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Rockson L, Btoush R. Cervical Cancer Screening Among Older Garifuna Women Residing in New York City. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1600-1610. [PMID: 37212964 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the level of adherence to the recommended cervical cancer screening guidelines among Garifuna women residing in New York City, and screening practice association with demographic factors, access to healthcare services, perceptions/barriers to cervical cancer screening, acculturation, identity, and level of screening guideline knowledge. Four hundred Garifuna women were surveyed. The study results reveal low self-reported cervical cancer screening rates (60%), increased age, visiting a Garifuna healer in the past year, perceived benefits of receiving the screening test, and knowledge of the Pap test as having the highest predictive variability for receiving cervical cancer screening. The odds of having a Pap test were significantly lower in older women (age 65 years and above) and those visiting a traditional healer within the past year. The study findings provide several implications for developing culturally appropriate interventions aimed to increase the level of cervical cancer screening in this unique immigrant group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Rockson
- Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA.
| | - Rula Btoush
- Rutgers School of Nursing, 180 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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2
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Bukowski A, Hoyo C, Vielot NA, Graff M, Kosorok MR, Brewster WR, Maguire RL, Murphy SK, Nedjai B, Ladoukakis E, North KE, Smith JS. Epigenome-wide methylation and progression to high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+): a prospective cohort study in the United States. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1072. [PMID: 37932662 PMCID: PMC10629205 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation levels may be associated with and serve as markers to predict risk of progression of precancerous cervical lesions. We conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of CpG methylation and progression to high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2 +) following an abnormal screening test. METHODS A prospective US cohort of 289 colposcopy patients with normal or CIN1 enrollment histology was assessed. Baseline cervical sample DNA was analyzed using Illumina HumanMethylation 450K (n = 76) or EPIC 850K (n = 213) arrays. Participants returned at provider-recommended intervals and were followed up to 5 years via medical records. We assessed continuous CpG M values for 9 cervical cancer-associated genes and time-to-progression to CIN2+. We estimated CpG-specific time-to-event ratios (TTER) and hazard ratios using adjusted, interval-censored Weibull accelerated failure time models. We also conducted an exploratory EWAS to identify novel CpGs with false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05. RESULTS At enrollment, median age was 29.2 years; 64.0% were high-risk HPV-positive, and 54.3% were non-white. During follow-up (median 24.4 months), 15 participants progressed to CIN2+. Greater methylation levels were associated with a shorter time-to-CIN2+ for CADM1 cg03505501 (TTER = 0.28; 95%CI 0.12, 0.63; FDR = 0.03) and RARB Cluster 1 (TTER = 0.46; 95% CI 0.29, 0.71; FDR = 0.01). There was evidence of similar trends for DAPK1 cg14286732, PAX1 cg07213060, and PAX1 Cluster 1. The EWAS detected 336 novel progression-associated CpGs, including those located in CpG islands associated with genes FGF22, TOX, COL18A1, GPM6A, XAB2, TIMP2, GSPT1, NR4A2, and APBB1IP. CONCLUSIONS Using prospective time-to-event data, we detected associations between CADM1-, DAPK1-, PAX1-, and RARB-related CpGs and cervical disease progression, and we identified novel progression-associated CpGs. IMPACT Methylation levels at novel CpG sites may help identify individuals with ≤CIN1 histology at higher risk of progression to CIN2+ and inform risk-based cervical cancer screening guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bukowski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 60 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Nadja A Vielot
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 60 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michael R Kosorok
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Wendy R Brewster
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 60 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rachel L Maguire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Belinda Nedjai
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Efthymios Ladoukakis
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 60 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer S Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 60 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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3
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Ilic I, Babic G, Dimitrijevic A, Sipetic Grujicic S, Ilic M. Psychological Distress in Women With Abnormal Pap Smear Results Attending Cervical Cancer Screening. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2023; 27:343-350. [PMID: 37535069 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women often experience psychological distress upon receipt of an abnormal Pap test result. This study aimed to evaluate psychological distress and its correlates among women who received an abnormal Pap screening test result. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in a cohort of 172 consecutive women who had attended screening for cervical cancer and who received abnormal Pap smear results and underwent additional diagnostic procedures (colposcopy/biopsy/endocervical curettage). The participants filled out a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables and the Cervical Dysplasia Distress Questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression was used for the analysis of the data. For multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction was applied to adjust the level of significance. RESULTS In women who received an abnormal Pap smear result, the independent correlate of higher psychological distress (by Cervical Dysplasia Distress Questionnaire score) before diagnostic procedures was lower satisfaction with information/support received from other people ( p = .002). Correlates of psychological distress in women older than 40 years with abnormal Pap smear were anxiety ( p = .042) and worry about having cervical cancer, general health and having sex ( p = .044). CONCLUSIONS The authors' findings could enable control of factors predictive of psychological distress in women who received a positive Pap smear screening test before undergoing diagnostic procedures, primarily via active provision of targeted information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Ilic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Babic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Dimitrijevic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Milena Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Kohler RE, Hemler J, Wagner RB, Sullivan B, Macenat M, Tagai EK, Miller SM, Wen KY, Ayers C, Einstein MH, Hudson SV. Confusion and anxiety in between abnormal cervical cancer screening results and colposcopy: "The land of the unknown". PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2023; 114:107810. [PMID: 37244133 PMCID: PMC10527466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attendance to colposcopy after abnormal cervical cancer screening is essential to cervical cancer prevention. This qualitative study explored patients' understanding of screening results, their experiences of the time leading up to the colposcopy appointment, and colposcopy. METHODS We recruited women referred for colposcopy from two urban practices in an academic health system. Individual interviews (N = 15) with participants were conducted after colposcopy appointments about their cervical cancer screening histories, current results, and colposcopy experiences. A team analyzed and summarized interviews and coded transcripts in Atlas.ti. RESULTS We found that most women were confused about their screening results, did not know what a colposcopy was before being referred for one, and experienced anxiety in the interval between receiving their results and having their colposcopy. Most women searched for information online, but found "misinformation," "worst-case scenarios" and generic information that did not resolve their confusion. CONCLUSION Women had little understanding of their cervical cancer risk and experienced anxiety looking for information and waiting for the colposcopy. Educating patients about cervical precancer and colposcopy, providing tailored information about their abnormal screening test results and potential next steps, and helping women manage distress may alleviate uncertainty while waiting for follow-up appointments. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Interventions to manage uncertainty and distress in the interval between receiving an abnormal screening test result and attending colposcopy are needed, even among highly adherent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racquel E Kohler
- Center for Cancer Health Equity, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 120 Albany St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Jennifer Hemler
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 303 George St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Rachel B Wagner
- Center for Cancer Health Equity, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 120 Albany St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Brittany Sullivan
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 303 George St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Myneka Macenat
- Center for Cancer Health Equity, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 120 Albany St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Erin K Tagai
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center/Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Suzanne M Miller
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center/Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kuang-Yi Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 834 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Charletta Ayers
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mark H Einstein
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Shawna V Hudson
- Center for Cancer Health Equity, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 120 Albany St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 303 George St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Huguet N, Danna M, Baron A, Hall J, Hodes T, O’Malley J, Holderness H, Marino M, DeVoe JE, Cohen DJ. Delivery of Cervical and Colorectal Cancer Screenings During the Pandemic in Community Health Centers: Practice Changes and Recovery Strategies. Med Care 2023; 61:554-561. [PMID: 37310241 PMCID: PMC10319245 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to clinical practice changes, which affected cancer preventive care delivery. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the delivery of colorectal cancer (CRC) and cervical cancer (CVC) screenings. RESEARCH DESIGN Parallel mixed methods design using electronic health record data (extracted between January 2019 and July 2021). Study results focused on 3 pandemic-related periods: March-May 2020, June-October 2020, and November 2020-September 2021. SUBJECTS Two hundred seventeen community health centers located in 13 states and 29 semistructured interviews from 13 community health centers. MEASURES Monthly up-to-date CRC and CVC screening rates and monthly rates of completed colonoscopies, fecal immunochemical test (FIT)/fecal occult blood test (FOBT) procedures, Papanicolaou tests among age and sex-eligible patients. Analysis used generalized estimating equations Poisson modeling. Qualitative analysts developed case summaries and created a cross-case data display for comparison. RESULTS The results showed a reduction of 75% for colonoscopy [rate ratio (RR) = 0.250, 95% CI: 0.224-0.279], 78% for FIT/FOBT (RR = 0.218, 95% CI: 0.208-0.230), and 87% for Papanicolaou (RR = 0.130, 95% CI: 0.125-0.136) rates after the start of the pandemic. During this early pandemic period, CRC screening was impacted by hospitals halting services. Clinic staff moved toward FIT/FOBT screenings. CVC screening was impacted by guidelines encouraging pausing CVC screening, patient reluctance, and concerns about exposure. During the recovery period, leadership-driven preventive care prioritization and quality improvement capacity influenced CRC and CVC screening maintenance and recovery. CONCLUSIONS Efforts supporting quality improvement capacity could be key actionable elements for these health centers to endure major disruptions to their care delivery system and to drive rapid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Huguet
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Maria Danna
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Andrea Baron
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jennifer Hall
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Tahlia Hodes
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Heather Holderness
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Miguel Marino
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jennifer E. DeVoe
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Deborah J. Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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Rockwell MS, Armbruster SD, Capucao JC, Russell KB, Rockwell JA, Perkins KE, Huffstetler AN, Mafi JN, Fendrick AM. Reallocating Cervical Cancer Preventive Service Spending from Low- to High-Value Clinical Scenarios. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:385-391. [PMID: 36976753 PMCID: PMC10320459 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Timely follow-up care after an abnormal cervical cancer screening test result is critical to the prevention and early diagnosis of cervical cancer. The current inadequate and inequitable delivery of these potentially life-saving services is attributed to several factors, including patient out-of-pocket costs. Waiving of consumer cost-sharing for follow-up testing (e.g., colposcopy and related cervical services) is likely to improve access and uptake, especially among underserved populations. One approach to defray the incremental costs of providing more generous coverage for follow-up testing is reducing expenditures on "low-value" cervical cancer screening services. To explore the potential fiscal implications of a policy that redirects cervical cancer screening resources from potentially low- to high-value clinical scenarios, we analyzed 2019 claims from the Virginia All-Payer Claims Database to quantify (i) total spending on low-value cervical cancer screening and (ii) out-of-pocket costs associated with colposcopy and related cervical services among commercially insured Virginians. In a cohort of 1,806,921 female patients (ages 48.1 ± 24.8 years), 295,193 claims for cervical cancer screening were reported, 100,567 (34.0%) of which were determined to be low-value ($4,394,361 total; $4,172,777 for payers and $221,584 out-of-pocket [$2/patient]). Claims for 52,369 colposcopy and related cervical services were reported ($40,994,016 total; $33,457,518 for payers and $7,536,498 out-of-pocket [$144/patient]). These findings suggest that reallocating savings incurred from unnecessary spending to fund more generous coverage of necessary follow-up care is a feasible approach to enhancing cervical cancer prevention equity and outcomes. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Out-of-pocket fees are a barrier to follow-up care after an abnormal cervical cancer screening test. Among commercially insured Virginians, out-of-pocket costs for follow-up services averaged $144/patient; 34% of cervical cancer screenings were classified as low value. Reallocating low-value cervical cancer screening expenditures to enhance coverage for follow-up care can improve screening outcomes. See related Spotlight, p. 363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. Rockwell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shannon D. Armbruster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | | | | | - Karen E. Perkins
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Alison N. Huffstetler
- The Robert Graham Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John N. Mafi
- Division of Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - A. Mark Fendrick
- Center for Value-Based Insurance Design, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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7
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Huguet N, Ezekiel-Herrera D, Gunn R, Pierce A, O'Malley J, Jones M, Marino M, Gold R. Uptake of a Cervical Cancer Clinical Decision Support Tool: A Mixed-Methods Study. Appl Clin Inform 2023; 14:594-599. [PMID: 37532232 PMCID: PMC10411153 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1769913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical decision support (CDS) tools that provide point-of-care reminders of patients' care needs may improve rates of guideline-concordant cervical cancer screening. However, uptake of such electronic health record (EHR)-based tools in primary care practices is often low. This study describes the frequency of factors associated with, and barriers and facilitators to adoption of a cervical cancer screening CDS tool (CC-tool) implemented in a network of community health centers. METHODS This mixed-methods sequential explanatory study reports on CC-tool use among 480 community-based clinics, located across 18 states. Adoption of the CC-tool was measured as any instance of tool use (i.e., entry of cervical cancer screening results or follow-up plan) and as monthly tool use rates from November 1, 2018 (tool release date) to December 31, 2020. Adjusted odds and rates of tool use were evaluated using logistic and negative-binomial regression. Feedback from nine clinic staff representing six clinics during user-centered design sessions and semi-structured interviews with eight clinic staff from two additional clinics were conducted to assess barriers and facilitators to tool adoption. RESULTS The CC-tool was used ≥1 time in 41% of study clinics during the analysis period. Clinics that ever used the tool and those with greater monthly tool use had, on average, more encounters, more patients from households at >138% federal poverty level, fewer pediatric encounters, higher up-to-date cervical cancer screening rates, and higher rates of abnormal cervical cancer screening results. Qualitative data indicated barriers to tool adoption, including lack of knowledge of the tool's existence, understanding of its functionalities, and training on its use. CONCLUSION Without effective systems for informing users about new EHR functions, new or updated EHR tools are unlikely to be widely adopted, reducing their potential to improve health care quality and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Huguet
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - David Ezekiel-Herrera
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Rose Gunn
- OCHIN Inc., Portland, Oregon, United States
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Marino
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Rachel Gold
- OCHIN Inc., Portland, Oregon, United States
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, United States
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8
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Ruff A, Harper DM, Dalton V, Fendrick AM. Coverage for the Entire Cervical Cancer Screening Process Without Cost-Sharing: Lessons From Colorectal Cancer Screening. Womens Health Issues 2023; 33:113-116. [PMID: 36529597 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ruff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Diane M Harper
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Women and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vanessa Dalton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - A Mark Fendrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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9
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Ngongo WM, Peterson J, Lipiszko D, Gard LA, Wright KM, Parzuchowski AS, Ravenna PA, Cooper AJ, Persell SD, O'Brien MJ, Goel MS. Examining How Social Risk Factors Are Integrated Into Clinical Settings Using Existing Data: A Scoping Review. Ann Fam Med 2023; 21:S68-S74. [PMID: 36849484 PMCID: PMC9970670 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Integrating social care into clinical care requires substantial resources. Use of existing data through a geographic information system (GIS) has the potential to support efficient and effective integration of social care into clinical settings. We conducted a scoping literature review characterizing its use in primary care settings to identify and address social risk factors. METHODS In December 2018, we searched 2 databases and extracted structured data for eligible articles that (1) described the use of GIS in clinical settings to identify and/or intervene on social risks, (2) were published between December 2013 and December 2018, and (3) were based in the United States. Additional studies were identified by examining references. RESULTS Of the 5,574 articles included for review, 18 met study eligibility criteria: 14 (78%) were descriptive studies, 3 (17%) tested an intervention, and 1 (6%) was a theoretical report. All studies used GIS to identify social risks (increase awareness); 3 studies (17%) described interventions to address social risks, primarily by identifying relevant community resources and aligning clinical services to patients' needs. CONCLUSIONS Most studies describe associations between GIS and population health outcomes; however, there is a paucity of literature regarding GIS use to identify and address social risk factors in clinical settings. GIS technology may assist health systems seeking to address population health outcomes through alignment and advocacy; its current application in clinical care delivery is infrequent and largely limited to referring patients to local community resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wivine M Ngongo
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonna Peterson
- Galter Health Sciences Library & Learning Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dawid Lipiszko
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren A Gard
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine M Wright
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Paul A Ravenna
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew J Cooper
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen D Persell
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Center for Primary Care Innovation, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew J O'Brien
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mita Sanghavi Goel
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Harper DM, Kamdar N, Dalton V, Fendrick AM. Equity enhancing policies that increase access and affordability of cervical cancer screening in the United States: A Preventive Medicine Golden Jubilee Commentary. Prev Med 2023; 166:107383. [PMID: 36495923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Harper
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, MI, USA; Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Neil Kamdar
- Institute for Health Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vanessa Dalton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, MI, USA; Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Mark Fendrick
- Center for Value-Based Insurance Design, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Chao CR, Chubak J, Beaber EF, Kamineni A, Mao C, Silverberg MJ, Tiro JA, Skinner C, Garcia M, Corley DA, Winer RL, Raine‐Bennett T, Feldman S, Wheeler CM. Gaps in the screening process for women diagnosed with cervical cancer in four diverse US health care settings. Cancer Med 2022; 12:3705-3717. [PMID: 36106421 PMCID: PMC9939213 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential care gaps in the cervical cancer screening process among women diagnosed with cervical cancer in an era with increased human papillomavirus (HPV) testing have not been extensively evaluated. METHODS Women diagnosed with cervical cancer between ages 21 and 65 at four study sites between 2010 and 2014 were included. Screening histories were ascertained from 0.5 to 4 years prior to cervical cancer diagnosis. We identified potential care gaps in the screening history for each woman and classified them into one of three mutually exclusive types: lack of a screening test, screening test failure, and diagnostic/treatment care gap. Distributions of care gaps were tabulated by stage, histology, and study site. Multivariable nominal logistic regression was used to examine the associations between demographic and cancer characteristics and type of care gap. RESULTS Of 499 women evaluated, 46% lacked a screening test in the time window examined, 31% experienced a screening test failure, and 22% experienced a diagnostic/treatment care gap. More than half of the women with advanced cancer and squamous cell carcinoma lacked a screening test compared to 31% and 24% of women with localized cancer and adenocarcinoma, respectively. Women aged 21-29 at diagnosis were more likely to experience screening test failure and diagnostic/treatment care gap, while those aged 50-65 were more likely to lack a screening test, compared to women aged 30-39. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a continuing need to develop interventions targeting unscreened and under-screened women and improve detection and diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in women undergoing cervical cancer screening and diagnostic follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun R. Chao
- Department of Research and EvaluationKaiser Permanente Southern CaliforniaPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jessica Chubak
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Elisabeth F. Beaber
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences DivisionSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Aruna Kamineni
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Connie Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Jasmin A. Tiro
- Department of Population and Data SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Celette Skinner
- Department of Population and Data SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Michael Garcia
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences DivisionSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Douglas A. Corley
- Division of ResearchKaiser Permanente Northern CaliforniaOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rachel L. Winer
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Tina Raine‐Bennett
- Division of ResearchKaiser Permanente Northern CaliforniaOaklandCaliforniaUSA,Medicines360San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah Feldman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Cosette M. Wheeler
- Center for HPV PreventionUniversity of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
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12
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Boitano TK, Ketch P, Maier JG, Nguyen CT, Huh WK, Michael Straughn J, Scarinci IC. Increased disparities associated with black women and abnormal cervical cancer screening follow-up. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2022; 42:101041. [PMID: 35898199 PMCID: PMC9309676 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2022.101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely follow-up and treatment after abnormal cervical cancer screening is lacking in over half of all women. Black women have the lowest rate of follow-up after abnormal screening. One-fourth of Black and Hispanic women have delayed follow-up. Insurance status is also associated with timely follow-up with abnormal cervical cancer screening.
Background To determine whether race and ethnicity impacts patient adherence to follow-up for colposcopy after abnormal cervical cancer screening. Methods This retrospective chart review included women that were randomly selected from patients presenting to our colposcopy clinic from 1/2019 to 12/2019. Inclusion criteria were females age ≥21 years-old and appropriate referral for colposcopy. Patients were grouped into three categories: (1) ADHERENT to follow-up if they came to their first scheduled appointment; (2) DELAYED if they presented more than three months from their original referral (usually missing 1–3 appointments); and (3) NOT ADHERENT if they did not show for their appointment after referral. Analysis was performed using SPSS v.26. Results 284 women met inclusion criteria for the study. The majority of women were Black (65.2 %) followed by non-Hispanic Whites (20.0 %) and Latinx (14.8 %). Overall, 39.1 % were ADHERENT, 18.6 % were DELAYED, and 42.3 % were NOT ADHERENT. When compared with non-Hispanic White women, there was a significant difference between race/ethnicity and timing of follow-up (p = 0.03). Blacks were more likely to be NOT ADHERENT (45.9 %; p = 0.03), and Latinx and Blacks were the most likely to be DELAYED (35.7 % and 21.1 %; p = 0.03). Private insurance patients were more likely to be ADHERENT for care compared with un-/underinsured patients (78.9 vs 27.8 %, p = 0.0001). Conclusion There is inadequate follow-up after abnormal cervical cancer screening across all races/ethnicities; however, lack of adherence is higher in Black patients. Moreover, 25% of Hispanic and Black women present in a delayed fashion. Culturally relevant assessments and interventions are needed to understand and address these gaps.
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13
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Hertzum-Larsen R, Kjær SK, Frederiksen K, Thomsen LT. Follow-up after abnormal cervical cancer screening in immigrants compared with Danish-born women - A nationwide register study. Prev Med 2021; 153:106776. [PMID: 34450191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer screening is offered free-of-charge to women aged 23-64 years in Denmark. Immigrants participate less in screening than Danish-born women, but little is known about their participation in follow-up after abnormal screening results. In this registry-based cohort study, we examined the likelihood of timely follow-up after an abnormal cervical cytology in immigrants from different countries and regions compared with Danish-born women. In nationwide registers, we identified women aged 23-64 years with high-grade (n = 74,335) or low-grade (n = 174,038) abnormal cytology during 1997-2017. Timely follow-up was defined as a new examination within six months for high-grade and 18 months for low-grade abnormalities. We calculated the probability of timely follow-up by country and region of origin and estimated odds ratios (ORs) of timely follow-up between immigrants and Danish-born women. The proportions with timely follow-up after high-grade abnormalities ranged from 90.6%-95.1% in immigrants from different countries or regions, compared with 95.5% in Danish-born women. For low-grade abnormalities, follow-up ranged from 75.2%-92.8% in immigrants, compared with 90.6% in Danish-born women. Women from Sub-Saharan Africa had low probability of timely follow-up after both high-grade (90.9%) and low-grade (75.2%) abnormalities. The differences between immigrants and Danish-born women remained when adjusting for age, year, income, employment and marital status. In conclusion, immigrants from most countries and regions were slightly less likely than Danish-born women to receive timely follow-up after abnormal cervical cytology, also after adjusting for socioeconomic differences. Efforts should be made to improve follow-up of abnormal screening results in immigrant groups with low attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Hertzum-Larsen
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne K Kjær
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Frederiksen
- Unit of Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise T Thomsen
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Harper DM, Tariq M, Alhawli A, Syed N, Patel M, Resnicow K. Cancer risk perception and physician communication behaviors on cervical cancer and colorectal cancer screening. eLife 2021; 10:e70003. [PMID: 34427182 PMCID: PMC8384416 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women 50-65 years of age have the lowest cervical and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates among ages recommended for screening. The primary aim of this work is to determine how cancer risk perceptions and provider communication behaviors, in addition to known demographic factors, influence the uptake of both cervical and CRC screening or a single screen among women in southeast Michigan. Methods Fourteen health services and communication behavior questions were adapted from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) and administered to a multiethnic sample of adults in southeast Michigan. The outcome variable was self-reported up-to-date cervical cancer and/or CRC screening as defined by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Demographic and cancer risk/communication behavior responses of the four screening populations (both tests, one test, no tests) were analyzed with multinomial regression for all comparisons. Results Of the 394 respondents, 54% were up to date for both cervical and CRC screening, 21% were up to date with only cervical cancer screening and 12% were up to date for only CRC screening. Of the 14 risk perception and communication behavior questions, only 'Did your primary care physician (PCP) involve you in the decisions about your health care as much as you wanted?' was significantly associated with women having both screens compared to only cervical cancer screening (aOR 1.67; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.57). The multivariate model showed age, and Middle East and North African (MENA) ethnicity and Black race, in addition to PCP-patient dyad decision-making to be associated with the cancer screenings women completed. Conclusions Optimizing PCP-patient decision-making in health care may increase opportunities for both cervical cancer and CRC screening either in the office or by self-sampling. Understanding the effects of age and the different interventional strategies needed for MENA women compared to Black women will inform future intervention trials aimed to increase both cancer screenings. Funding This work was supported by NIH through the Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research UL1TR002240 and by NCI through The University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center P30CA046592-29-S4 grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Harper
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan School of MedicineAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan School of MedicineAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science and the ArtsAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Madiha Tariq
- Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS)DearbornUnited States
| | - Asraa Alhawli
- Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS)DearbornUnited States
| | - Nadia Syed
- Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS)DearbornUnited States
| | - Minal Patel
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of PublicAnn ArborUnited States
- Outreach and Health Disparities Research, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Ken Resnicow
- Outreach and Health Disparities Research, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborUnited States
- Center for Health Communications Research, University of Michigan, School of Public HealthAnn ArborUnited States
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15
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Paolino M, Gago J, Pera AL, Cinto O, Thouyaret L, Arrossi S. Adherence to triage among women with HPV-positive self-collection: a study in a middle-low income population in Argentina. Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1138. [PMID: 33281930 PMCID: PMC7685770 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Screening for cervical cancer (CC) prevention has substantially changed with the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) tests. This technology compared to cytology has increased the detection of pre-malignant and malignant cervical lesions in real-world programmes in different settings. Very importantly, through self-collection, HPV testing can reduce barriers to screening and increase coverage. However, when using HPV self-collection, triage tests are a key step in the CC prevention process, and high adherence to triage has been difficult to obtain in low-middle income settings. The aim of this study was to measure adherence to triage among women with HPV+ self-collection and analysed factors associated with this adherence in a middle-low resource setting in Argentina. We also evaluated key indicators related to the implementation of the HPV self-collection strategy. Methods We analysed data on screening/triage/diagnosis/treatment from women aged 30+ who performed self-collection between 2015 and 2017 (n = 15,763), in the public health system in Tucuman, Argentina. We analysed secondary data from the national screening information system. The primary outcomes were: 1) adherence to cytology triage within the recommended timeframe (120 days) and 2) overall adherence to cytology triage including data at 18 months after screening. Multivariable regression was used to examine the association between age group, year of the screening test, record of the previous Pap-based screening and health insurance status with adherence to triage test as a primary outcome. We reported odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-value of 0.05, which was considered the threshold for p-values). Results We analysed data of 2,389 HPV+ women. The overall adherence to triage at 18 months was 42.9%. The percentage of women completing cytology triage within the recommended timeframe of 120 days was lower (25.2%). Women with the record of a previous Pap-based screening had 1.86 times the odds of having a triage compared to women without a record of a previous Pap-based screening (95% CI: 1.64–2.64, p <0.001). Furthermore, the probability of having triage at the recommended timeframe was higher among women who were older and women with public health insurance. Conclusions Our results showed that adherence to triage in the recommended timeframe was low. In addition, the probability of having triage at the recommended timeframe was higher among women with a record of a previous Pap-based screening, a proxy of the use of health services. Our results showed that adherence to triage in the context of the HPV-self-collection strategy is challenging. The implementation of alternative approaches that might facilitate adherence to triage should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Paolino
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sánchez de Bustamante 27, Buenos Aires 1193, Argentina.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-1570
| | - Juan Gago
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine, New York University (NYU), 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anabella Le Pera
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad, Sánchez de Bustamante 27, Buenos Aires 1193, Argentina
| | - Oscar Cinto
- Ministerio de Salud Pública de Tucumán, Av. República del Líbano 956, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.,Retired
| | - Laura Thouyaret
- Programa Nacional de Prevención de Cáncer Cervicouterino /Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (Argentina), Julio A, Roca 781, Piso 9, Buenos Aires 1067, Argentina
| | - Silvina Arrossi
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sánchez de Bustamante 27, Buenos Aires 1193, Argentina.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-0938
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16
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McGee-Avila JK, Doose M, Nova J, Kumar R, Stroup AM, Tsui J. Patterns of HIV testing among women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer in the New Jersey Medicaid Program. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 31:931-941. [PMID: 32803402 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Practice-based guidelines recommend HIV testing during initial invasive cervical cancer (ICC) workup. Determinants of HIV testing during diagnosis of AIDS-defining cancers in vulnerable populations, where risk for HIV infection is higher, are under-explored. METHODS We examine factors associated with patterns of HIV testing among Medicaid enrollees diagnosed with ICC. Using linked data from the New Jersey State Cancer Registry and New Jersey Medicaid claims and enrollment files, we evaluated HIV testing among 242 ICC cases diagnosed from 2012 to 2014 in ages 21-64 at (a) any point during Medicaid enrollment (2011-2014) and (b) during cancer workup 6 months pre ICC diagnosis to 6 months post ICC diagnosis. Logistic regression models identified factors associated with HIV testing. RESULTS Overall, 13% of women had a claim for HIV testing during ICC workup. Two-thirds (68%) of women did not have a claim for HIV testing (non-receipt of HIV testing) while enrolled in Medicaid. Hispanic/NH-API/Other women had lower odds of non-receipt of HIV testing compared with NH-Whites (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.17-0.94). Higher odds of non-receipt of HIV testing were observed among cases with no STI testing (OR: 4.92; 95% CI 2.27-10.67) and < 1 year of Medicaid enrollment (OR: 3.07; 95% CI 1.14- 8.26) after adjusting for other factors. CONCLUSIONS Few women had HIV testing claims during ICC workup. Opportunities for optimal ICC care are informed by knowledge of HIV status. Further research should explore if lack of HIV testing claims during ICC workup is an accurate indicator of ICC care, and if so, to assess testing barriers during workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K McGee-Avila
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- François-Xavier Bagnoud Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Michelle Doose
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jose Nova
- Center for State Health Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rizie Kumar
- Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Antoinette M Stroup
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer Tsui
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Center for State Health Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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