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Chavanet P, Fournel I, Bourredjem A, Piroth L, Blot M, Sixt T, Binquet C. Addition of daptomycin for the treatment of pneumococcal meningitis: protocol for the AddaMAP study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073032. [PMID: 37491088 PMCID: PMC10373719 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leading cause of acute bacterial meningitis in adults is Streptococcus pneumoniae. This infection is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity related, among other factors, to the excessive host response to the pneumococcal lysis. Experimental in vitro and in vivo data show that the combination of corticosteroids/third-generation cephalosporins and the non-lytic antibiotic, daptomycin, has synergistic effects with (1) a rapid cerebrospinal fluid sterilisation, (2) less brain damages and (3) less loss of cognitive performances. Despite these encouraging results, daptomycin has never been evaluated in adult patients with pneumococcal meningitis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The AddaMAP trial is a phase II, open-label, Simon's two-stage, multicentre trial that has been designed to assess the efficacy and safety of adding daptomycin (10 mg/kg/d for 8 days) to the recommended treatment (corticosteroids+third generation cephalosporin) in adults with confirmed pneumococcal meningitis. The main endpoint is the disability-free survival (defined as modified Rankin Scale mRS≤2) at day 30. Secondary outcomes are overall mortality, disability at D30 and D90 (mRS, Glasgow Coma Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scales, mini-mental score), hearing loss (Hearing Handicap Inventory Test at D30 and D90, routine audiometric test and Hearing-it test at D30), and quality of life (12-item Short Form Survey and WHO QOL BREF). Seventy-two analysable patients are required. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the IDF 1 of the ethics committee on 16 January 2018, and authorisation was obtained from the Agence Nationale de Securité des Médicaments et des Produits de Santé on 22 September 2017. The results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03480191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Chavanet
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- INSERM, CIC 1432, Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Fournel
- INSERM, CIC 1432, Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Abderrahmane Bourredjem
- INSERM, CIC 1432, Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Piroth
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Blot
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Sixt
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Binquet
- INSERM, CIC 1432, Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
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Jaber RH, Beahm NP. Daptomycin for the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis: a narrative review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 61:106770. [PMID: 36870402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in the utilization of daptomycin for the treatment of multi-drug resistant, Gram-positive infections. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that daptomycin could penetrate into the cerebrospinal fluid, albeit to a small extent. The objective of this review was to evaluate the available clinical evidence for daptomycin use in acute bacterial meningitis of both pediatric and adult patients. METHODS Electronic databases were searched up to June 2022 for studies published on the topic. The inclusion criteria were met if the study reported the use of intravenous daptomycin (more than a single dose) for the treatment of diagnosed acute bacterial meningitis. RESULTS A total of 21 case reports were identified that met the inclusion criteria. These suggest that daptomycin could be safe and effective alternative in achieving clinical cure of meningitis. In these studies, daptomycin was used in the event of treatment failure, patient intolerance, or bacterial resistance to first-line agents. CONCLUSIONS Daptomycin has potential to be an alternative to standard care for meningitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria in the future; however, more robust research is required to establish an optimal dosing regimen, duration of therapy, and place in therapy for the management of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami H Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathan P Beahm
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Haddad N, Carr M, Balian S, Lannin J, Kim Y, Toth C, Jarvis J. The Blood-Brain Barrier and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Optimization of Antibiotics for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections in Adults. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121843. [PMID: 36551500 PMCID: PMC9774927 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections are serious and carry significant morbidity and mortality. They encompass many syndromes, the most common being meningitis, which may occur spontaneously or as a consequence of neurosurgical procedures. Many classes of antimicrobials are in clinical use for therapy of CNS infections, some with established roles and indications, others with experimental reporting based on case studies or small series. This review delves into the specifics of the commonly utilized antibacterial agents, updating their therapeutic use in CNS infections from the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspectives, with a focus on the optimization of dosing and route of administration that have been described to achieve good clinical outcomes. We also provide a concise synopsis regarding the most focused, clinically relevant information as pertains to each class and subclass of antimicrobial therapeutics. CNS infection morbidity and mortality remain high, and aggressive management is critical in ensuring favorable patient outcomes while averting toxicity and upholding patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Haddad
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University (CMU), Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(989)-746-7860
| | | | - Steve Balian
- CMU Medical Education Partners, Saginaw, MI 48602, USA
| | | | - Yuri Kim
- CMU Medical Education Partners, Saginaw, MI 48602, USA
| | - Courtney Toth
- Ascension St. Mary’s Hospital, Saginaw, MI 48601, USA
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Zhang Z, Song Y, Kang J, Duan S, Li Q, Feng F, Duan J. Epidemiology of patients with central nervous system infections, mainly neurosurgical patients: a retrospective study from 2012 to 2019 in a teaching hospital in China. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:826. [PMID: 34404351 PMCID: PMC8369693 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) infections are relatively rare but are associated with high mortality worldwide. Empirical antimicrobial therapy is crucial for the survival of patients with CNS infections, and should be based on the knowledge of the pathogen distribution and antibiotic sensitivities. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of pathogens in patients with CNS infections in North China and evaluate the risk factors for mortality and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted with patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures in a teaching hospital from January 2012 to December 2019. The following data were collected: demographic characteristics, laboratory data, causative organisms and antimicrobial sensitivity results. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16.0. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for mortality and MDR bacterial infections. RESULTS A total of 72 patients were diagnosed with CNS infections, and 86 isolates were identified. The proportions of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were 59.3, 30.2 and 10.5%, respectively. The predominant Gram-positive bacteria was Coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were the predominant Gram-negative bacteria. Compared to 2012-2015 years, the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria increased markedly during 2016-2019 years. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecium had 100% sensitivity to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 100% sensitive to tigecycline. Escherichia coli had 100% sensitivity to amikacin, meropenem and imipenem. The overall mortality rate in the 72 patients was 30.6%. In multivariate analysis, age > 50 years, pulmonary infections and CSF glucose level < the normal value were associated with poor outcomes. CSF adenosine deaminase level > the normal value and the presence of external ventricular drainage/lumbar cistern drainage were associated with MDR bacterial infections. CONCLUSIONS The mortality rate due to CNS infections reached 30.6% in our study. The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria has increased markedly in recent years. We should give particular attention to patients with risk factors for mortality and MDR bacterial infections mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Surong Duan
- Department of Information Management, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinju Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Ruiz Torres B, Ramos Paesa C, Rivero Salvador T, Marín Zaldivar C, Gil Pérez D. Enterococcus faecium meningitis secondary to epidural anesthesia. About a case and review of the literature. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2021; 68:357-360. [PMID: 34130933 DOI: 10.1016/j.redare.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Septic meningitis secondary to epidural anesthesia is a rare but serious complication that is usually related to exogenous contamination from inadequate aseptic techniques, so the most frequent microorganisms observed are S. aureus and S. salivarius. We describe the case of a woman who, after receiving epidural anesthesia for normal delivery, presented septic meningitis due to E. faecium with recurrence after antibiotic treatment, probably secondary to pyogenic ventriculitis undetected in the first episode. We highlight the rarity of the case, emphasizing the need for strict aseptic technique, and review the literature on the most appropriate treatment for this type of complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruiz Torres
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano-Blesa de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - C Ramos Paesa
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - T Rivero Salvador
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital San Pedro de Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | | | - D Gil Pérez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ruiz Torres B, Ramos Paesa C, Rivero Salvador T, Marín Zaldívar C, Gil Pérez D. Enterococcus faecium meningitis secondary to epidural anesthesia. About a case and review of the literature. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2021; 68:357-360. [PMID: 33358426 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Septic meningitis secondary to epidural anesthesia is a rare but serious complication that is usually related to exogenous contamination from inadequate aseptic techniques, so the most frequent microorganisms observed are S. aureus and S. salivarius. We describe the case of a woman who, after receiving epidural anesthesia for normal delivery, presented septic meningitis due to E. faecium with recurrence after antibiotic treatment, probably secondary to pyogenic ventriculitis undetected in the first episode. We highlight the rarity of the case, emphasizing the need for strict aseptic technique, and review the literature on the most appropriate treatment for this type of complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruiz Torres
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.
| | - C Ramos Paesa
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - T Rivero Salvador
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital San Pedro de Logroño, La Rioja, España
| | | | - D Gil Pérez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
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Jones TW, Jun AH, Michal JL, Olney WJ. High-Dose Daptomycin and Clinical Applications. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 55:1363-1378. [PMID: 33535792 DOI: 10.1177/1060028021991943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate evidence for high-dose daptomycin (doses ≥ 8 mg/kg/d). DATA SOURCES A PubMed/MEDLINE literature search was performed (January 2000 to December 2020) using the search terms daptomycin, high dose, and dosing. Review article references and society guidelines were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Clinical trials, observational studies, retrospective studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews reporting on high-dose daptomycin were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Experimentally, daptomycin outperforms other antimicrobials for high inoculum and biofilm-associated infections. Clinically, high-dose daptomycin is supported as salvage and first-line therapy for endocarditis and bacteremia, primarily when caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (when vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration is >1 mg/L) and Enterococcus. High-dose daptomycin appears effective for osteomyelitis and central nervous system infections, although comparative studies are lacking. High dosing in renal replacement therapy requires considering clearance modality to achieve exposures like normal renal function. Weight-based dosing in obesity draws concern for elevated exposures, although high doses have not been evaluated kinetically in obesity. Some data show benefits of high doses in overweight populations. Burn patients clear daptomycin more rapidly, and high doses may only achieve drug exposures similar to standard doses (6 mg/kg). RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE This review analyzes the efficacy and safety of high-dose daptomycin in serious gram-positive infections. Discussion of specific infectious etiologies and patient populations should encourage clinicians to evaluate their daptomycin dosing standards. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of high-dose daptomycin and limited safety concerns encourage clinicians to consider high-dose daptomycin more liberally in severe gram-positive infections.
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Lee BJ, Vu BN, Seddon AN, Hodgson HA, Wang SK. Treatment Considerations for CNS Infections Caused by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium: A Focused Review of Linezolid and Daptomycin. Ann Pharmacother 2020; 54:1243-1251. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028020932513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the current literature describing pharmacology, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), efficacy, and safety of linezolid and daptomycin for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) faecium. Data Sources: A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE databases was conducted (from 1950 to April 2020) utilizing the following key terms: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, VRE, meningitis, ventriculitis, CNS infection, daptomycin, and linezolid. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant studies and case reports describing the treatment of VRE faecium from the CNS with linezolid or daptomycin were included. Data Synthesis: A total of 17 reports describing 22 cases were identified. There were 15 of 19 cases involving linezolid that reported clinical cure, of which 53.3% were monotherapy. Only 5 of 9 cases involving intravenous (IV) daptomycin resulted in cure; all 4 cases reporting daptomycin administration via the intrathecal or intraventricular route achieved clearance from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: The preferred treatment option for VRE faecium infections involving the CNS remains unclear. Supporting evidence through observational case reports have described varying outcomes with linezolid and daptomycin. This review compares reported outcomes between the 2 agents and provides a thorough discussion on drug- and patient-specific variables to consider. Conclusions: Linezolid monotherapy appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of susceptible-VRE faecium CNS infections, with consideration of therapeutic drug monitoring in special populations and with prolonged treatment duration. Daptomycin is an effective treatment option via intrathecal or intraventricular administration when neurosurgical access is available. The role of IV daptomycin remains inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Lee
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Betty N. Vu
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chicago State University College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda N. Seddon
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | | | - Sheila K. Wang
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL, USA
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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Piva S, Di Paolo A, Galeotti L, Ceccherini F, Cordoni F, Signorini L, Togni T, De Nicolò A, Rasulo FA, Fagoni N, Latronico N, D'Avolio A. Daptomycin Plasma and CSF Levels in Patients with Healthcare-Associated Meningitis. Neurocrit Care 2020; 31:116-124. [PMID: 30607829 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-018-0657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently few data concerning the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of daptomycin in patients with healthcare-associated meningitis. This study aims (1) to better characterize the pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in humans during a 7-day intravenous (IV) therapy course, and (2) to study the penetration of daptomycin in the CSF after IV infusion at the dose of 10 mg/kg. RESULTS In this prospective observational study, we enrolled nine patients with an implanted external ventricular drainage and a diagnosis of a healthcare-associated meningitis. Daptomycin was administered at 10 mg/kg for a maximum of 7 days. The pharmacokinetic of daptomycin was studied using a two-compartment population/pharmacokinetic (POP/PK) model and by means of a nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach. A large inter-individual variability in plasma area under the curve (Range: 574.7-1366.3 h mg/L), paralleled by high-peak plasma concentration (Cmax) (all values > 60 mg/L), was noted. The inter-individual variability of CSF-AUC although significant (range: 1.17-6.81 h mg/L) was narrower than previously reported and with a late occurrence of CSF-Cmax (range: 6.04-9.54 h). The terminal half-life between plasma and CSF was similar. tmax values in CSF did not show a high inter-individual variability, and the fluctuations of predicted CSF concentrations were minimal. The mean value for daptomycin penetration obtained from our model was 0.45%. CONCLUSIONS Our POP/PK model was able to describe the pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in both plasma and CSF, showing that daptomycin (up to 7 days at 10 mg/kg) has minimal penetration into central nervous system. Furthermore, the observed variability of AUC, tmax and predicted concentration in CSF was lower than what previously reported in the literature. Based on the present findings, it is unlikely that daptomycin could reach CSF concentrations high enough to have clinical efficacy; this should be tested in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piva
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili di Brescia 1, Brescia, Italy. .,Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonello Di Paolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Galeotti
- Phymtech Srl (Physical and Mathematical Technologies), Via Giuntini 63, Navacchio di Cascina, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Ceccherini
- Phymtech Srl (Physical and Mathematical Technologies), Via Giuntini 63, Navacchio di Cascina, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cordoni
- Phymtech Srl (Physical and Mathematical Technologies), Via Giuntini 63, Navacchio di Cascina, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liana Signorini
- Second Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Togni
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili di Brescia 1, Brescia, Italy
| | - Amedeo De Nicolò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Frank A Rasulo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili di Brescia 1, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Fagoni
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili di Brescia 1, Brescia, Italy
| | - N Latronico
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Piazzale Spedali Civili di Brescia 1, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Role of linezolid combination therapy for serious infections: review of the current evidence. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1043-1052. [PMID: 31898798 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As long-standing clinical problems, a series of complicated infections are more difficult to treat due to the development of antibiotic resistance, especially caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Moreover, the treatment options available to against these infections are also becoming increasingly limited. Linezolid is the first synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic with a unique mechanism of action, and its efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria has been clearly demonstrated. However, the limitations of linezolid alone for the treatment of these complicated infections have been reported in the recent years. Combination therapy may be a good approach to enhance efficacy and prevent the development of resistance. In this review, the results of multiple linezolid combination therapies from in vitro, animal studies, and clinical cases for the treatment of MRSA, VRE, and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains will be discussed, and thus provide more relevant information for clinician in clinical practice.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pneumococcal meningitis is the most frequent form of bacterial meningitis in Europe and the United States. Although early antimicrobial and adjuvant therapy with dexamethasone have helped to improve disease outcome in adults, mortality and morbidity rates remain unsatisfactorily high, emphasizing the need for additional treatment options. Promising targets for adjuvant therapy have been identified recently and will be the focus of this review. RECENT FINDINGS Brain disease in pneumococcal meningitis is caused by direct bacterial toxicity and excessive meningeal inflammation. Accordingly, promising targets for adjuvant therapy comprise limiting the release of toxic bacterial products and suppressing inflammation in a way that maximally protects against tissue injury without hampering pathogen eradication by antibiotics. Among the agents tested so far in experimental models, complement inhibitors, matrix-metalloproteinase inhibitors, and nonbacteriolytic antibiotics or a combination of the above have the potential to more efficiently protect the brain either alone (e.g., in children and outside the high-income settings) or in addition to adjuvant dexamethasone. Additionally, new protein-based pneumococcal vaccines are being developed that promise to improve disease prevention, namely by addressing the increasing problem of serotype replacement seen with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. SUMMARY Pneumococcal meningitis remains a life-threatening disease requiring early antibiotic and targeted anti-inflammatory therapy. New adjuvant therapies showed promising results in animal models but need systematic clinical testing.
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Jahansepas A, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Hasani A, Sharifi Y, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Dolatyar A, Aghazadeh M. Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Clinical Specimens in the Northwest of Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1165-1173. [PMID: 29708837 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in the aforementioned resistant isolates were studied using the epsilometer (E)-test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These isolates were subjected to typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE; 18.75%) were isolated from a total of 160 various clinical specimens cultured for any bacterial growth. Of these, 11 (36.7%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis and 19 (63.3%) as E. faecium. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and three alternative therapeutic options (linezolid, daptomycin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin) were determined using the E-test. Multiplex PCR was done for confirming species, identification of the resistant genotypes, and the detection of the virulence genes. Finally, the clonal relationship of all VRE strains was studied by PFGE. All VRE strains showed vancomycin MIC ≥256 μg/mL, and 27 (90%) isolates carried the vanA gene, whereas none of the isolates carried vanB. The most common resistance antibiotic pattern observed was toward rifampicin (n = 30 [100%]). Among all virulence genes studied, gelE (n = 28 [93.33%]) was found as the most prevalent virulent gene. VRE isolates exhibited 90%, 46.67%, 100%, and 66.67% resistance to teicoplanin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and daptomycin, respectively. Molecular typing demonstrated 16 PFGE types of VRE isolates (A-P). Although vanA was carried by most of the isolates, PFGE displayed small clonal dissemination among VR E. faecium and VR E. faecalis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahansepas
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaeghob Sharifi
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Marjan Rahnamaye Farzami
- 4 Reference Health Laboratories Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Dolatyar
- 4 Reference Health Laboratories Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Yim J, Smith JR, Singh NB, Rice S, Stamper K, Garcia de la Maria C, Bayer AS, Mishra NN, Miró JM, Tran TT, Arias CA, Sullam P, Rybak MJ. Evaluation of daptomycin combinations with cephalosporins or gentamicin against Streptococcus mitis group strains in an in vitro model of simulated endocardial vegetations (SEVs). J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2290-2296. [PMID: 28475731 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Among viridans group streptococcal infective endocarditis (IE), the Streptococcus mitis group is the most common aetiological organism. Treatment of IE caused by the S. mitis group is challenging due to the high frequency of β-lactam resistance, drug allergy and intolerability of mainstay antimicrobial agents such as vancomycin or gentamicin. Daptomycin has been suggested as an alternative therapeutic option in these scenarios based on its excellent susceptibility profile against S. mitis group strains . However, the propensity of many S. mitis group strains to rapidly evolve stable, high-level daptomycin resistance potentially limits this approach. Methods We evaluated the activity of 6 mg/kg/day daptomycin alone or in combination with gentamicin, ceftriaxone or ceftaroline against two daptomycin-susceptible S. mitis group strains over 96 h in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of simulated endocardial vegetations. Results Daptomycin alone was not bactericidal and high-level daptomycin resistance evolved at 96 h in both organisms. Combinations of daptomycin + ceftriaxone and daptomycin + ceftaroline demonstrated enhanced killing activity compared with each antibiotic alone and prevented emergence of daptomycin resistance at 96 h. Use of gentamicin as an adjunctive agent neither improved the efficacy of daptomycin nor prevented the development of daptomycin resistance. Conclusions Addition of ceftriaxone or ceftaroline to daptomycin improves the bactericidal activity against S. mitis group strains and prevents daptomycin resistance emergence. Further investigation with combinations of daptomycin and β-lactams in a large number of strains is warranted to fully elucidate the clinical implications of such combinations for treatment of S. mitis group IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Yim
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jordan R Smith
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nivedita B Singh
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Seth Rice
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kyle Stamper
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Arnold S Bayer
- LA Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA and Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nagendra N Mishra
- LA Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA and Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José M Miró
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hosp. Clinic-IDIBAPS, Univ. Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Truc T Tran
- The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cesar A Arias
- LA Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA and Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Sullam
- University of California, San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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14
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Covach AJ, Rose WN. Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt-Associated Vancomycin-Resistant Meningitis Complicating a Patient Undergoing Plasmapheresis for Presumed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Transverse Myelitis. J Neurol Surg Rep 2017; 78:e123-e124. [PMID: 29109928 PMCID: PMC5669984 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1607280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
We report a patient who had a working diagnosis of transverse myelitis secondary to a lupus exacerbation. As his clinical course evolved, continued vigilance clarified that he was in fact suffering from a nosocomial infection caused by vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus
(VRE).
Methods
We performed a retrospective review of the patient's medical record.
Results
Despite radiographic improvement, he did not improve clinically following immunosuppressive therapy including plasma exchange. Once meningitis was diagnosed and treated, he improved rapidly.
Conclusion
The prospect of transverse myelitis may confound the diagnosis of VRE meningitis, a uniquely treated and potentially deadly infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam John Covach
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William Nicholas Rose
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin
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15
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Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Seaton RA, Hamed K. Daptomycin: an evidence-based review of its role in the treatment of Gram-positive infections. Infect Drug Resist 2016; 9:47-58. [PMID: 27143941 PMCID: PMC4846043 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s99046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens remain a major public health burden and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Increasing rates of infection with Gram-positive bacteria and the emergence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics have led to the need for novel antibiotics. Daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide with rapid bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, has been shown to be effective and has a good safety profile for the approved indications of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (4 mg/kg/day), right-sided infective endocarditis caused by S. aureus, and bacteremia associated with complicated skin and soft tissue infections or right-sided infective endocarditis (6 mg/kg/day). Based on its pharmacokinetic profile and concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, high-dose (>6 mg/kg/day) daptomycin is considered an important treatment option in the management of various difficult-to-treat Gram-positive infections. Although daptomycin resistance has been documented, it remains uncommon despite the increasing use of daptomycin. To enhance activity and to minimize resistance, daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics has also been explored and found to be beneficial in certain severe infections. The availability of daptomycin via a 2-minute intravenous bolus facilitates its outpatient administration, providing an opportunity to reduce risk of health care-associated infections, improve patient satisfaction, and minimize health care costs. Daptomycin, not currently approved for use in the pediatric population, has been shown to be widely used for treating Gram-positive infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kamal Hamed
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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16
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Evaluation of Daptomycin Exposure and Efficacy and Safety Endpoints To Support Risk-versus-Benefit Considerations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1600-7. [PMID: 26711755 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02967-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of an antimicrobial agent must balance optimization of efficacy endpoints with the minimization of safety events. The risk versus benefit of daptomycin for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with or without infective endocarditis receiving daptomycin at 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg of body weight/day was assessed. The relationships between the area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC)/MIC ratio and both clinical response and time to decreased susceptibility were evaluated using data from patients with such infections who received daptomycin at 6 mg/kg/day. Using these relationships, plus the previously identified relationship between the minimum concentration and an elevation in the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration (CPK elevation) (S. M. Bhavnani, C. M. Rubino, P. G. Ambrose, and G. L. Drusano, Clin Infect Dis 50:1568-1574, 2010) and Monte Carlo simulation, the probability of each outcome by MIC for daptomycin at 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg/day was calculated. The function for exposure-response relationships for clinical response (P = 0.06) and time to decreased susceptibility (P = 0.01) resembled U and inverted U shapes, respectively. Multivariable analyses demonstrated AUC/MIC ratio, creatinine clearance, albumin concentration, and disease category to be predictors of clinical response. The results of simulations failed to demonstrate large improvements in the probabilities of clinical success among cohorts of simulated patients defined by the above-described predictive factors or the probability of decreased susceptibility at 30 days when the daptomycin dose was increased from 6 to 10 mg/kg/day. The probability of CPK elevation increased from 0.073 to 0.156 over this dose range. These data can be used to inform risk-versus-benefit decisions for daptomycin dose selection in patients with S. aureus bacteremia with or without infective endocarditis. The risk of CPK elevation, which is reversible, should be weighed in the context of the mortality and severe morbidity associated with these types of serious staphylococcal infections.
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17
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Suleyman G, Zervos MJ. Safety and efficacy of commonly used antimicrobial agents in the treatment of enterococcal infections: a review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 15:153-67. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1127349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geehan Suleyman
- Infectious Disease Department, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marcus J. Zervos
- Infectious Disease Department, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Kumari VHB, Babu AR, Srinivas D, Siddaiah N, Somanna S. Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcusaureus central nervous system infections – Analysis and outcome. Br J Neurosurg 2015; 29:413-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2015.1006168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Bardak-Ozcem S, Sipahi OR. An updated approach to healthcare-associated meningitis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:333-42. [PMID: 24512210 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.890049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among hospital-associated infections, healthcare-associated central nervous system infections are quite important because of high morbidity and mortality rates. The causative agents of healthcare-associated meningitis differ according to the status of immune systems and underlying diseases. The most frequent agents are Gram-negative bacilli (Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci). There are currently several problems in the treatment strategies of healthcare-associated meningitis due to a globally increasing resistance problem. Strategies targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens are especially limited. This review focuses on healthcare-associated meningitis and the current treatment strategies with a particular focus on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Bardak-Ozcem
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, Dr. Burhan Nalbantoglu State Hospital, Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
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20
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Entenza JM, Giddey M, Vouillamoz J, Moreillon P, Mancini S. Assessment of the in vitro synergy of daptomycin plus linezolid against multidrug-resistant enterococci. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2014; 2:306-308. [PMID: 27873692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread incidence of enterococci resistant to ampicillin, vancomycin and aminoglycosides, the first-line anti-enterococcal antibiotics, has made the treatment of severe enterococcal infections difficult and alternatives should be explored. We investigated the activity of daptomycin combined with linezolid against three Enterococcus faecalis and four Enterococcus faecium strains resistant to standard drugs used for therapy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the broth dilution method. Drug interactions were assessed by the checkerboard and time-kill methods. Synergy was defined by a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of ≤0.5 or a ≥2log10CFU/mL killing at 24h with the combination in comparison with killing by the most active single agent. Indifference was defined by a FICI>0.5-4.0 or a 1-2log10CFU/mL killing compared with the most active single agent. MICs of daptomycin were 2-4μg/mL for E. faecalis and 2-8μg/mL for E. faecium. MICs of linezolid were 1-2μg/mL for all bacteria. In the checkerboard assay, five isolates showed synergism (FICI<0.5) and two showed indifference (FICIs of 0.53 and 2). Killing studies revealed synergy of daptomycin plus linezolid against four isolates (2.2-3.7log10CFU/mL kill) and indifference (1.1-1.6log10CFU/mL kill) for the other three strains. Antagonism was not observed. In conclusion, the combination of daptomycin and linezolid had a synergistic or indifferent effect against multidrug-resistant enterococci. Additional studies are needed to explore the potential of this combination for severe enterococcal infections when first-line antibiotic combinations cannot be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Entenza
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marlyse Giddey
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Vouillamoz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Moreillon
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Mancini
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Wang JS, Muzevich K, Edmond MB, Bearman G, Stevens MP. Central nervous system infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: case series and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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22
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Vivas M, Force E, Garrigos C, Tubau F, Platteel ACM, Ariza J, Cabellos C. Experimental study of the efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:3020-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antimicrobial with in vitro bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria that was first approved for clinical use in 2004 in the United States. Since this time, significant data have emerged regarding the use of daptomycin for the treatment of serious infections, such as bacteremia and endocarditis, caused by Gram-positive pathogens. However, there are also increasing reports of daptomycin nonsusceptibility, in Staphylococcus aureus and, in particular, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Such nonsusceptibility is largely in the context of prolonged treatment courses and infections with high bacterial burdens, but it may occur in the absence of prior daptomycin exposure. Nonsusceptibility in both S. aureus and Enterococcus is mediated by adaptations to cell wall homeostasis and membrane phospholipid metabolism. This review summarizes the data on daptomycin, including daptomycin's unique mode of action and spectrum of activity and mechanisms for nonsusceptibility in key pathogens, including S. aureus, E. faecium, and E. faecalis. The challenges faced by the clinical laboratory in obtaining accurate susceptibility results and reporting daptomycin MICs are also discussed.
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24
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Bookstaver PB, Bland CM, Qureshi ZP, Faulkner-Fennell CM, Sheldon MA, Caulder CR, Hartis C. Safety and Effectiveness of Daptomycin Across a Hospitalized Obese Population: Results of a Multicenter Investigation in the Southeastern United States. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:1322-30. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Brandon Bookstaver
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences; South Carolina College of Pharmacy; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina
| | - Christopher M. Bland
- Department of Pharmacy; Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center; Fort Gordon Georgia
| | - Zaina P. Qureshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences; South Carolina College of Pharmacy; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina
| | | | - Margrit A. Sheldon
- Department of Pharmacy; St. Joseph's/Candler Hospitals; Savannah Georgia
| | - Celeste R. Caulder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences; South Carolina College of Pharmacy; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina
| | - Charles Hartis
- Department of Pharmacy; Forsyth Medical Center; Winston-Salem North Carolina
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25
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Vena A, Falcone M, Comandini E, Meledandri M, Novelli A, Campanile F, Stefani S, Venditti M. Daptomycin plus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination therapy in post-neurosurgical meningitis caused by linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:99-102. [PMID: 23453066 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-neurosurgical infection is a serious complication that occurs in approx. 4% of all patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates and prolonged length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), are the most frequent pathogens involved in CNS post-neurosurgical meningitis. Treatment is challenging especially in patients with meningitis due to multidrug- resistant (MDR) CONS. Herein, we report a unique case of post-neurosurgical meningitis due to MRSE resistant to linezolid (a molecular analysis revealed the presence of the mutation G2576T on domain V of the 23S rRNA gene) and with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides, successfully treated with a combination of daptomycin at 10 mg/kg daily plus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). This antibiotic combination showed an indifferent interaction in in vitro studies. Daptomycin serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations, determined through blood and CSF samples drawn just prior to and 4 h after the third dose, were 18.9-0.78 and 51.65-3.1 mg/L, respectively. These values allowed us to approximate a 5-6% penetration rate of the drug through an inflamed blood-brain barrier. In conclusion, although further studies are needed, combination of high-dose daptomycin plus TMP/SMX is a reasonable option for treatment of meningitis caused by multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vena
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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26
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Frasca K, Schuster M. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal meningitis in an autologous stem cell transplant recipient cured with linezolid. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 15:E1-4. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.L. Frasca
- Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia; Pennsylvania; USA
| | - M.G. Schuster
- Department of Infectious Disease; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia; Pennsylvania; USA
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27
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Abstract
Bacterial meningitis kills or maims about a fifth of people with the disease. Early antibiotic treatment improves outcomes, but the effectiveness of widely available antibiotics is threatened by global emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. New antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, could have a role in these circumstances, but clinical data to support this notion are scarce. Additionally, whether or not adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapies (eg, dexamethasone) improve outcomes in patients with bacterial meningitis remains controversial; in resource-poor regions, where the disease burden is highest, dexamethasone is ineffective. Other adjunctive therapeutic strategies, such as glycerol, paracetamol, and induction of hypothermia, are being tested further. Therefore, bacterial meningitis is a substantial and evolving therapeutic challenge. We review this challenge, with a focus on strategies to optimise antibiotic efficacy in view of increasingly drug-resistant bacteria, and discuss the role of current and future adjunctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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28
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Cervera C, Mestres CA. [Daptomycin in outpatient antimicrobial parenteral therapy]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30 Suppl 1:59-63. [PMID: 22541978 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(12)70074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide with a rapid bactericidal effect against Gram-positive bacteria. The pharmacokinetic properties of this drug allow once-daily intravenous infusion as the best posology (including a 2-minute bolus). Because of its ease of administration and excellent safety profile, daptomycin is a first-line agent for use as outpatient antimicrobial parenteral therapy (OPAT). The best evidence supporting this indication exists for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections, as well as osteoarticular infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. For the remaining indications, the use of daptomycin as OPAT should be analyzed in each patient. Information from the EUCORE Registry in Spain indicates that daptomycin has high rates of treatment success in both hospitalized patient and in those included in OPAT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cervera
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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29
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Knoll BM, Hellmann M, Kotton CN. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis in adults: Case series and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 45:131-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2012.717711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Taglietti F, Campanile F, Capone A, Di Caro A, Grilli E, Stazi G, Bertuccio T, Petrosillo N, Stefani S. Daptomycin efficacy in the central nervous system of a patient with disseminated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2012; 6:264. [PMID: 22938025 PMCID: PMC3470956 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen in the last decades and also represents the second most common pathogen isolated from patients in outpatient settings. Although methicillin-resistant S.aureus infections were traditionally limited to hospitals, community-associated cases of methicillin-resistant S.aureus infections have been reported. In our case, we observed an unexpected event during treatment. CASE PRESENTATION A 60-year-old Caucasian man developed fever and multiple muscle and brain abscesses caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin-negative community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. CONCLUSION Although our patient was given antimicrobials active against the isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain, it was only after the introduction of daptomycin that his skin, soft tissue and muscle lesions and also brain manifestations improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Taglietti
- Second Infectious Diseases Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "LazzaroSpallanzani", Via Portuense, 292-00149, Rome, Italy.
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31
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Adjunctive daptomycin attenuates brain damage and hearing loss more efficiently than rifampin in infant rat pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4289-95. [PMID: 22644021 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00674-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammation in response to bacteriolysis by beta-lactam antibiotics contributes to brain damage and neurological sequelae in bacterial meningitis. Daptomycin, a nonlytic antibiotic acting on Gram-positive bacteria, lessens inflammation and brain injury compared to ceftriaxone. With a view to a clinical application for pediatric bacterial meningitis, we investigated the effect of combining daptomycin or rifampin with ceftriaxone in an infant rat pneumococcal meningitis model. Eleven-day-old Wistar rats with pneumococcal meningitis were randomized to treatment starting at 18 h after infection with (i) ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg of body weight, subcutaneously [s.c.], twice a day [b.i.d.]), (ii) daptomycin (10 mg/kg, s.c., daily) followed 15 min later by ceftriaxone, or (iii) rifampin (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.], b.i.d.) followed 15 min later by ceftriaxone. CSF was sampled at 6 and 22 h after the initiation of therapy and was assessed for concentrations of defined chemokines and cytokines. Brain damage was quantified by histomorphometry at 40 h after infection and hearing loss was assessed at 3 weeks after infection. Daptomycin plus ceftriaxone versus ceftriaxone significantly (P < 0.04) lowered CSF concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), MIP-1α, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) at 6 h and MIP-1α, IL-6, and IL-10 at 22 h after initiation of therapy, led to significantly (P < 0.01) less apoptosis, and significantly (P < 0.01) improved hearing capacity. While rifampin plus ceftriaxone versus ceftriaxone also led to lower CSF inflammation (P < 0.02 for IL-6 at 6 h), it had no significant effect on apoptosis and hearing capacity. Adjuvant daptomycin could therefore offer added benefits for the treatment of pediatric pneumococcal meningitis.
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Wahby KA, Alangaden GJ. Daptomycin failure in a neutropenic leukemia patient with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1610-2. [PMID: 22390617 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.661051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Use of Daptomycin as Salvage Therapy in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections Including Meningitis and Shunt Infections. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e318230238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Woehrl B, Klein M, Grandgirard D, Koedel U, Leib S. Bacterial meningitis: current therapy and possible future treatment options. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 9:1053-65. [PMID: 22029523 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite targeted therapy, case-fatality rates and neurologic sequelae of bacterial meningitis remain unacceptably high. The poor outcome is mainly due to secondary systemic and intracranial complications. These complications seem to be both a consequence of the inflammatory response to the invading pathogen and release of bacterial components by the pathogen itself. Therefore, within the last decades, research has focused on the mechanism underlying immune regulation and the inhibition of bacterial lysis in order to identify new targets for adjuvant therapy. The scope of this article is to give an overview on current treatment strategies of bacterial meningitis, to summarize new insights on the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis, and to give an outlook on new treatment strategies derived from experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Woehrl
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Kosmidis CI, Chandrasekar PH. Management of gram-positive bacterial infections in patients with cancer. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 53:8-18. [PMID: 21740298 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.602770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections, particularly those due to gram-positive bacteria, continue to predominate in patients with cancer. Coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci and enterococci remain as common pathogenic microorganisms. Clostridium difficile has emerged as a significant pathogen. Major clinical syndromes include vascular catheter-related infection, febrile neutropenia, diarrhea and colitis. Rising antimicrobial resistance among gram-positive bacteria is of serious concern. The clinical utility of penicillin against streptococci and vancomycin against coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci and enterococci may be rapidly diminishing. Liberal empiric use of vancomycin during neutropenic fever needs careful reconsideration. Newer promising anti-gram-positive bacterial drugs with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci include daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and telavancin. However, toxicity concerns, limited data in immunocompromised populations and high cost prevent the widespread use of these drugs among patients with cancer.
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Farina C, Russello G, Chinello P, Pasticci M, Raglio A, Ravasio V, Rizzi M, Scarparo C, Vailati F, Suter F. In vitro Activity Effects of Twelve Antibiotics Alone and in Association against Twenty-Seven Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from Italian Patients with Infective Endocarditis: High in vitro Synergistic Effect of the Association Ceftriaxone-Fosfomycin. Chemotherapy 2011; 57:426-33. [DOI: 10.1159/000330458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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