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Romano MC. Toxic Garden and Landscaping Plants. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:61-76. [PMID: 38061967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many popular ornamental shrubs are not only beautiful but also toxic when ingested in sufficient quantities. Common toxic landscaping shrubs in North America include yew (Taxus spp), oleander (Nerium oleander), and rhododendrons and azaleas (Rhododendron spp). Horses are often exposed when plant trimmings are placed within reach or discarded in pastures. Occasionally clippings or fallen leaves contaminate hay. Some plants are unpalatable unless dried and mixed with hay or lawn clippings but others are ingested more readily. In many cases, disease can be severe and treatment unrewarding; therefore, client education is critical to preventing serious and potentially fatal poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Romano
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, 1490 Bull Lea Road, PO Box 14125, Lexington, KY 40512-4125, USA.
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Shang X, Miao X, Yang F, Wang C, Li B, Wang W, Pan H, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhang J. The Genus Adonis as an Important Cardiac Folk Medicine: A Review of the Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:25. [PMID: 30778296 PMCID: PMC6369255 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Adonis L. (Ranunculaceae), native to Europe and Asia, comprises 32 annual or perennial herbaceous species. Due to their cardiac-enhancing effects, Adonis spp. have long been used in European and Chinese folk medicine. These plants have been widely investigated since the late 19th century, when the cardiovascular activity of Adonis vernalis L. was noted in Europe. The present paper provides a review of the phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicology in order to highlight the future prospects of the genus. More than 120 chemical compounds have been isolated, with the most important components being cardiac glycosides as well as flavones, carotenoids, coumarins and other structural types. Plants of the genus, especially A. vernalis L. and A. amurensis Regel & Radde, their extracts and their active constituents possess broad pharmacological properties, including cardiovascular, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and acaricidal activities, and exhibit both diuretic effects and effects on the central nervous system. However, most plants within the 32 species have not been comprehensively studied, and further clinical evaluation of their cardiovascular activity and toxicity should be conducted after addressing the problem of the rapidly decreasing resources. This review provides new insight into the genus and lays a solid foundation for further development of Adonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolou Miao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Pan
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center, Qinghai University Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- PLA Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Stegelmeier BL, Davis TZ. Toxic Causes of Intestinal Disease in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:127-139. [PMID: 29397222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because most poisonings occur by toxin ingestion, the gastrointestinal system is the first exposed and, in most cases, it is exposed to the highest toxin concentrations. Consequently, enterocyte damage is common. However, because many toxins produce organ-specific damage, and enterocyte necrosis is easily confused with autolysis, many gastrointestinal lesions are overlooked or overshadowed by other clinical and pathologic changes. The objective of this work is to review several common toxins and poisonous plants that produce primarily gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Stegelmeier
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - T Zane Davis
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341, USA
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Woods LW, George LW, Anderson ML, Woods DM, Filigenzi MS, Puschner B. Evaluation of the Toxicity of Adonis Aestivalis in Calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:581-5. [PMID: 17823409 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicosis of Adonis aestivalis is well documented in horses, but little is known of its toxicity in cattle. A. aestivalis (summer pheasant's eye) was collected over multiple years, under different growing conditions, and at various stages of maturity, dried, and administered to calves to evaluate the toxicity of A. aestivalis in cattle. Four 300-lb Holstein, and 2 90-lb, preruminating Jersey calves were administered 1% body weight of ground A. aestivalis via a stomach tube and monitored for clinical signs for 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively. The Holstein calves were then fed 0.2 to 1% body weight A. aestivalis daily for 4 to 5 weeks. The Holstein calves had transient, mild cardiac abnormalities during the feeding trial. Mild, transient gastrointestinal and cardiac signs were noted in the preruminating calves. No gross or microscopic lesions were seen on necropsies performed at the end of the study. Based on the results of this study, cattle do not appear to be as susceptible to toxicosis from A. aestivalis as other species, such as horses and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Woods
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Abstract
A 2-year-old bay Thoroughbred colt was found dead overnight in its stall without a known history of any illness, existing disease, or toxicant exposure. No information on the clinical signs before this animal's death was reported. A full necropsy was performed the next morning and revealed a mild to moderate degree of endocardial hemorrhages in both ventricles. Microscopic examination of the heart showed an acute mild mutifocal necrosis of papillary muscles and ventricles. The stomach content contained approximately 2% Taxus alkaloids as determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In the past, diagnosis of Taxus poisoning has been mainly based on history of exposure and the presence of plant parts in the gastrointestinal tract. Pathological lesions associated with Taxus poisoning have not been published for horses. Therefore, this is the first report of cardiac lesions in a horse after lethal exposure to Taxus. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that Taxus exposure needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of horses that die suddenly or have cardiac lesions suggestive of Taxus exposure, even if intact plant parts are not identified in the stomach by the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh K Tiwary
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Woods LW, Puschner B, Filigenzi MS, Woods DM, George LW. Evaluation of the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis
in sheep. Vet Rec 2011; 168:49. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Woods
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; PO Box 1770 Davis CA 95617 USA
| | - B. Puschner
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; PO Box 1770 Davis CA 95617 USA
| | - M. S. Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; PO Box 1770 Davis CA 95617 USA
| | - D. M. Woods
- California Department of Food and Agriculture; Meadowview Road Sacramento CA 95832 USA
| | - L. W. George
- Department of Reproduction and Population Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Poindexter BJ, Feng W, Dasgupta A, Bick RJ. Oleandrin produces changes in intracellular calcium levels in isolated cardiomyocytes: a real-time fluorescence imaging study comparing adult to neonatal cardiomyocytes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:568-74. [PMID: 17365610 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600882408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Oleanders are common, hardy shrubs that grow throughout the southern United States. They contain cardiotonic steroids formed from cardenolides and bufadienolides, making the plant poisonous to both animals and humans. Aliquots of both commercially available oleander and fresh oleander extracts were prepared. Fresh, rod-like, calcium-tolerant adult rat cardiomyocytes and cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes were isolated and treated with 0-4 ng/ml of both preparations, challenged with verapamil and ouabain, and real-time spectrophotometric calcium transients and images were acquired. A number of effects were observed with the adult cells: (1) intracellular calcium levels were increased in a concentration-dependent manner: (2) reduced calcium transient heights and eventual cessation of beating resulted; and (3) increased sparking intensity led to subsequent beating and eventual calcium overload. In the spontaneously beating cultured neonatal myocytes increased intramyocytic calcium levels were also seen, with retention of this calcium rise leading to overload and, as in the adult myocytes, cessation of beating. These observations demonstrate that oleander extract is markedly potent with respect to the elevation of calcium concentrations in cardiomyocytes, and that the inability of the cardiomyocytes to release the accumulated calcium possibly indicates a role for oleandrin in inhibition of ryanodine receptor calcium release channels, calcium uptake via Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition [EC 3.6.1.3], and/or dysfunction of sarcolemmal calcium release channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Poindexter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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