I. rugosus were investigated using Ellman's spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant potential of I. rugosus was determined using DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS free radicals scavenging assays. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents of plant extracts were determined and expressed in mg GAE/g dry weight and mg RTE/g of dry sample respectively. RESULTS Among different fractions Ir.Flv and Ir.Cf exhibited highest inhibitory activity against AChE (87.44 ± 0.51, 83.73 ± 0.64%) and BChE (82.53 ± 0.71, 88.55 ± 0.77%) enzymes at 1 mg/ml with IC50 values of 45, 50 for AChE and 40, 70 μg/ml for BChE respectively. Activity of these fractions were comparable to galanthamine causing 96.00 ± 0.30 and 88.61 ± 0.43% inhibition of AChE and BChE at 1 mg/ml concentration with IC50 values of 20 and 47 μg/ml respectively. In antioxidant assays, Ir.Flv, Ir.Cf, and Ir.EtAc demonstrated highest radicals scavenging activities in DPPH and H2O2 assays which were comparable to ascorbic acid. Ir.Flv was found most potent with IC50 of 19 and 24 μg/ml against DPPH and H2O2 radicals respectively. Whereas antioxidant activates of plant samples against ABTS free radicals was moderate. Ir.Cf, Ir.EtAc and Ir.Cr showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents and concentrations of these compounds in different fractions correlated well to their antioxidant and anticholinestrase activities. CONCLUSION It may be inferred from the current investigations that the Ir.Sp, Ir.Flv and various fractions of I. rugosus are good sources of anticholinesterase and antioxidant compounds. Different fractions can be subjected to activity guided isolation of bioactive compounds effective in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Zeb
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir, Pakistan.
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir, Pakistan.
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir, Pakistan.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT:Background:We present information regarding the standardization, reliability and clinical validity of two versions of the Behavioural Neurology Assessment (BNA). The BNA-Long Form consists of 24 subtests within separate domains: Attention, Memory, Language, Visuospatial Function, Executive Function, and Praxis. The BNA-Short Form consists of 13 subtests within the domains of Attention, Memory, Naming, Visuospatial Function and Executive Function. In addition to individual domain indices, a Grand Total score was calculated for both BNA versions.Objective:To standardize the administration and scoring and validate the BNA for detection of dementia.Methods:Standardized normative data were obtained on 115 healthy subjects ranging in age from 50 to 95. Test-retest stability was obtained on 19 subjects and clinical validity was investigated by administering the BNA and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) to 29 patients with dementia and 29 age-matched healthy subjects (controls).Results:Age had a significant effect on all but the Visuospatial and Praxis indices of the BNA-Long Form and an effect on Naming and Grand Total score of the Short-Form. Internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient a) was .87 and .67 for the Long and Short Forms (.95 and .96 for dementia and control groups combined). Test-retest stability was acceptable. Grand Total indices of both BNA versions showed significant, positive correlations with the MMSE. Both BNA versions had superior sensitivity to dementia relative to the MMSE (.93 versus .79). Specificity was equivalent to the MMSE (.93 versus .97).Conclusions:Positive predictive values of the BNA and MMSE are equivalent but the BNA provides superior negative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Darvesh
- Department Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Syntheses of coumarin–tacrine hybrids as dual-site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and their activity against butylcholinesterase, Aβ aggregation, and β-secretase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4784-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shahwar D, Ahmad N, Yasmeen A, Khan MA, Ullah S, Rahman AU. Bioactive constituents from Croton sparsiflorus Morong. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:274-6. [PMID: 25115768 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.947484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Whole plant extracts of Croton sparsiflorus in methanol have shown significant enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activities. Bioassay-guided isolation of chloroform fraction at pH 3 resulted in the identification of crotsparinine (1) and crotsparine (2), while sparsiflorine (3) was purified from the chloroform fraction at pH 9. The structures of the compounds were confirmed through spectral analyses (EI-MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR). The isolated compounds 1-3 exhibited remarkable enzyme inhibition activity with IC50 values 27.01 ± 1.1, 22.26 ± 1.0 and 18.02 ± 1.3 μM in xanthine oxidase and 48.42 ± 1.5, 48.05 ± 1.4 and 7.42 ± 1.0 μM in acetylcholine esterase assays, respectively. These compounds also showed potent radical scavenging and reducing properties in DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The present results suggest the validity of the traditional uses of C. sparsiflorus in rheumatism and gout. Furthermore, the isolated noraporphine alkaloids can be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durre Shahwar
- a Research Lab. II, Department of Chemistry , Government College University , Lahore 54000 , Pakistan
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24
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The effects of sesquiterpenes-rich extract of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. on amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairment and neuronal abnormalities in the cortex and hippocampus of mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:451802. [PMID: 25180067 PMCID: PMC4142297 DOI: 10.1155/2014/451802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of medicine which can also be used as food, Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. has a long clinical history in China. A variety of studies demonstrated the significant neuroprotective activity effects of chloroform (CF) extract from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla. In order to further elucidate the possible mechanisms of CF extract which mainly contains sesquiterpenes with neuroprotection on the cognitive ability, mice were injected with Aβ(1-42) and later with CF in this study. The results showed that the long-term treatment of CF enhanced the cognitive performances in behavior tests, increased activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and amyloid-β (Aβ), and reversed the activation of microglia, degeneration of neuronal acidophilia, and nuclear condensation in the cortex and hippocampus. These results demonstrate that CF ameliorates learning and memory deficits by attenuating oxidative stress and regulating the activation of microglia and degeneration of neuronal acidophilia to reinforce cholinergic functions.
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Pohanka M. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase meet immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9809-25. [PMID: 24893223 PMCID: PMC4100123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are widely used for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. More recent use is for myasthenia gravis. Many of these inhibitors interact with the second known cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Further, evidence shows that acetylcholine plays a role in suppression of cytokine release through a “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway” which raises questions about the role of these inhibitors in the immune system. This review covers research and discussion of the role of the inhibitors in modulating the immune response using as examples the commonly available drugs, donepezil, galantamine, huperzine, neostigmine and pyridostigmine. Major attention is given to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a well-described link between the central nervous system and terminal effector cells in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic.
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26
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Kim HK, Kim M, Kim S, Kim M, Chung JH. Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol on Cognitive and Acetylcholinesterase Activities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:1977-9. [PMID: 15388975 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect of tea polyphenol (TP) on cognitive and anti-cholinesterase activity was examined in scopolamine-treated mice. Chronic administration of TP significantly reversed scopolamine-induced retention deficits in both step-through passive avoidance and spontaneous alternation behavior tasks. Furthermore, TP exhibited a dramatic inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase activity. This finding suggests that TP might be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea.
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27
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Xiang YY, Dong H, Yang BB, Macdonald JF, Lu WY. Interaction of acetylcholinesterase with neurexin-1β regulates glutamatergic synaptic stability in hippocampal neurons. Mol Brain 2014; 7:15. [PMID: 24594013 PMCID: PMC3973991 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excess expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cortex and hippocampus causes a decrease in the number of glutamatergic synapses and alters the expression of neurexin and neuroligin, trans-synaptic proteins that control synaptic stability. The molecular sequence and three-dimensional structure of AChE are homologous to the corresponding aspects of the ectodomain of neuroligin. This study investigated whether excess AChE interacts physically with neurexin to destabilize glutamatergic synapses. Results The results showed that AChE clusters colocalized with neurexin assemblies in the neurites of hippocampal neurons and that AChE co-immunoprecipitated with neurexin from the lysate of these neurons. Moreover, when expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, N-glycosylated AChE co-immunoprecipitated with non-O–glycosylated neurexin-1β, with N-glycosylation of the AChE being required for this co-precipitation to occur. Increasing extracellular AChE decreased the association of neurexin with neuroligin and inhibited neuroligin-induced synaptogenesis. The number and activity of excitatory synapses in cultured hippocampal neurons were reduced by extracellular catalytically inactive AChE. Conclusions Excessive glycosylated AChE could competitively disrupt a subset of the neurexin–neuroligin junctions consequently impairing the integrity of glutamatergic synapses. This might serve a molecular mechanism of excessive AChE induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Abstract
As radiologists, our role in the workup of the dementia patient has long been limited by the sensitivity of our imaging tools and lack of effective treatment options. Over the past 30 years, we have made tremendous strides in understanding the genetic, molecular, and cellular basis of Alzheimer disease (AD). We now know that the pathologic features of AD are present 1 to 2 decades prior to development of symptoms, though currently approved symptomatic therapies are administered much later in the disease course. The search for true disease-modifying therapy continues and many clinical trials are underway. Current outcome measures, based on cognitive tests, are relatively insensitive to pathologic disease progression, requiring long, expensive trials with large numbers of participants. Biomarkers, including neuroimaging, have great potential to increase the power of trials by matching imaging methodology with therapeutic mechanism. One of the most important advances over the past decade has been the development of in vivo imaging probes targeted to amyloid beta protein, and one agent is already available for clinical use. Additional advances include automated volumetric imaging methods to quantitate cerebral volume loss. Use of such techniques in small, early phase trials are expected to significantly increase the number and quality of candidate drugs for testing in larger trials. In addition to a critical role in trials, structural, molecular, and functional imaging techniques can give us a window on the etiology of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. This combination of developments has potential to bring diagnostic radiology to the forefront in AD research, therapeutic trials, and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Petrella
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC-Box 3808, Durham, NC
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29
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Tacrine can suppress immune response to tularemia in BALB/c mouse model. J Appl Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Pohanka M, Dobes P. Caffeine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, but not butyrylcholinesterase. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9873-82. [PMID: 23698772 PMCID: PMC3676818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is an alkaloid with a stimulant effect in the body. It can interfere in transmissions based on acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and glutamate. Clinical studies indicate that it can be involved in the slowing of Alzheimer disease pathology and some other effects. The effects are not well understood. In the present work, we focused on the question whether caffeine can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and/or, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the two enzymes participating in cholinergic neurotransmission. A standard Ellman test with human AChE and BChE was done for altering concentrations of caffeine. The test was supported by an in silico examination as well. Donepezil and tacrine were used as standards. In compliance with Dixon’s plot, caffeine was proved to be a non-competitive inhibitor of AChE and BChE. However, inhibition of BChE was quite weak, as the inhibition constant, Ki, was 13.9 ± 7.4 mol/L. Inhibition of AChE was more relevant, as Ki was found to be 175 ± 9 μmol/L. The predicted free energy of binding was −6.7 kcal/mol. The proposed binding orientation of caffeine can interact with Trp86, and it can be stabilize by Tyr337 in comparison to the smaller Ala328 in the case of human BChE; thus, it can explain the lower binding affinity of caffeine for BChE with reference to AChE. The biological relevance of the findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +420-973-253-091
| | - Petr Dobes
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty Kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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Design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of benzamides: Novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with multi-functions on butylcholinesterase, Aβ aggregation, and β-secretase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6739-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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O'Hara R, Derouesné C, Fountoulakis KN, Yesavage JA. Therapeutic approaches to age-associated neurocognitive disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033831 PMCID: PMC3181653 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2001.3.3/rohara] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The United Nations projects that the number of individuals with dementia in developed countries alone will be approximately 36,7 million by the year 2050. International recognition of the significant emotional and economic burden of Alzheimer's disease has been matched by a dramatic increase in the development of pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to this illness in the past decade. Changing demographics have underscored the necessity to develop similar approaches for the remediation of the cognitive impairment associated with more benign syndromes, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-associated cognitive decline (AACD). The present article aims to provide an overview of the most current therapeutic approaches to age-associated neurocognitive disorders. Additionally, it discusses the conceptual and methodological issues that surround the design, implementation, and interpretation of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif, USA
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Yang NC, Lin HC, Wu JH, Ou HC, Chai YC, Tseng CY, Liao JW, Song TY. Ergothioneine protects against neuronal injury induced by β-amyloid in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3902-11. [PMID: 22921351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
β-Amyloid peptides (Aβ) are neurotoxic and contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ergothioneine (EGT) has been shown to protect against loss of memory and learning abilities in mice. In this study, mice were orally fed EGT (0.5 or 2 mg/kg body weight) for 16 days before treatment (i.c.v) with a single dose of Aβ1-40 in the hippocampus. After resting for 12 days to restore the body weight, the mice were again fed EGT for additional 39 days. Active avoidance tests were conducted on days 37-39 (short-memory avoidance) and on days 37, 44 and 51 (long-memory avoidance). Water maze task was used to evaluate learning and memory abilities by acquisition test and retention test. In both long-memory avoidance and water maze tests, EGT significantly decreased the escape latency and increased the frequency of successful avoidance. Furthermore, EGT significantly prevented Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus and brain lipid peroxidation, restored acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, maintained glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio and superoxide dismutase activity in brain tissues of Aβ1-40-teated mice. Thus, EGT can protect against Aβ-induced loss of memory and learning abilities in mice. Further studies are required to confirm the protective effects of EGT on the development or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae-Cherng Yang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University and Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Dorko F, Danko J, Flešárová S, Boroš E, Sobeková A. Effect of pesticide bendiocarbamate on distribution of acetylcholine- and butyrylcholine-positive nerves in rabbit's thymus. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e37. [PMID: 22297443 PMCID: PMC3284239 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pesticides used in agriculture have a negative effect on organisms. The group of hazardous pesticides includes the cholinesterase inhibitor bendiocarbamate. According to literature, bendiocarbamate has relatively low toxicity in mammals and vertebrates in general, since it does accumulate in their tissues and the cholinesterase activity returns to norm within 24 h after acute exposure. The present study focused on the influence of bendiocarbamate on rabbit thymus after its administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) for the period of 3 months. The thymus was observed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)-positive nerve fibers visualized by histochemical methods. Microscopic findings of BuChE - positive nerve fibers show the same density and the topography by the experimental and the control animals. On the other hand, AChE - positive nerve fibers in experimental animals after administration of bendiocarbamate is only poorly identified, suggesting that bendiocarbamate inhibits AChE but not BuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorko
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
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van Waarde A, Ramakrishnan NK, Rybczynska AA, Elsinga PH, Ishiwata K, Nijholt IM, Luiten PGM, Dierckx RA. The cholinergic system, sigma-1 receptors and cognition. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:543-54. [PMID: 20060423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of present knowledge regarding the relationship between the cholinergic system and sigma-1 receptors, and discusses potential applications of sigma-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of memory deficits and cognitive disorders. Sigma-1 receptors, initially considered as a subtype of the opioid family, are unique ligand-regulated molecular chaperones in the endoplasmatic reticulum playing a modulatory role in intracellular calcium signaling and in the activity of several neurotransmitter systems, particularly the cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways. Several central nervous system (CNS) drugs show high to moderate affinities for sigma-1 receptors, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil), antipsychotics (haloperidol, rimcazole), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluvoxamine, sertraline) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (clorgyline). These compounds can influence cognitive functions both via their primary targets and by activating sigma-1 receptors in the CNS. Sigma-1 agonists show powerful anti-amnesic and neuroprotective effects in a large variety of animal models of cognitive dysfunction involving, among others (i) pharmacologic target blockade (with muscarinic or NMDA receptor antagonists or p-chloroamphetamine); (ii) selective lesioning of cholinergic neurons; (iii) CNS administration of β-amyloid peptides; (iv) aging-induced memory loss, both in normal and senescent-accelerated rodents; (v) neurodegeneration induced by toxic compounds (CO, trimethyltin, cocaine), and (vi) prenatal restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Oderda L, Holman C, Nichols B, Rupper R, Bair B, Hoffman M, Hicken B. Pharmacist-Managed Telephone Clinic Review of Antidementia Medication Effectiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 26:264-73. [DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2011.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Allegri RF, Arizaga RL, Bavec CV, Colli LP, Demey I, Fernández MC, Frontera SA, Garau ML, Jiménez JJ, Golimstok Á, Kremer J, Labos E, Mangone CA, Ollari JA, Rojas G, Salmini O, Ure JA, Zuin DR. Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Guía de práctica clínica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1853-0028(11)70026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Motor cortex excitability in Alzheimer's disease: a transcranial magnetic stimulation follow-up study. Neurosci Lett 2011; 492:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Song TY, Chen CL, Liao JW, Ou HC, Tsai MS. Ergothioneine protects against neuronal injury induced by cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3492-9. [PMID: 20932872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of ergothioneine (EGT) against cisplatin toxicity were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro study, two types of neuronal cells, primary cortical neuron (PCN) cells and rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, were incubated with EGT (0.1-10.0 μM) for 2 h followed by incubation with 0.5 μM cisplatin for 72 h. Results show that cisplatin markedly decreased the proliferation of PC12 cells and strongly inhibited the growth of axon and dendrite of PCN cells, but these effects were significantly prevented by EGT. For in vivo study, CBA mice were orally administered with 2 or 8 mg EGT/kg body weight for 58 consecutive days and were injected i.p. with 5mg cisplatin/kg body weight on days 7, 9 and 11. We found that EGT significantly restored the learning and memory deficits in mice treated with cisplatin evaluated by active and passive avoidance tests. EGT also significantly prevented brain lipid peroxidation, restored acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and maintained glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio in brain tissues of mice treated with cisplatin. These results demonstrate that EGT protects against cisplatin-induced neuronal injury and enhances cognition, possibly through the inhibition of oxidative stress and restoration of AChE activity in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuzz-Ying Song
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chungchou Institute of Technology, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC.
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Li XY, Zhang J, Dai JP, Liu XM, Li ZW. Actions of bis(7)-tacrine and tacrine on transient potassium current in rat DRG neurons and potassium current mediated by K(V)4.2 expressed in Xenopus oocyte. Brain Res 2010; 1318:23-32. [PMID: 20043893 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bis(7)-tacrine [bis(7)-tetrahydroaminacrine] is a dimeric AChE inhibitor derived from tacrine with a potential to treat Alzheimer's disease. Actions of bis(7)-tacrine on ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-gated cation channels have been identified on neurons of both central and peripheral nervous systems. In the present study, the effect of bis(7)-tacrine was investigated on the K(V)4.2 encoded potassium currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes and the transient A-type potassium current (I(K(A))) on rat DRG neurons. Bis(7)-tacrine suppressed recombinant Kv4.2 potassium channels in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC(50) value of 0.53+/-0.13 muM. Tacrine also inhibited Kv4.2 channels, but with a much lower potency (IC(50) 74+/-15 muM).The possible mechanisms underlying the inhibition on potassium currents by bis(7)-tacrine/tacrine could be that inactivation of the transient potassium currents was accelerated and recovery of the native or Kv4.2 expressed potassium currents was suppressed by bis(7)-tacrine/tacrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Li
- Institute for Electronics and Informatics, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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41
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Trichlorfon induces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells via the endoplasmic reticulum? Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jürgensen S, Ferreira ST. Nicotinic receptors, amyloid-beta, and synaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 40:221-9. [PMID: 19690986 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional cholinergic transmission is thought to underlie, at least in part, memory impairment and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is still unclear whether this is a consequence of the loss of cholinergic neurons and elimination of nicotinic acetycholine receptors (nAChRs) in AD brain or of a direct impact of molecular interactions of the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide with nAChRs, leading to dysregulation of receptor function. This review examines recent progress in our understanding of the roles of nicotinic receptors in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, molecular interactions of Abeta with nAChRs, and how Abeta-induced dysregulation of nicotinic receptor function may underlie synaptic failure in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Jürgensen
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21944-590, Brazil
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BZYX, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, significantly improved chemicals-induced learning and memory impairments on rodents and protected PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 613:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kasuya M, Meguro K. Health economic effect of donepezil treatment for CDR 0.5 converters to Alzheimer's disease as shown by the Markov model. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 50:295-9. [PMID: 19481822 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The previous health economic simulation of donepezil based on the Markov model revealed the treatment for mild to moderate stage of Alzheimer disease (AD) to be cost-effective. Our aim was to examine the economic effect of donepezil treatment for mild cognitive impairment, from which about 15% convert to dementia per year. We constructed a new Markov model using three simulations. Namely, Simulation A hypothesized that mild AD patients, i.e., Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 1, received donepezil as in the previous study. Simulation B hypothesized that all CDR 0.5 subjects received donepezil, and Simulation C considered that only the CDR 0.5 converters to dementia received donepezil. We calculated the models as follows: Simulation B, supposes that the annual transition probabilities were reduced even from 15% to 10% by donepezil, however, the drug had a negative economic effect. By contrast, in Simulation C, the annual transition probability was reduced from only 15% to 12% by donepezil, there was a positive economic effect. Since it is necessary to reduce the annual transition probability from 15% to 12% in order to manifest a concomitant economic benefit, we consider that early detection of CDR 0.5 converters in the community is important for health policy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kasuya
- Department of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan
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Liu KG, Robichaud AJ. 5-HT6antagonists as potential treatment for cognitive dysfunction. Drug Dev Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gitto R, De Luca L, Ferro S, De Grazia S, Di Giorgio RM, Festa F, De Luca G. N-substituted isoquinoline derivatives as potential AChE inhibitors. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Isensee K, Petroianu G, Stark H. Pharmacological aspects of cognitive impairment: past, present and future of drugs in dementia. J Appl Biomed 2007. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2007.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest form of degenerative dementia and is characterised by progressive cognitive decline. Despite extensive research, the cause of AD is unknown and there is no cure at present. Of the deficits found in AD, that affecting the cholinergic neurotransmitter system is the best established and the only one translated into symptomatic treatment. Cholinergic enhancement with cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) drugs has been achieved and their efficacy and safety ascertained by conventional clinical trials. The mechanism of action of these drugs, however, is not well understood. Imaging with SPECT, PET, MRI and fMRI after treatment has clarified what happens in the brains of those AD patients treated with ChEI drugs. Studies with these techniques have identified increases in brain blood flow and glucose metabolism, restoration of nicotinic receptor function and re-establishment of task-related regional brain activation in response to cognitive stimulation after treatment. Structural MRI studies have explained, to some degree, why only a proportion of patients benefits from ChEI treatment and there is some evidence that some ChEI drugs might be neuroprotective. There are, however, many unsolved problems. Timing of treatment intervention to obtain maximum response and the determinants of treatment response are mostly unknown. It is also unclear whether administration of treatment in those patients who have no potential for response accelerates disease progression. These issues cannot be solved by conventional clinical trials. Pharmacoimaging studies could assist the development and refinement of drugs to treat those diseases, such as AD, which affect the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalena Venneri
- Clinical Neuroscience Centre, University of Hull, HU6 7RX Hull, UK.
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Mehl A, Schanke TM, Torvik A, Fonnum F. The effect of trichlorfon and methylazoxymethanol on the development of guinea pig cerebellum. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 219:128-35. [PMID: 17150236 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pesticide trichlorfon (125 mg/kg on days 42-44 in gestation) gives hypoplasia of the brain of the offspring without any significant reduction in their body weights. The hypoplasia may be caused by trichlorfon itself or by its metabolite dichlorvos. This period of development coincides with the growth spurt period of guinea pig brain. The largest changes occurred in the cerebellum. Electron microscopic examination of the cerebellar cortex showed increased apoptotic death of cells in the granule cell layer after trichlorfon treatment. A reduction in thickness of the external germinal layer of the cerebellar cortex and an elevated amount of pyknotic and karyorrhexic cells in the granule cell layer was found. There was a significant reduction in choline esterase, choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase activities in the cerebellum. Methylazoxymethanol (15 mg/kg body weight, day 43) was examined for comparison and caused similar hypoplasia of the guinea pig cerebellum, but did also induce a reduction in body weight. Trichloroethanol, the main metabolite of trichlorfon, did not give brain hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mehl
- Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Division for Protection and Material, Kjeller, Norway
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Lee CL, Kuo TF, Wang JJ, Pan TM. Red mold rice ameliorates impairment of memory and learning ability in intracerebroventricular amyloid β-infused rat by repressing amyloid β accumulation. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:3171-82. [PMID: 17663476 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide related to the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) damaged neurons and further resulted in dementia. Monascus-fermented red mold rice (RMR), a traditional Chinese medicine as well as health food, includes monacolins (with the same function as statins) and multifunctional metabolites. In this study, ethanol extract of RMR (RE) was used to evaluate neuroprotection against Abeta40 neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Furthermore, the effects of dietary administration of RMR on memory and learning abilities are confirmed in an animal model of AD rats infused with Abeta40 into the cerebral ventricle. During continuous Abeta40 infusion for 28 days, the rats of test groups were administered RMR or lovastatin. Memory and learning abilities were evaluated in the water maze and passive avoidance tasks. After sacrifice, cerebral cortex and hippocampus were collected for the examination of AD risk factors. The in vitro results clearly indicate that RE provides stronger neuroprotection in rescuing cell viability as well as repressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress. RMR administration potently reverses the memory deficit in the memory task. Abeta40 infusion increases acetylcholinesterase activity, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation and decreases total antioxidant status and superoxide dismutase activity in brain, but these damages were potently reversed by RMR administration, and the protection was more significant than that with lovastatin administration. The protection provided by RMR is able to prevent Abeta fibrils from being formed and deposited in hippocampus and further decrease Abeta40 accumulation, even though Abeta40 solution was infused into brain continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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