1
|
Eto S, Shinada M, Saeki K, Tsuboi M, Kamoto S, Yoshitake R, Chambers J, Uchida K, Kato D, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Pan-tumour analysis of COX-2 expression in dogs. Vet J 2024; 304:106064. [PMID: 38242282 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with inflammatory microenvironment and tumour progression. COX-2 expression was reported in canine tumours, and anti-COX treatment showed therapeutic effects in selected tumour types. Currently, direct comparisons between different tumour types or reports were impossible due to varying evaluation protocols. Additionally, COX-2 expression in relatively uncommon tumours were yet to be evaluated. Here, we analysed COX-2 expression across various tumour types in dogs in a consistent protocol, aiming to revisit accumulated evidence in the field and report novel candidate tumours for anti-COX therapy. COX-2 expression in 32 histological types of tumours, which consisted of 347 samples in total, was investigated using immunohistochemistry followed by the Belshaw's method scoring (range: 0-12). More than the half of the samples expressed COX-2 in mast cell tumours, transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary tract, squamous cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, and melanoma, with COX-2 median scores ranging from 1-8. On the other hand, <20% tissues expressed COX-2 in the half of tumour types investigated. Overall COX-2 positive rate was 27%. In conclusion, the results confirmed COX-2 expression in the well-known COX-2-expresing tumour types and suggested novel candidate tumours for anti-COX-2 therapy. At the same time, overall COX-2 expression was low, and inter- and intra-histology heterogeneity was apparent. This study will provide a foundation reference for future research in canine tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Eto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kohei Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-0085, Japan.
| | - Masaya Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu CH, Yu SH, Wu CH, Yeh JLS, Chang HW, Jeng CR, Chang YC. Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor robenacoxib on primary cells derived from feline injection-site sarcoma. J Cell Mol Med 2023. [PMID: 37334757 PMCID: PMC10399534 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs) are highly invasive malignant mesenchymal neoplasms that arise from injection sites in cats. Although the tumorigenesis of FISSs is still uncertain, there is a consensus that FISS is associated with chronic inflammation caused by irritation of injection-related trauma and foreign chemical substances. Chronic inflammation can provide a proper microenvironment for tumour development, which has been known as one of the risk factors of tumorigenesis in many tumours. To investigate the tumorigenesis of FISS and screen for its potential therapeutic targets, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inflammation-enhancing enzyme, was selected as a target for this study. In vitro experiments using FISS- and normal tissue-derived primary cells and robenacoxib, a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, were performed. The results demonstrated that expression of COX-2 could be detected in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded FISS tissues and FISS-derived primary cells. Cell viability, migration and colony formation of FISS-derived primary cells were inhibited, and cell apoptosis was enhanced by robenacoxib in a dose-dependent manner. However, susceptibility to robenacoxib varied in different lines of FISS primary cells and was not completely correlated with COX-2 expression. Our results suggest that COX-2 inhibitors could be potential adjuvant therapeutics against FISSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Lu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason Lih-Seng Yeh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zetterström SM, Matz BM, Neto RLALT, Lindley SES, Cole RC, Wilhite R, Boone LH. Partial parotid sialoadenectomy in a horse with parotid ductal carcinoma: Surgical description and case report. Vet Surg 2021; 51:296-302. [PMID: 34850982 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the surgical findings, histopathological features, and long-term outcome for a horse with parotid salivary carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN Case report ANIMALS: Twelve year old American Quarter Horse gelding. METHODS The gelding was presented for a 10 × 10 cm swelling below the base of the right ear. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a mass involving the right parotid salivary gland. Incisional biopsy was consistent with parotid carcinoma. The tumor was marginally excised. The lateral wall of the guttural pouch was excised with the mass and was reconstructed with a porcine small intestinal submucosal (SIS) sheet. Cisplatin beads were implanted in the wound bed prior to closure. Firocoxib (0.1 mg/kg orally, daily, every 24 h) treatment was initiated. RESULTS Postoperative complications included right-sided facial nerve paralysis, difficulty with deglutition of fibrous feeds, and surgical site dehiscence. Wound healing was achieved by second intention. Partial improvement in nerve function was observed within the first 6 months. At 12 months postparotidectomy, no sign of tumor reoccurrence or metastatic disease was present, and the gelding returned to work. CONCLUSION Partial parotid sialoadenectomy was performed with a favorable long-term outcome. Regional anatomic knowledge is crucial.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohmi A, Ohno K, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Nakagawa T, Tomiyasu H, Tsujimoto H. Clinical and histopathological features and prognosis of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in Jack Russell Terriers. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:167-173. [PMID: 33328390 PMCID: PMC7972879 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in the number of Jack Russell Terriers (JRTs) diagnosed with
adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract in Japan. This study
retrospectively investigated the clinical and histopathological features and prognosis of
adenocarcinomas arising in the gastrointestinal tract in JRT dogs. Seven JRTs and 39 dogs
of other breeds diagnosed with gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma were included in the study.
The most common sites of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma in JRTs were the pylorus and
rectum. On histopathological examination, these adenocarcinomas showed a papillary or
tubular growth pattern, and the lesions were confined within the mucosal epithelium and
poorly invasive. Among all dogs with gastric adenocarcinoma, the median survival time
(MST) for five of the JRTs could not be determined because more than half of the cases
remained alive, while the MST for nine non-JRT dogs was 34 days. Among all dogs with
adenocarcinoma in the large intestine, the MST for three of the JRTs could not be
determined, while the MST for nine non-JRT dogs was 1,973 days. The difference in MST
between JRT and non-JRT dogs with gastric adenocarcinoma was significant
(P=0.0220). Since gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in JRTs show
distinct characteristics with respect to their clinical features, treatment course, and
prognosis, a different surgical and medical treatment plan should be considered compared
to the management of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in other dog breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ohmi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith AA, Frimberger AE, Moore AS. Retrospective study of survival time and prognostic factors for dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma treated by tumor excision with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:243-250. [PMID: 30605388 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate survival time for dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIACA) following tumor excision with or without adjuvant chemotherapy and to identify factors associated with survival time. DESIGN Retrospective case series with a nested cohort study. ANIMALS 29 client-owned dogs with surgically resected, histologically diagnosed SIACA. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed and data collected regarding dog signalment; clinical signs; physical examination findings; PCV; serum total solids concentration; diagnostic imaging results; tumor size, location, and histologic characteristics (serosal extension, lymphatic invasion, surgical margins, and lymph node metastasis); type of adjuvant chemotherapy; NSAID administration; and survival time. Variables were assessed for associations with survival time and hazard rate via Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS Overall median survival time for dogs with SIACA following tumor excision was 544 days (95% confidence interval, 369 to 719 days). Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates, the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 60% and 36%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, only age category was an independent predictor of survival over the follow-up period. Dogs < 8 years of age had a significantly longer median survival time (1,193 days) than dogs ≥ 8 years (488 days). Lymph node metastasis, adjuvant chemotherapy, NSAID administration, and other assessed variables were not associated with survival time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that SIACA in dogs carries a fair prognosis following excision, even when lymph node metastasis is present. Prospective studies are warranted to better characterize the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy or NSAID administration on survival time.
Collapse
|
6
|
Carneiro CS, de Queiroz GF, Pinto ACBCF, Dagli MLZ, Matera JM. Feline injection site sarcoma: immunohistochemical characteristics. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:314-321. [PMID: 29788832 PMCID: PMC10814634 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18774709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) is a rapid growing locally aggressive tumor with a low metastatic rate. Its histologic features are clearly defined, but there are few studies regarding its immunohistochemical characteristics. The present study investigated the immunohistochemical characteristics of 21 cases of FISS. METHODS FISSs from 12 male and nine female cats, 20 mixed-breed and one Siamese, were included in the study. After histopathological diagnosis, additional histologic sections were immunostained for vimentin, cytokeratin, desmin, S100 protein, viral feline leukemia virus (FeLV) particles, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and c-KIT. Positive and negative controls were adopted accordingly. Immunostainings were classified as positive or negative according to the number of positive cells from a total of 1000 cells per tumor section. RESULTS Histopathologic diagnosis of the tumors revealed 18 (85.7%) fibrosarcomas and three (14.3%) other sarcomas; four fibrosarcomas (22.2%) were grade III, five (27.8%) were grade II and nine (50.0%) were grade I. Two sarcomas were grade III and one was grade II. Seventeen (81%) tumors were negative for desmin. All samples were positive for vimentin. Twenty tumors (95.2%) were positive for S-100 protein. Positivity for c-KIT was observed in four (19%) samples; COX-2 was positive in 13 (61.9%) and FeLV viral particles were positive in nine (42.9%) FISSs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Immunohistochemical findings of FISSs revealed positive immunostainings for desmin, vimentin, S-100 protein, c-KIT, COX-2 and FeLV viral particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Carneiro
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Genilson F de Queiroz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Ana CBCF Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria LZ Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia M Matera
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berger EP, Johannes CM, Jergens AE, Allenspach K, Powers BE, Du Y, Mochel JP, Fox LE, Musser ML. Retrospective evaluation of toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) use in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:2045-2053. [PMID: 30307656 PMCID: PMC6271363 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are uncommon intestinal neoplasms in the dog. Literature regarding adjunctive therapy for GISTs in dogs is sparse. High‐risk GISTs in humans respond to tyrosine kinase inhibition in the adjuvant setting. Objectives To review cases of toceranib phosphate use in dogs with GISTs and provide initial assessment of possible biological activity. A secondary aim was to evaluate patient and tumor characteristics for possible prognostic value. Animals Twenty‐seven dogs with confirmed GISTs based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry treated with toceranib. Methods Retrospective study in which cases of toceranib use in dogs with GIST were solicited using the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Oncology and Small Animal Internal Medicine listservs. Results Five of 7 dogs with gross disease experienced clinical benefit (71%; 3 complete responses, 1 partial response, 1 stable disease). These included 2 dogs with durable responses after toceranib discontinuation. Median progression‐free interval (PFI) in dogs with gross disease was 110 weeks (range, 36‐155 weeks). Median PFI in dogs with microscopic disease was 67 weeks (range, 9‐257 weeks). Metastasis at diagnosis (P = 0.04) and high mitotic index (P < 0.001) were associated with shorter PFI in toceranib‐treated dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Biological activity of toceranib is evident in dogs with gross disease. Metastasis of GIST at diagnosis, as well as high tumor mitotic index, was associated with shorter PFI in toceranib‐treated dogs. Larger studies are needed to define postsurgical risk and refine the use of toceranib in dogs with gross and microscopic GIST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika P Berger
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Barbara E Powers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Yingzhou Du
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | - Leslie E Fox
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Margaret L Musser
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oliveira A, Flecher M, Horta R, Souza M, Hardt I, Gonçalves A, Cassali G, Souza T. Tubulopapillary rectal adenocarcinoma in dog: clinical, surgical, pathological and immunophenotypical aspects: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Intestinal carcinomas are rare in dogs. The prognosis and survival time are dependent of the histological type, the invasion of the intestinal wall by the malignant cells and the ability of primary neoplasm to produce metastasis. This study reports a case of a Yorkshire dog that developed a rectal tubulopapillary adenocarcinoma progressing to a peritoneal carcinomatosis and multiple metastasis in large intestines, bladder, kidney, iliac lymph node, liver and lungs, six months after transanal surgical resection of the primary rectal neoplasm. Clinical, surgical, pathological and immunophenotypic findings are described. COX-2 imunohistochemical score was higher in hepatic metastasis (score 9) than in the primary tumour (score 6), and the growth fraction (Ki-67) observed was of 49.2% in the rectal neoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - I. Hardt
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ki-67 protein expression and tumor associated inflammatory cells (macrophages and mast cells) in canine colorectal carcinoma. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:111. [PMID: 28427401 PMCID: PMC5397705 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ki67 index, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and mast cells (MCs) are associated with malignancies in animal and human neoplasms including colorectal carcinomas (CRC). This has not been assessed in canine CRC. Given similar genetic abnormalities between human and canine CRC, we assessed Ki-67 and mitotic indices, TAMs and MC count (MCC) in canine CRC (n = 17). TAMs and MCC were compared with those in adenomas (n = 13) and control (n = 9). Results Ki-67 index in CRC (17.13 ± 11.50) was strongly correlated (r = 0.98, p < 0.05) with mitotic index (3.52 ± 1.80). MCC was higher (p < 0.05) in CRC (6.30 ± 3.98) than in adenomas (0.78 ± 0.77) and control (0.35 ± 0.33). The results suggest that Ki-67 index and MCC are associated with malignancy in canine CRC. Higher average TAMs were counted in adenomas (21.30 ± 20.70) and in CRC (11.00 ± 9.82) than in the control (7.69 ± 7.26), although the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion Ki-67 index, TAMs and MCC in canine CRC were recorded for the first time in this study. Ki-67 index and MCC are associated with malignancy in canine CRC. Quantitative assessment of MCs and Ki-67 coupled with mitotic index and other clinical parameters may help in evaluating malignancy in canine CRC. TAMs likely play a role in the development of canine colorectal tumors. Further studies to determine the clinical significance of these parameters for prognostic, chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic purposes in canine colorectal tumors are recommended.
Collapse
|
10
|
Brunelle M, Sartin EA, Wolfe LG, Sirois J, Doré M. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Canine Mammary Cell Lines. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:656-66. [PMID: 16966442 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammary cancer is the most common cancer in female dogs. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in prostaglandins (PGs) biosynthesis, has been demonstrated in various cancers in humans and dogs, including mammary cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of COX-2 in canine mammary epithelial cells. Cell lines derived from normal and neoplastic canine mammary glands were cultured in the absence or presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and immunoblots, immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassays, and a cell proliferation assay were used to study COX-2 expression and PGs production. Results showed that the neoplastic cell line CMT12 constitutively overexpressed COX-2 protein whereas other mammary cell lines expressed low to undetectable basal levels of COX-2 protein. Basal PGE2 production was significantly higher ( P < .05) in CMT12 compared to other cell lines. Levels of COX-2 protein in CMT12 decreased in a time-dependent manner with serum starvation, and PMA stimulation induced a strong time-dependent increase in COX-2 protein. Treatment of CMT12 cells with NS-398 (a specific COX-2 inhibitor) significantly blocked PGE2 synthesis and reduced cell proliferation ( P < .05). These results indicate that some neoplastic canine mammary cell lines constitutively overexpress COX-2, and that COX-2 inhibition decreases PGE2 production and cell proliferation, supporting a role for COX-2 and PGs in canine mammary oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Brunelle
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heller DA, Clifford CA, Goldschmidt MH, Holt DE, Manfredi MJ, Sorenmo KU. Assessment of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Canine Hemangiosarcoma, Histiocytic Sarcoma, and Mast Cell Tumor. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:350-3. [PMID: 15872381 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-3-350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed in canine hemangiosarcoma (HsA), histiocytic sarcoma (Hs), and grade-II mast cell tumor (MCT), we performed immunohistochemistry using COX-2 antibodies in the aforementioned tumors. Twenty cases of each tumor type were selected initially from the Laboratory of Pathology archives of cases submitted through the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Immunohistochemistry was performed, using a polyclonal antiprostaglandin endoperoxide synthase immunoglobulin G COX-2 antibody. Sections from the kidneys of young dogs, in which the macula densa stains positive for COX-2, served as positive controls. Slides were reviewed by a single pathologist (M. H. Goldschmidt) and graded for COX-2 expression according to previously established scales.18 Descriptive data is given for each tumor type. COX-2 expression was identified in 0 of 19 HSA, 1 of 20 HS, and 1 of 17 grade-II MCT. Although COX-2 has been shown to be overexpressed in selected human sarcomas and hematopoeitic tumors, these results indicate that canine HSA, HS, and MCT do not express COX-2 in any appreciable fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Heller
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heller DA, Clifford CA, Goldschmidt MH, Holt DE, Shofer FS, Smith A, Sorenmo KU. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression is Associated with Histologic Tumor Type in Canine Mammary Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:776-80. [PMID: 16301573 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-6-776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible member of the family of cyclooxygenase enzymes that has been implicated in the genesis of numerous cancers. The role of COX-2 in canine mammary neoplasia remains to be more clearly elucidated. The goal of the study reported here was to determine whether a direct association between levels of COX-2 expression and tumor histologic subtype exists in canine mammary carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using a polyclonal antiprostaglandin G/H synthase 2 IgG COX-2 antibody. Sections from the kidneys of young dogs, which stain positive for COX-2 in the macula densa, served as positive controls. Slides were reviewed by a single pathologist, and were evaluated for COX-2 expression according to previously established scales. Positive-staining tumors were given a COX-2 staining distribution (on the basis of the percentage of positive staining cells in five 400x fields) and intensity score according to previously established scales. The product of the COX-2 staining distribution and intensity scores was calculated to create a COX-2 staining index. COX-2 expression was detected in 28 of 50 (56%) samples evaluated. Anaplastic carcinomas had a significantly higher COX-2 staining distribution, intensity, and index, compared with those for adenocarcinomas ( P < 0.0001). The overall percentage of positive tumors (56%) was consistent with that of prior studies. To the authors' knowledge, these results indicate, for the first time, a direct association between COX-2 expression and tumor histologic subtype in canine mammary carcinomas. Future research directed at measuring tumor response in canine mammary carcinoma patients treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Heller
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Landolfi JA, Terio KA. Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Fishing Cats (Prionailurus viverrinus): Pathology and Expression of Cyclooxygenase-1, -2, and p53. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:674-81. [PMID: 16966444 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A high prevalence of urinary bladder transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) has been noted in captive fishing cats ( Prionailurus viverrinus). Of the 91 adult deaths between 1995 and 2004, 12 (13%) were attributed to TCC. To help elucidate mechanisms of carcinogenesis, archival sections of urinary bladder from 14 fishing cats were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for p53, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and COX-2 expression. Ten cats had TCC, and 4 were unaffected. The average age at death was 10.8 years in affected individuals and 10.5 years in unaffected individuals. There was no sex predilection. Fishing cat TCCs were characterized histologically as papillary and infiltrating ( n = 6), nonpapillary and infiltrating ( n = 3), or carcinoma in situ ( n = 1). Glandular and squamous metaplasia, necrosis, and lymphatic invasion were prominent histologic features. Two individuals had documented metastasis. p53 nuclear immunolabeling was detected in 4/10 (40%) TCCs. In two cases, immunolabeling was limited to less than 10% of the neoplastic cellular population and was comparable to staining of normal fishing cat bladder. Therefore, p53 gene mutation did not appear to be an essential component of TCC carcinogenesis in examined fishing cats. COX-1 immunohistochemistry was negative in all cases. All TCCs had some degree of COX-2 cytoplasmic immunolabeling, which was exclusively within the invasive portions of the neoplasms. Papillary portions were uniformly negative. COX-2 overexpression was a prominent feature in the majority of the examined fishing cat TCCs, suggesting that COX-2-mediated mechanisms of carcinogenesis are important in this species and that COX-inhibiting drugs may be of therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Landolfi
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Building 101, Room 0745, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Newman SJ, Mrkonjich L. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Feline Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:590-3. [PMID: 17121089 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-II) is an inducible enzyme that is responsible for the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is often upregulated in neoplastic conditions. Expression of COX-II is documented in the majority of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas and in many epithelial neoplasms in humans and animals. The purpose of this study was to assess a series of feline pancreatic adenocarcinomas for the expression of COX-II. Eight feline pancreatic adenocarcinomas (5 poorly differentiated ductular variants and 3 well-differentiated acinar variants) were included. Immunohistochemical staining showed that COX-II was expressed in 2 (both poorly differentiated ductular variants) of the 8 neoplasms (25%). Approximately 10% of the epithelial cells from these 2 neoplasms expressed intense cytoplasmic staining. However, because feline pancreatic adenocarcinoma does not appear to consistently express COX-II, it is not a useful prognostic indicator for this group of feline neoplasma. In addition, COX-II inhibitors are not likely to be effective therapeutics for cats with this neoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Joy Newman
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996-4542, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Belluco S, Carnier P, Castagnaro M, Chiers K, Millanta F, Peña L, Pires I, Queiroga F, Riffard S, Scase T, Polton G. Immunohistochemical Labelling for Cyclo-oxygenase-2: Does the Positive Control Guarantee Standardized Results? J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:186-94. [PMID: 26895886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of cyclo-oxygenase-2 as a potentially important therapeutic target in veterinary oncology, numerous studies on its expression have been conducted. Unfortunately, results have been heterogeneous and conclusions are difficult to draw. We tested the ability of a defined positive control to guarantee reproducibility of results among different laboratories. Valid positive controls were defined by positivity of the renal macula densa without background labelling. Fifteen colorectal tumours and 15 oral squamous cell carcinomas were labelled immunohistochemically by six European laboratories. Slides were evaluated in blinded fashion for percentage of positive cells and labelling intensity by three pathologists, and results were analyzed statistically for reproducibility and inter-reader variability. Macula densa positivity was an insufficiently sensitive control to guarantee reproducible results for percentage of positive cells and labelling intensity. Inter-reader variability was proven statistically, making the case for image analysis or other automated quantitative evaluation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Belluco
- Equipe Recherche UPSP ICE 2011-03-101: Oncology, Vetagro-sup, Campus Vétérinaire, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'etoile, France.
| | - P Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AGRIPOLIS, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AGRIPOLIS, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, Italy
| | - K Chiers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Peña
- Veterinary School, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Pires
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F Queiroga
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - S Riffard
- Merial, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - T Scase
- Bridge Pathology Ltd., Courtyard House, 26A Oakfield Road, Bristol, UK
| | - G Polton
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Friesian Building 3&4, The Brewer Street Dairy Business Park, Brewer Street, Bletchingley, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Uchida E, Chambers JK, Nakashima K, Saito T, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Pathologic Features of Colorectal Inflammatory Polyps in Miniature Dachshunds. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:833-9. [PMID: 26792840 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815618436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The histopathologic characteristics of colorectal inflammatory polyps that formed in Miniature Dachshunds were compared with those of other colorectal proliferative lesions, including adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Fifty-three colorectal polypoid lesions were histopathologically classified into inflammatory polyps (26 cases), adenoma (18 cases), and adenocarcinoma (9 cases). All 26 dogs that were diagnosed with inflammatory polyps were Miniature Dachshunds, indicating that colorectal inflammatory polyps exhibit a marked predilection for this breed. The inflammatory polyps had complex histopathologic features and were classified into 3 stages based on their epithelial composition. In early stage (stage 1), the polyps tended to exhibit a thickened mucosa containing hyperplastic goblet cells, dilated crypts filled with a large amount of mucus, and mild lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. In later stages (stages 2 and 3), more severe neutrophil infiltration, interstitial mucus accumulation, granulation tissue, and occasional osteoid tissue were seen. Also, a few small foci of dysplastic epithelial cells were detected. The hyperplastic goblet cells, which were a major component of the epithelium of the inflammatory polyps, were positive for cytokeratin 20 (CK20), while the dysplastic epithelial cells found in inflammatory polyps (stage 3) and the tumor cells of the adenomas and adenocarcinomas were negative for CK20. These CK20-negative epithelial cells exhibited cytoplasmic and nuclear immunoreactivity for beta-catenin. In addition, the epithelial cells in the inflammatory polyps demonstrated significantly higher cyclooxygenase 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 expression than did those of the adenomas and adenocarcinomas, suggesting that the arachidonate cascade is involved in the development of colorectal inflammatory polyps in miniature dachshunds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Nakashima
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Japan Small Animal Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Saito
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohno
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tsujimoto
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Asproni P, Vignoli M, Cancedda S, Millanta F, Terragni R, Poli A. Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Normal, Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Canine Lymphoid Tissues. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
18
|
Knudsen CS, Williams A, Brearley MJ, Demetriou JL. COX-2 expression in canine anal sac adenocarcinomas and in non-neoplastic canine anal sacs. Vet J 2013; 197:782-7. [PMID: 23778258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASAC) is a clinically significant canine neoplasm characterized by early lymphatic invasion. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase isoform 2 (COX-2) has been confirmed in several animal and human neoplastic tissues. The aim of the current study was primarily to evaluate COX-2 expression in canine ASAC and compare it to COX-2 expression in non-neoplastic canine anal sac tissue using immunohistochemistry with scoring for percentage positivity and intensity. Twenty-five ASAC samples and 22 normal anal sacs were available for evaluation. All canine ASAC samples and the normal anal sac tissues stained positively for COX-2. However, while normal anal sac tissue showed strong staining of the ductal epithelial cells, ASAC samples showed staining of the neoplastic glandular epithelial cells, with varying percentage positivity and intensity between ASAC samples. COX-2 immunoreactivity of ASAC samples was of low intensity in 52% and high in 12% of the cases; the remaining samples were of intermediate intensity. Seventy-six per cent of the ASAC had over 50% of the neoplastic glandular cells staining positive. These results confirm that COX-2 is expressed in the neoplastic glandular epithelial cells in canine ASAC and suggest a potential role for COX-2 inhibitors in the management of ASAC. Furthermore, the results indicate that COX-2 is expressed in ductal epithelial cells of the normal anal sac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Knudsen
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Vascellari M, Giantin M, Capello K, Carminato A, Morello EM, Vercelli A, Granato A, Buracco P, Dacasto M, Mutinelli F. Expression of Ki67, BCL-2, and COX-2 in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: association with grading and prognosis. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:110-21. [PMID: 22673539 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812447829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Ki67, BCL-2, and COX-2 was investigated in 53 canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate their prognostic significance and the association with the histologic grading and the mitotic index (MI). MCTs were graded according to the Patnaik grading system and the novel 2-tier grading system proposed by Kiupel. The numbers of mitotic figures/10 high-power fields (MI) were counted. Both grading systems were significantly associated with prognosis. The Patnaik grading was of limited prognostic value for grade 2 MCTs, with 23% being associated with mortality. The concordance among pathologists was strongly improved by the application of the 2-tier grading system, and 71% of high-grade MCTs were associated with a high mortality rate. MI and Ki67 protein expression were significantly associated with grading and survival. No significant association between BCL-2 protein expression and either grading system or health status was observed. BCL-2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in grade 2 than in grade 1 MCTs, while no statistically significant differences were detected between low- and high-grade MCTs. The increased BCL-2 mRNA level was significantly associated with increased mortality rate. The COX-2 protein expression was detected in 78% of the MCTs investigated. However, neither association with the tumor grade nor with the health status was observed. COX-2 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in MCTs compared to surgical margins and control skin tissue, but it was neither associated with tumor grade nor with survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Millanta F, Asproni P, Cancedda S, Vignoli M, Bacci B, Poli A. Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, mPGES and EP2 receptor in normal and reactive canine bone and in canine osteosarcoma. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:153-60. [PMID: 22633646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is involved in the pathogenesis of human and canine osteosarcoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of COX-2 in normal, reactive and neoplastic canine bone and the events downstream to COX-2 that lead to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production. COX-2, microsomal PGE(2) synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and the PGE(2) receptor (EP2) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 12 samples of normal bone, 14 cases of fracture callus and 27 appendicular osteosarcomas. No immunoreactivity to COX-2, mPGES-1 or EP2 receptor was observed in normal bone. Fifty percent of reactive bone samples expressed COX-2 and 57% expressed mPGES-1 and EP2 receptor, although with weak labelling intensity. Ninety-three percent of osteosarcomas expressed COX-2, while mPGES-1 was expressed by 85% and EP2 receptor by 89% of the tumours. The data confirm that COX-2 is expressed at high level in osteosarcoma and support the use of COX-2 inhibitors to improve the response to chemotherapy. The possibility of blocking the EP2 or the selective inhibition of mPGES-1, rather than COX-2 activity, might decrease the incidence of adverse effects that occur due to the inhibition of prostanoids other than PGE(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Goupil RC, Bushey JJ, Peters-Kennedy J, Wakshlag JJ. Prevalence of 5-lipoxygenase expression in canine osteosarcoma and the effects of a dual 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor on osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:802-10. [PMID: 22287649 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811432350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine osteosarcoma is an insidious disease with few effective treatment modalities; therefore, use of pharmacologic intervention to improve mortality or morbidity is constantly sought. The use of cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitors has been an area of interest with limited efficacy based on retrospective examination of tumor expression and in vivo cell proliferation models. Recently, examination of dual cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in human and canine oncology suggests that 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors may be an effective approach in vitro and during tumor induction in rodent models. Therefore, the authors decided to examine 5-lipoxygenase expression in primary canine osteosarcoma samples and have shown that approximately 65% of osteosarcomas label positive for cytoplasmic 5-lipoxygenase. Further examination of a cell culture and xenograft model shows similar 5-lipoxygenase expression. Surprisingly, a canine 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (tepoxalin) significantly reduced cell proliferation at physiologic doses in vitro and diminished xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, suggesting that further investigation is needed. Traditionally, 5-lipoxygense leads to production of lipid mediators, such as leukotriene B(4) and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, which, when added back to the media of tepoxalin-treated cells, did not recover cell proliferation. The lack of nuclear staining in primary and xenografted tumors and the lack of response to eicoasanoids suggest that lipid mediator production is not the primary means by which tepoxalin acts to alter proliferation. Regardless of the mechanisms involved in retarding cell proliferation, future investigation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Goupil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, VMC 1-120, Box 34, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morrison WB. Inflammation and cancer: a comparative view. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:18-31. [PMID: 22151229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rudolph Virchow first speculated on a relationship between inflammation and cancer more than 150 years ago. Subsequently, chronic inflammation and associated reactive free radical overload and some types of bacterial, viral, and parasite infections that cause inflammation were recognized as important risk factors for cancer development and account for one in four of all human cancers worldwide. Even viruses that do not directly cause inflammation can cause cancer when they act in conjunction with proinflammatory cofactors or when they initiate or promote cancer via the same signaling pathways utilized in inflammation. Whatever its origin, inflammation in the tumor microenvironment has many cancer-promoting effects and aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis. Mediators of inflammation such as cytokines, free radicals, prostaglandins, and growth factors can induce DNA damage in tumor suppressor genes and post-translational modifications of proteins involved in essential cellular processes including apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle checkpoints that can lead to initiation and progression of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jankovsky JM, Newkirk KM, Ilha MR, Newman SJ. COX-2 and c-kit expression in canine gliomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 11:63-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
26
|
Chon E, McCartan L, Kubicek LN, Vail DM. Safety evaluation of combination toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) and piroxicam in tumour-bearing dogs (excluding mast cell tumours): a phase I dose-finding study. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:184-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX; also known as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase) is a key enzyme in the biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of prostaglandins. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental evidence supports a role for COX-2, the inducible form of the enzyme, in human tumorigenesis, notably in colorectal cancer. COX-2 mediates this role through the production of PGE(2) that acts to inhibit apoptosis, promote cell proliferation, stimulate angiogenesis, and decrease immunity. Similarly, COX-2 is believed to be involved in the oncogenesis of some cancers in domestic animals. Here, the author reviews the current knowledge on COX-2 expression and role in cancers of dogs, cats, and horses. Data indicate that COX-2 upregulation is present in many animal cancers, but there is presently not enough information to clearly define the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression. To date, only few reports document an association between COX-2 expression and survival, notably in canine mammary cancers and osteosarcomas. Some evidence suggests that COX inhibitors could be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of certain cancers in domestic animals, the best example being urinary transitional cell carcinomas in dogs. However, determination of the levels of COX-2 in a tumor does not appear to be a good prognostic factor or a good indicator for the response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. Clearly, additional research, including the development of in vitro cell systems, is needed to determine if COX-2 expression can be used as a reliable prognostic factor and as a definite therapeutic target in animal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Doré
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
COX-1 and COX-2 Expression in Canine Cutaneous, Oral and Ocular Melanocytic Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
29
|
Queiroga FL, Pires I, Lobo L, Lopes CS. The role of Cox-2 expression in the prognosis of dogs with malignant mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:441-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Moore AS, Beam SL, Rassnick KM, Provost R. Long-term control of mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and metastases in a horse using piroxicam. Equine Vet J 2010; 35:715-8. [PMID: 14649366 DOI: 10.2746/042516403775696320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Harrington Oncology Program, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536 , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Paglia D, Dubielzig RR, Kado-Fong HK, Maggs DJ. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine uveal melanocytic neoplasms. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1284-90. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Baek SJ, Mcentee MF, Legendre AM. Review Paper: Cancer Chemopreventive Compounds and Canine Cancer. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:576-88. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0238-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Canine cancer has become more prevalent in recent years because of increased life expectancy and greater attention to the health of pets. The range of cancers seen in dogs is as diverse as that in human patients, and despite more intensive therapeutic interventions, fatality rates remain unacceptably high in both species. Chemoprevention is therefore an important means of confronting this disease. Because domestic pets share our environment, greater cross-application and study of the protumorigenic and antitumorigenic factors in our shared environment will benefit all species, leading to the development of new families of less toxic antitumorigenic compounds based on novel and established molecular targets. Currently, the most interesting cancer preventive agents are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands, and dietary compounds. This article provides an overview of what is known about how these agents affect molecular signaling in neoplastic disease, with reference to reported application and/or study in dogs where available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Baek
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - M. F. Mcentee
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - A. M. Legendre
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sayasith K, Sirois J, DorÉ M. Molecular Characterization of Feline COX-2 and Expression in Feline Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:423-9. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0161-d-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, plays an important role in inflammation and tumorigenesis. COX-2 primary structure has been characterized in many species and its expression demonstrated in a variety of cancers in humans and dogs, including mammary cancer. In contrast, there is currently little information on the structure of feline COX-2. Also, information on COX-2 expression in feline mammary cancer is limited and conflicting. The objectives of this study were therefore to characterize the molecular structure of feline COX-2 and to evaluate by immunohistochemistry its expression in mammary carcinomas. Our results show that the predicted coding region of feline COX-2 encodes a 604-amino acid protein, which is identical in length to several COX-2 homologs. Feline COX-2 amino acid sequence is highly similar to other mammalian COX-2 homologs. Immunohistochemical analysis of 40 mammary carcinomas showed that the majority of tumors studied (35/40; 87%) expressed COX-2 at a level varying from low (20/40; 50%) to intermediate (13/40; 32%) and high (2/40; 5%). These results provide the first molecular characterization of feline COX-2 and demonstrate that COX-2 is expressed in the majority of feline mammary carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sayasith
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - J. Sirois
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - M. DorÉ
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Boonsoda S, Wanikiat P. Possible role of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents. Vet Rec 2008; 162:159-61. [PMID: 18245750 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.5.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Boonsoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Nong Chok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Heller DA, Fan TM, Lorimier LP, Charney SC, Barger AM, Tannehill-Gregg SH, Rosol TJ, Wallig MA. In Vitro Cyclooxygenase-2 Protein Expression and Enzymatic Activity in Neoplastic Cells. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
36
|
Voutsadakis IA. Pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma and therapeutic implications: the roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and Cox-2. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:252-85. [PMID: 17488476 PMCID: PMC3822826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways of the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma have been extensively studied and molecular lesions during the development of the disease have been revealed. High up in the list of colorectal cancer lesions are APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), K-ras, Smad4 (or DPC4-deleted in pancreatic cancer 4) and p53 genes. All these molecules are part of important pathways for the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis and as a result perturbation of these processes lead to carcinogenesis. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is comprised of a multi-unit cellular protease system that regulates several dozens of cell proteins after their ligation with the protein ubiquitin. Given that among these proteins are regulators of the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, adhesion and cell signalling, this system plays a significant role in cell fate and carcinogenesis. UPS inhibition has been found to be a pre-requisite for apoptosis and is already clinically exploited with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is the inducible form of the enzyme that metabolizes the lipid arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, the first step of prostaglandins production. This enzyme is up-regulated in colorectal cancer and in several other cancers. Inhibition of Cox-2 by aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been found to inhibit proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and in epidemiologic studies has been shown to reduce colon polyp formation in genetically predisposed populations and in the general population. NSAIDs have also Cox-independent anti-proliferative effects. Targeted therapies, the result of increasingly understanding carcinogenesis in the molecular level, have entered the field of anti-neoplastic treatment and are used by themselves and in combination with chemotherapy drugs. Combinations of targeted drugs have started also to be investigated. This article reviews the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, the roles of UPS and Cox-2 in it and puts forward a rational for their combined inhibition in colorectal cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Borzacchiello G, Russo V, Russo M. Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Canine Ovarian Carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:247-9. [PMID: 17523957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian tumours among domestic animals are frequently encountered in bitch. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression has been evaluated in different kind of canine primary epithelial neoplasms. Eleven canine ovarian carcinomas and two normal samples were evaluated immunohistochemically for COX-2 expression. Nine of 11 carcinoma samples (81%) expressed COX-2 enzyme isoform. The immunoreactivity was intracytoplasmically recorded and the intensity ranged from faint to strong. Our results show that COX-2 is expressed in canine ovarian carcinoma, suggesting a potential role of COX-2 in canine ovarian carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Borzacchiello
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, General Pathology and Anatomic Pathology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II Via F. Delpino, 1-80137 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hayes A. Cancer, cyclo-oxygenase and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ? can we combine all three? Vet Comp Oncol 2007; 5:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2006.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
39
|
Queiroga FL, Alves A, Pires I, Lopes C. Expression of Cox-1 and Cox-2 in Canine Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:177-85. [PMID: 17416236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in canine mammary tumours of different histological types. Cox-1 and Cox-2 enzyme expression was evaluated in 70 mammary samples (four normal, six hyperplastic, 60 neoplastic [21 benign and 39 malignant]). Cox-1 expression was identified in all the samples, and Cox-2 in all the mammary lesions except ductal hyperplasia. Two of the four normal mammary gland samples showed focal immunoreactivity for Cox-2. Cox-1 immunoexpression did not differ significantly between benign and malignant lesions (P=0.272). Cox-2 immunoexpression was higher in malignant tumours than in benign counterparts (P<0.001). Of the malignant tumours, carcinosarcomas and tubulopapillary and squamous cell carcinomas had the highest Cox-2 scores. The study showed that malignant tumours had the highest values of Cox-2 expression, and Cox-2 immunolabelling was particularly intense in histological types classically associated with high malignancy. This suggests that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly Cox-2 inhibitors, may have a useful role to play in the treatment of canine malignant mammary tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Munday JS, Brennan MM, Kiupel M. Altered expression of beta-catenin, E-cadherin, cycloxygenase-2, and p53 protein by ovine intestinal adenocarcinoma cells. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:613-21. [PMID: 16966438 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Around 1.6% of sheep in New Zealand develop small-intestinal adenocarcinomas. These neoplasms typically develop widespread metastases. The common development of these neoplasms and their subsequent behavior suggests that sheep could be a useful animal model of human colonic cancer. However, for an animal model of human disease to be relevant, similar genetic mutations should be present. Genetic mutations within human colonic cancers frequently result in expression of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), loss of membranous expression of beta-catenin and E-cadherin, and accumulation of p53 protein within the neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the presence of these 4 proteins within 26 ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas. Loss of membranous beta-catenin reactivity was observed in 14 of 26 ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas (54%). The loss of membranous beta-catenin reactivity was accompanied by cytoplasmic and nuclear reactivity in 2 neoplasms. Loss of E-cadherin was observed within 8 of 26 neoplasms (31%). Neoplastic cell expression of COX-2 was observed in 12 of 26 neoplasms (46%), whereas cells within 3 of 26 neoplasms (11%) contained visible p53 protein. In conclusion, all 4 proteins that commonly have altered expression in human colonic cancers were also altered in a proportion of the ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas. These results provide additional evidence that sheep could be useful for the study of human colonic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hayes A, Scase T, Miller J, Murphy S, Sparkes A, Adams V. COX-1 and COX-2 Expression in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:93-99. [PMID: 16952367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated immunohistochemically the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC), with primary polyclonal antibodies raised against human epitopes. COX-2 immunolabelling was intracytoplasmic and, in some neoplastic cells, perinuclear; it was demonstrated in a small proportion (< or = 1%) of neoplastic cells and its intensity was usually mild to moderate. In contrast, all neoplastic tissues showed extensive nuclear and cytoplasmic COX-1 immunolabelling. Cytoplasmic COX-1 immunolabelling was less intense than nuclear labelling in neoplastic tissue. In the adjacent histologically normal oral mucosa, COX-2 immunolabelling was absent. The cytoplasmic and nuclear intensity and distribution of COX-1 immunolabelling was significantly higher in neoplastic tissue than in adjacent normal oral mucosa. The results indicate that COX-1 and COX-2 are overexpressed in FOSCC, but the clinical and pathophysiological significance of this finding remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hayes
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - T Scase
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - J Miller
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - S Murphy
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - A Sparkes
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - V Adams
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vilches-Moure JG, Ramos-Vara JA. Comparison of rabbit monoclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies in immunohistochemistry in canine tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:346-50. [PMID: 16130992 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit monoclonal (RM) antibodies appear to have higher affinity for antigens than mouse monoclonal (MM) antibodies. However, RM antibodies have not been used in veterinary diagnostic immunohistochemistry. The authors compared reactivities of RM and MM antibodies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine tissues, targeting 11 different antigens: CD3, CD79a, calcitonin, calretinin, chromogranin A, COX-2, estrogen receptor, Ki67, progesterone receptor, synaptophysin, and vimentin. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were processed by 1 of 2 antigen-retrieval methods: 1) proteinase K digestion or 2) steam heat in citrate buffer. An additional set of slides did not receive antigen retrieval. Immunostaining was performed using an automated stainer, and scores were assigned to the different dilutions and antigen-retrieval methods on the basis of staining intensity and number of positive cells. Steam heat was usually the best antigen-retrieval method. The optimal dilution for each antibody was that which resulted in the highest specific staining and the lowest nonspecific (background) staining. The RM or MM antibodies yielded a specific reaction for all antigens examined except calretinin. The RM and MM antibodies yielded a specific reaction for 4 antigens only: COX-2, Ki67, synaptophysin, and vimentin. Three antigens (CD3, chromogranin A, and progesterone receptor) were detected only with RM antibodies, whereas the other 3 (CD79a, calcitonin, estrogen receptor) were detected only with MM antibodies. The results of this study differed from those reported for human tissues by the manufacturers of the antibodies. These results emphasize that, regardless of manufacturers' recommendations, each antibody must be individually standardized and validated before routine use in canine tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José G Vilches-Moure
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Millanta F, Citi S, Della Santa D, Porciani M, Poli A. COX-2 expression in canine and feline invasive mammary carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic fmolecular markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 98:115-20. [PMID: 16538539 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible enzyme linked to tumor growth and angiogenesis. Its expression occurs in a wide range of preneoplastic and neoplastic conditions in humans, including colon and breast carcinomas. We evaluated the role of COX-2 as a mediator of angiogenesis in feline and canine invasive carcinomas (IMCs) and its role as a prognostic indicator. COX-2 expression was assessed in neoplastic samples and healthy mammary glands by immunohistochemistry, and related to the following clinicopathological parameters: age, tumor size, histologic type, tumor grading, vessel invasion, estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, Ki-67, HER-2 overexpression, microvessel density (MVD), VEGF expression and overall survival (OS). In both species, COX-2 immunoreactivity was not observed in healthy tissues, whereas 96% of feline and 100% of canine invasive carcinomas scored positive. In queens, COX-2 overexpression was significantly correlated to ER-negative status (p=0.04) and to increased PR (p=0.038) expression, and angiogenesis assessed by VEGF expression (p=0.002). In bitches an increased COX-2 expression was significantly correlated to HER-2 overexpression (p=0.013) and to tumor dedifferentiation (p=0.03). In both species increased levels of COX-2 were correlated to poorer prognosis (p=0.03 in dogs and p=0.002 in cats). COX-2 is expressed in mammary tissues during tumorigenesis and its expression is associated with a poorer prognosis in bitches and queens. The correlation of COX-2 expression and angiogenesis provides support for a potential role of COX-2 inhibitors for the prevention and the treatment of feline IMCs via their anti-angiogenic properties. In the canine species, moreover, COX-2 may be important for mediating HER-2 induced mammary tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hume DZ, Solomon JA, Weisse CW. Palliative use of a stent for colonic obstruction caused by adenocarcinoma in two cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:392-6. [PMID: 16448363 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.3.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION-Two adult male castrated cats were evaluated because of a history of constipation, tenesmus, or intermittent vomiting. CLINICAL FINDINGS-Radiography and ultrasonography revealed luminal narrowing in the colon of 1 cat and a colonic mass in the other. A histopathologic diagnosis of colonic adenocarcinoma was made in both cats. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME-Under fluoroscopic guidance, a self-expanding metallic stent was advanced over a wire and across the area of colonic stenosis and deployed. One cat had progressive weight loss but maintained a normal appetite, energy, and a high quality of life. Fecal continence was maintained, and tenesmus was rarely observed. The cat was euthanized because of tumor metastasis 274 days after the colonic stent was placed. The other cat retained fecal continence, and the owners reported subjective improvement in the severity of tenesmus, compared with that prior to stent placement. The cat was euthanized 19 days after stent placement because of perceived decreased quality of life. CLINICAL RELEVANCE-The use of self-expanding metallic stents for alleviation of colonic obstruction secondary to adenocarcinoma in cats appears to be effective. This technique provides a simple, quick, nonsurgical option for palliation in cats with advanced metastatic or systemic disease in which surgical resection may not be possible or warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z Hume
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bergh MS, Budsberg SC. The Coxib NSAIDs: Potential Clinical and Pharmacologic Importance in Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
46
|
Borzacchiello G, Paciello O, Papparella S. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in canine nasal carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2004; 131:70-6. [PMID: 15144801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) are known to play a role in the carcinogenesis of many human and animal primary epithelial tumours. However, expression of COX-1 and -2 has not been investigated in canine nasal epithelial carcinoma, a rare form of neoplasia. COX-1 immunolabelling was demonstrated in normal canine nasal mucosa and in a minority of neoplastic specimens. Cytoplasmic COX-2, however, was strongly expressed in the majority of canine nasal carcinomas. In addition, COX-2 expression was demonstrated in dysplastic epithelium and in a proportion of stromal cells. Co-expression of both enzyme isoforms was revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results indicate that COX-2 is overexpressed in a proportion of naturally occurring canine nasal carcinomas, suggesting its possible role in canine nasal tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Borzacchiello
- Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Patologia e Sanita Animale, Via F. Delpino, 1, Napoli 80137, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pronovost N, Suter MM, Mueller E, Sirois J, Dore M. Expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in normal and neoplastic canine keratinocytes. Vet Comp Oncol 2004; 2:222-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2004.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
48
|
Mullins MN, Lana SE, Dernell WS, Ogilvie GK, Withrow SJ, Ehrhart E. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Canine Appendicular Osteosarcomas. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
49
|
Zhang ZH, Ouyang Q, Gan HT. Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 with sodium butyrate and NSAIDs on colorectal adenoma/carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2954-7. [PMID: 15378772 PMCID: PMC4576251 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i20.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The protective effects of sodium butyrate and NSAIDs (especially the highly selective COX-2 inhibitors) have attracted considerable interest recently. In this study, primary adenoma cells and HT-29 were used to investigate whether the above drugs would be effective for reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, it was investigated whether NSAIDs would strengthen the effects of sodium butyrate and its possible mechanisms.
METHODS: In vitro primary cell culture of colorectal adenomas and HT-29 were used for this investigation. PGE2 isolated from HT-29 cell culture supernatants was investigated by ELISA. MTT was employed to detect the anti-proliferative effects on both adenoma and HT-29 culture cells. FCM was used for apoptosis rate and cell cycle analysis. The morphology of apoptotic cells was investigated by means of electromicroscopy.
RESULTS: Sodium butyrate could stimulate the secretion of PGE2, while NSAIDs inhibited it to below 30 pg/106 cells. Both butyrate and NSAIDs could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. The effects were time- and dose-dependent (P < 0.05). Aspirin and NS-398 could enhance the effects of sodium butyrate. The effects were stronger while sodium butyrate was used in combination with NS-398 than it was used in combination with Aspirin.
CONCLUSION: Butyrate and NSAIDs could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis respectively. NSAIDs could enhance the effects of sodium butyrate by down-regulating COX-2 expression. Selective COX-2 inhibitor is better than traditional NSAIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital, Western China University of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kleiter M, Malarkey DE, Ruslander DE, Thrall DE. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine epithelial nasal tumors. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:255-60. [PMID: 15200266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme upregulated in some human and animal tumors. Enzymatic products are associated with tumorigenic activities. Given the poor response of canine nasal tumors to radiation, we considered the possibility that some of this resistance may be associated with COX-2 expression. To test this, 21 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and archived biopsy samples from canine epithelial nasal tumors were analyzed for COX-2 expression using immunohistochemistry. The biopsies were collected from dogs prior to radiation therapy. COX-2 expression was present in 17 of 21 (81%) tumors. The expression was observed in several different tumor types, including nasal carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. Samples from five control dogs without nasal neoplasia were also analyzed for COX-2 staining. These specimens were characterized by varying degrees of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis with scattered regions of COX-2 positive respiratory epithelial and stromal cells. Whether the intensity and distribution of COX-2 expression in nasal tumors can be used as a prognostic marker requires further investigation. A combination therapy of irradiation and a selective COX-2 inhibitor appears worthy of clinical investigation in the treatment of canine epithelial nasal tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriami Kleiter
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|