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Dai X, Liu X, Li Y, Xu Q, Yang L, Gao F. Nitrogen-phosphorous co-doped carbonized chitosan nanoparticles for chemotherapy and ROS-mediated immunotherapy of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus infection. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121013. [PMID: 37230629 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) residing in host macrophages is hard to clear because intracellular S. aureus has evolved mechanisms to hijack and subvert the immune response to favor intracellular infection. To overcome this challenge, nitrogen-phosphorous co-doped carbonized chitosan nanoparticles (NPCNs), which possess the polymer/carbon hybrid structures, were fabricated to clear intracellular S. aureus infection through chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Multi-heteroatom NPCNs were fabricated through the hydrothermal method, where chitosan and imidazole were used as the C and N sources and phosphoric acid as the P source. NPCNs can not only be used as a fluorescent probe for bacteria imaging but also kill extracellular and intracellular bacteria with low cytotoxicity. NPCNs could generate ROS and polarize macrophages into classically activated (M1) phenotypes to increase antibacterial immunity. Furthermore, NPCNs could accelerate intracellular S. aureus-infected wound healing in vivo. We envision that these carbonized chitosan nanoparticles may provide a new platform for clearing intracellular bacterial infection through chemotherapy and ROS-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Dai
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, PR China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, PR China
| | - Lele Yang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, PR China.
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Agarwal P, Craig JP, Krösser S, Eickhoff K, Swift S, Rupenthal ID. Topical semifluorinated alkane-based azithromycin suspension for the management of ocular infections. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Treyaprasert W, Schmidt S, Rand KH, Suvanakoot U, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of in vitro activity of azithromycin against four different bacterial strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:263-70. [PMID: 17194570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial time-kill curves of azithromycin against four bacterial strains (Streptococcus pneumoniae/penicillin-intermediate, S. pneumoniae/penicillin-sensitive, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis) were determined by in vitro infection models. Eighteen different pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models were fitted to the time-kill data using non-linear regression and compared for best fit. A simple, widely used E(max) model was not sufficient to describe the pharmacodynamic effects for the four bacterial strains. Appropriate models that gave good curve fits included additional terms for saturation of the number of bacteria (N(max)), delay in the initial bacterial growth phase and/or the onset of anti-infective activity (1-exp(-zt)) as well as a Hill factor (h) that captures the steepness of the concentration-response profile. Azithromycin was highly effective against S. pneumoniae strains and M. catarrhalis while the efficacy against H. influenzae was poor. Applications of these pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models will eventually provide a tool for rational antibiotic dosing regimen decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchai Treyaprasert
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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