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Elad-Strenger J, Goldenberg A, Saguy T, Halperin E. How our ideological out-group shapes our emotional response to our shared socio-political reality. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:723-744. [PMID: 37987547 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
What shapes our emotional responses to socio-political events? Following the social identity approach, we suggest that individuals adjust their emotional responses to socio-political stimuli based on their ideological out-group's responses, in a manner that preserves the comparative and normative fit of ideological in-group-out-group categories. In Study 1 and Study 2 (pre-registered), Jewish-Israeli leftists and rightists were exposed to their ideological out-group's alleged emotional response to a stimulus associated with Israeli-Palestinian relations, which was either stereotypical (leftists expressing low anger and rightists expressing high anger) or non-stereotypical (leftists expressing high anger and rightists expressing low anger). Across studies, participants reported more positive affect towards their ideological out-group when its response to the stimulus was non-stereotypical versus stereotypical, yet their own response to the stimulus became more "extreme" (towards the low end of the anger scale for leftists, and towards the high end of the anger scale for rightists), shifting farther away from their ideological out-group norm. Our findings suggest that in highly polarized contexts, where "leftist" and "rightist" identities are largely defined in comparison to one another, the "positioning" of ideological groups relative to one another plays a role in shaping their responses to their shared socio-political reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Goldenberg
- Harvard Business School (NOM), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tamar Saguy
- School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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van Dick R, Frenzel SB, Erkens VA, Häusser JA, Haslam SA, Mojzisch A, Steffens NK, Junker NM. Reduced loneliness mediates the effects of multiple group identifications on well-being. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:1693-1714. [PMID: 37166233 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Membership of multiple groups and identification with those groups have been found to be positively related to individuals' health and well-being. The present research sought to replicate this finding in two large, representative samples. Moreover, we sought to extend previous work by shedding light on the mechanisms mediating the effects of multiple group membership on positive health outcomes. Specifically, we proposed that the links between multiple group membership and positive health outcomes are mediated by reduced feelings of loneliness. In Study 1, a two-wave survey of a German population, participants (N = 989) were asked about their identification with family, friends, neighbourhood, their country and humanity and 4 weeks later about feelings of loneliness, physical health and stress. As hypothesized, multiple identifications predicted lower stress. They were also associated with a marginal reduction in physical symptoms of poor health. Both relationships were mediated by the absence of loneliness. In Study 2, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of German participants (N = 1635), which also included a sixth target of identification (Europe). Results replicated findings from Study 1 and also found similar relations associated with smaller (family, friends and neighbourhood) versus larger (country, Europe and Humanity) foci of identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf van Dick
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Svenja B Frenzel
- Department of Social Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Valerie A Erkens
- Department of Social Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan A Häusser
- Department of Social Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S Alexander Haslam
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Mojzisch
- Psychology Department, University Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Niklas K Steffens
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nina M Junker
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Syropoulos S, Leidner B. Emphasizing Similarities Between Politically Opposed Groups and Their Influence in Perceptions of the Political Opposition: Evidence From Five Experiments. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231192384. [PMID: 37667660 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231192384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Across five experiments (four pre-registered, N = 4,431), we investigate whether emphasizing similarities between Republicans and Democrats can improve intergroup relations between the two groups. Members of both groups who were presented with evidence emphasizing similarities rather than differences in the psychological attitudes of both parties reported greater inclusion of the political opposition in the self, greater belief that common ground can be reached for major social issues, and warmer feelings toward the opposition. Inclusion of the political outgroup in the self mediated the effect of the similarities condition on additional outcomes, relating to more positive and less threatening perceptions of political opposition members. These findings held even when compared with a baseline condition with no information presented to participants. We conclude that by emphasizing the study of group similarities and by disseminating research in a way that highlights similarities, researchers could reduce intergroup hostilities in the political domain.
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Hahn M, Semrau T. Virtual interaction and failure learning—The crucial role of team LMX composition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2022.2151846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Accueil des réfugiés en France : le point de vue des Français d’origine maghrébine et des Français « natifs ». PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Intergroup Dialogues in the Landscape of Digital Societies: How Does the Dialogical Self Affect Intercultural Relations in Online Contexts? SOCIETIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/soc11030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intergroup dialogues on intercultural relations in digital societies and the growing conflict, inflammatory and hate speech phenomena characterizing these environments are receiving increasing attention in socio-psychological studies. Based on Allport’s contact theory, scholars have shown that online intercultural contact reduces ethnic prejudice and discrimination, although it is not yet clear when and how this occurs. By analyzing the role of the Dialogical Self in online intercultural dialogues, we aim to understand how individuals position themselves and others at three levels of inclusiveness—personal, social, and human—and how this process is associated with attitudes towards the interlocutor, intergroup bias and prejudice, whilst also considering the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity. An experimental procedure was administered via the Qualtrics platform, and data were collected among 118 undergraduate Italian students through an anonymous questionnaire. From ANOVA and moderation analysis, it emerged that the social level of inclusiveness was positively associated with ethnic/racial identity and intergroup bias. Furthermore, the human level of inclusiveness was associated with the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity, and unexpectedly, also with intergroup bias. We conclude that when people interact online as “human beings”, the positive effect of online dialogue fails, hindering the differentiation processes necessary to define one’s own and the interlocutor’s identities. We discuss the effects of intercultural dialogue in the landscape of digital societies and the relevance of our findings for theory, research and practice.
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Mitchell R, Boyle B, Snell L. The curvilinear effect of professional faultlines on team innovation: The pivotal role of professional identity threat. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mitchell
- Macquarie Business School Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Brendan Boyle
- Newcastle Business School University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Lanchi Snell
- Macquarie Business School Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
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Best S, Beech C, Robbé IJ, Williams S. Interprofessional teamwork: the role of professional identity and signature pedagogy - a mixed methods study. J Health Organ Manag 2021; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 33739777 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-06-2020-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One overlooked determinant of interprofessional teamwork is the mobilisation of professional identity. Taking a health or social care practitioner out of their professional silo and placing them in an interprofessional team setting will challenge their professional identity. The theory of signature pedagogy was used to investigate the challenges and what is needed to support practitioners to mobilise their professional identity to maximise teamwork. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A cross-sectional mixed methods study was undertaken in the form of three focus groups, with members of health and social care teams in Wales, UK. Using nominal group technique, participants explored and ranked the challenges and benefits of mobilising their professional identity within an interprofessional setting. FINDINGS Findings on mobilising professional identity were found to be aligned closely with the three signature pedagogy apprenticeships of learning to think and to perform like others in their profession and to act with moral integrity. The biggest challenge facing practitioners was thinking like others in their profession while in an interprofessional team. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS The focus of this study is health and social care teams within Wales, UK, which may limit the results to teams that have a similar representation of professionals. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Healthcare leaders should be aware of the opportunities to promote mobilisation of professional identity to maximise teamwork. For example, at induction, by introducing the different roles and shared responsibilities. Such practical implications do have consequences for policy as regards interprofessional team development and organisational commitments to adult learning and evaluation. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This is the first study of professional identity of interprofessional healthcare and social professionals using signature pedagogy to gain a better understanding of teamwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Best
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christian Beech
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Sharon Williams
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Testing the motivational tradeoffs between pathogen avoidance and status acquisition. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce disease transmission through interpersonal contact, humans have evolved a behavioral immune system that facilitates identification and avoidance of pathogens. One behavioral strategy in response to pathogenic threat is the adoption of interpersonal reticence. However, reticence may impede status acquisition. This program of research tested whether activating pathogen-avoidant motives through priming fosters reticence related to status, namely disinterest in pursuing a group leadership position (Study 1) or disinterest in accepting a group leadership position bestowed onto them (Study 2). Individuals high in germ aversion were particularly interested in pursuing leadership as a form of status, with disease salience unexpectedly heightening status motives among those low in germ aversion. Furthermore, those high in perceived infectability reported reluctance for high-status positions, although disease salience heightened interest in accepting such positions. We contextualize findings by identifying dispositional and situational factors that foster individuals to invoke motivational tradeoffs.
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Anier N, Badea C, Berthon M, Guimond S. Perceived acculturation preferences of minority groups and intergroup discrimination: When culture-specific intergroup norms matter. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Anier
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO, CNRS, UMR 6024); Université Clermont Auvergne
| | - Constantina Badea
- Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale (LAPPS EA 4386); Université Paris Nanterre
| | - Mickael Berthon
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO, CNRS, UMR 6024); Université Clermont Auvergne
| | - Serge Guimond
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO, CNRS, UMR 6024); Université Clermont Auvergne
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National Identification, Endorsement of Acculturation Ideologies and Prejudice: The Impact of the Perceived Threat of Immigration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Leszczensky L, Flache A, Stark TH, Munniksma A. The relation between ethnic classroom composition and adolescents’ ethnic pride. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217691363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how students’ ethnic pride was related to variation in ethnic composition between classrooms as well as within the same classroom over time. Predictions derived from optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT) were tested among 13- to 14-year-old ethnic majority and minority students ( N = 1,123). Lending support to ODT, a curvilinear relation between the share of same-ethnicity classmates and students’ ethnic pride was found in a cross-sectional analysis, with ethnic pride peaking in classrooms with approximately 50% same-ethnicity classmates. In line with ODT, longitudinal analyses revealed ethnic pride decreased for students who moved away from a share of 50% same-ethnicity classmates. Contrary to ODT, however, ethnic pride also decreased for students who moved closer to this point of optimal distinctiveness.
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Gray DL. Is psychological membership in the classroom a function of standing out while fitting in? Implications for achievement motivation and emotions. J Sch Psychol 2017; 61:103-121. [PMID: 28259241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Education researchers have consistently linked students' perceptions of "fitting in" at school with patterns of motivation and positive emotions. This study proposes that "standing out" is also helpful for producing these outcomes, and that standing out works in concert with perceptions of fitting in. In a sample of 702 high school students nested within 33 classrooms, principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were each conducted on half of the sample. Results support the proposed structure of measures of standing out and fitting in. Multilevel latent profile analysis was then used to classify students into four profiles of standing out while fitting in (SOFI): Unfulfilled, Somewhat Fulfilled, Nearly Fulfilled, and Fulfilled. A multinomial logistic regression revealed that students of color and those on who paid free/reduced prices lunch were overrepresented in the Unfulfilled and Somewhat Fulfilled profiles. A multilevel path analysis was then performed to assess the direct and indirect associations of profile membership with measures of task value and achievement emotions. Relative to the other profiles, students in the Fulfilled SOFI Profile express greater psychological membership in their classrooms and, in turn, express higher valuing of academic material (i.e., intrinsic value, utility value, and attainment value) and more positive achievement emotions (i.e., more enjoyment and pride; less boredom, hopelessness, and shame). This investigation provides critical insights on the potential benefits of structuring academic learning environments to foster feelings of distinctiveness among adolescents; and has implications for cultivating identities and achievement motivation in academic settings.
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Leonardelli GJ, Loyd DL. Optimal Distinctiveness Signals Membership Trust. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:843-54. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167216643934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
According to optimal distinctiveness theory, sufficiently small minority groups are associated with greater membership trust, even among members otherwise unknown, because the groups are seen as optimally distinctive. This article elaborates on the prediction’s motivational and cognitive processes and tests whether sufficiently small minorities (defined by relative size; for example, 20%) are associated with greater membership trust relative to mere minorities (45%), and whether such trust is a function of optimal distinctiveness. Two experiments, examining observers’ perceptions of minority and majority groups and using minimal groups and (in Experiment 2) a trust game, revealed greater membership trust in minorities than majorities. In Experiment 2, participants also preferred joining minorities over more powerful majorities. Both effects occurred only when minorities were 20% rather than 45%. In both studies, perceptions of optimal distinctiveness mediated effects. Discussion focuses on the value of relative size and optimal distinctiveness, and when membership trust manifests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J. Leonardelli
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise Lewin Loyd
- College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, USA
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Abstract
This article considers the social and psychological functions that norm-based thinking and behavior provide for the individual and the collectivity. We differentiate between two types of reference groups that provide norms: peer groups versus aspirational groups. We integrate functionalist accounts by distinguishing the functions served by the norms of different reference groups, different degrees of norm moralization, and different directions of responses to norm activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Liu
- Peking University, Beijing, China
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Hall DL, Blanton H, Prentice DA. Being Much Better and No Worse than Others: Deviance Regulation, Self-Guides, and the Motive to be Distinct. SELF AND IDENTITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2014.969302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Leonardelli GJ, Toh SM. Social Categorization in Intergroup Contexts: Three Kinds of Self-Categorization. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gray DL. Understanding STEM-focused high school students’ perceptions of task importance: The role of “standing out” and “fitting in” in mathematics class. CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Easterbrook M, Vignoles VL. What does it mean to belong? Interpersonal bonds and intragroup similarities as predictors of felt belonging in different types of groups. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Badea C. Modèles d’intégration, identification nationale et attitudes envers les immigrés en France. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.124.0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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21
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Modèles d’intégration, identification nationale et attitudes envers les immigrés en France. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503312004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Leonardelli GJ, Pickett CL, Brewer MB. Optimal Distinctiveness Theory. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(10)43002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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