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Dahlgren AR, Tablin F, Finno CJ. Genetics of equine bleeding disorders. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:30-37. [PMID: 32463964 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic bleeding disorders can have a profound impact on a horse's health and athletic career. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms of these diseases and how they are diagnosed. These diseases include haemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, prekallikrein deficiency, Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia and Atypical Equine Thrombasthenia. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage also has a proposed genetic component. Genetic mutations have been identified for haemophilia A and Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia in the horse. Mutations are known for von Willebrand disease and prekallikrein deficiency in other species. In the absence of genetic tests, bleeding disorders are typically diagnosed by measuring platelet function, von Willebrand factor, and other coagulation protein levels and activities. For autosomal recessive diseases, genetic testing can prevent the breeding of two carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Dahlgren
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fern Tablin
- Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Leite RO, Ferreira JF, Araújo CET, Delfiol DJZ, Takahira RK, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP. Prevalence of the Mutations Responsible for Glanzmann Thrombasthenia in Horses in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110960. [PMID: 31766112 PMCID: PMC6912377 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hereditary bleeding disorders occur in different species due to mutations in genes coding specific hemostatic proteins leading to alterations in their synthesis, or to the production of non-functional proteins which leads to impairment of hemostasis. Some of these disorders have been described in horses, i.e., Von Willebrand disease (VWD), hemophilia A, and Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT). GT is an inherited disease characterized by hemorrhage and has been described in different species including horses of varied breeds (Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Oldenburg, Peruvian Paso, and Quarter Horse). There are two different mutations described in horses a single guanine to cytosine substitution (CGG for CCG) and a 10 base pair deletion in the ITGA2B gene. Abstract Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by changes in platelet aggregation, leading to hemorrhage and epistaxis. To date, two independent mutations have been described in horses and associated with this disorder, a point mutation (c.122G > C) and a 10-base-pair deletion (g.1456_1466del) in the Integrin subunit alpha2β gene (ITGA2B) of horses of different breeds (Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Oldenburg, and Peruvian Paso). ITGA2B codifies the αIIb subunit of the αIIbβ3 integrin, also termed platelet fibrinogen receptor. Horses with GT have been diagnosed in the USA, Canada, Japan, and Australia. However, there are no studies on the prevalence of GT in horses. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of the mutations responsible for GT in horses in Brazil. A total of 1053 DNA samples of clinically healthy Quarter Horse (n = 679) and Warmblood horses (n = 374) were used. DNA fragments were amplified by PCR and sequenced. The genotype of each animal was analyzed and compared to the nucleotide sequence of the ITGA2B gene found on GenBankTM. There were no carriers in the analyzed samples, that is, all animals tested were wild type. Therefore, under the conditions in which this study was carried out, it can be inferred that GT seems to be extremely rare in the population of Quarter Horses and Warmbloods in Brazil, although it is not possible to affirm that there are no horses carrying mutated alleles in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa O. Leite
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science,18618-681 Botucatu, Brazil; (R.O.L.); (J.F.F.); (C.E.T.A.); (R.K.T.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Júlia F. Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science,18618-681 Botucatu, Brazil; (R.O.L.); (J.F.F.); (C.E.T.A.); (R.K.T.); (A.S.B.)
| | - César E. T. Araújo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science,18618-681 Botucatu, Brazil; (R.O.L.); (J.F.F.); (C.E.T.A.); (R.K.T.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Diego J. Z. Delfiol
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Brazil;
| | - Regina K. Takahira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science,18618-681 Botucatu, Brazil; (R.O.L.); (J.F.F.); (C.E.T.A.); (R.K.T.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Alexandre S. Borges
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science,18618-681 Botucatu, Brazil; (R.O.L.); (J.F.F.); (C.E.T.A.); (R.K.T.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Jose P. Oliveira-Filho
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science,18618-681 Botucatu, Brazil; (R.O.L.); (J.F.F.); (C.E.T.A.); (R.K.T.); (A.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-38802083
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Haysom LZ, Kennerly RM, Müller RD, Smith-Carr S, Christopherson PW, Boudreaux MK. Identification and Characterization of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia in 2 Closely Related Mixed-breed Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:642-6. [PMID: 26764135 PMCID: PMC4913590 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Z Haysom
- Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - R M Kennerly
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - R D Müller
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - S Smith-Carr
- Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - P W Christopherson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - M K Boudreaux
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Norris JW, Pombo M, Shirley E, Blevins G, Tablin F. Association of Factor V Secretion with Protein Kinase B Signaling in Platelets from Horses with Atypical Equine Thrombasthenia. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1387-94. [PMID: 26290457 PMCID: PMC4858037 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two congenital bleeding diatheses have been identified in Thoroughbred horses: Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) and a second, novel diathesis associated with abnormal platelet function in response to collagen and thrombin stimulation. Hypothesis/Objectives Platelet dysfunction in horses with this second thrombasthenia results from a secretory defect. Animals Two affected and 6 clinically normal horses. Methods Ex vivo study. Washed platelets were examined for (1) expression of the αIIb‐β3 integrin; (2) fibrinogen binding capacity in response to ADP and thrombin; (3) secretion of dense and α‐granules; (4) activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)‐protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway; and (5) cellular distribution of phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate‐3‐kinase, class 2B (PIK3C2B) and SH2 containing inositol‐5′‐phosphatase 1 (SHIP1). Results Platelets from affected horses expressed normal amounts of αIIb‐β3 integrin and bound fibrinogen normally in response to ADP, but bound 80% less fibrinogen in response to thrombin. α‐granules only released 50% as much Factor V as control platelets, but dense granules released their contents normally. Protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation was reduced after thrombin activation, but mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) and phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) signaling were normal. SH2‐containing inositol‐5'‐phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) did not localize to the cytoskeleton of affected platelets and was decreased overall consistent with reduced AKT phosphorylation. Conclusions and clinical significance Defects in fibrinogen binding, granule secretion, and signal transduction are unique to this thrombasthenia, which we designate as atypical equine thrombasthenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Norris
- 5A60 Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute - Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - M Pombo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - E Shirley
- Hunters Glen Veterinary Hospital, Inc., Veterinary Acupuncture Services of Tulsa LLC, Tulsa, OK
| | - G Blevins
- 19463 James Monroe HWY, Leesburg, VA
| | - F Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Boudreaux MK. Inherited platelet disorders. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:30-41. [PMID: 22316339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the latest information on inherited platelet disorders in domestic animals. DATA SOURCES Research articles and reviews spanning 40 years available on PubMed. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Information regarding inherited platelet disorders in people is plentiful and often descriptions of human conditions have led to the identification of similar disorders in veterinary species. There are exceptions, however, in which specific inherited platelet disorders were first described in animals with subsequent identification in people. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Many inherited platelet disorders have been documented in animals at the functional and molecular level and that information is presented in this review. CONCLUSIONS Much progress has been made in the past 20 years in the characterization of inherited platelet disorders in animals at the functional, biochemical, and molecular level. The study of inherited platelet disorders has greatly enhanced the understanding of platelet physiology and has led in some instances to the development of platelet inhibitory medications. Characterization of inherited disorders at the molecular level greatly facilitates diagnosis and identification of affected and heterozygous animals thus avoiding propagation of the defect by breeders. When used with available functional and biochemical diagnostic tests, it significantly enhances the quality of care and case management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Boudreaux
- From the Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5519, USA.
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Evaluation and clinical application of platelet function testing in small animal practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 42:173-88. [PMID: 22285164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tests that evaluate many aspects of platelet function have been applied in both human and veterinary medicine for the monitoring of treatment with platelet function inhibitors and for detection of platelet function abnormalities (inherited or acquired). Interspecies variation in the response to various platelet agonists is an important consideration when methods that have been developed for people are applied in other species. At the present time, many of these assays are not readily available in standard veterinary practice. Advanced platelet function testing for veterinary patients is offered at select academic institutions. Discussion with a specialist is recommended when considering the use of these tests, and the relative strengths and limitations of each assay should be considered in the interpretation of test results.
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Sanz MG, Wills TB, Christopherson P, Hines MT. Glanzmann thrombasthenia in a 17-year-old Peruvian Paso mare. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:48-51. [PMID: 21291483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 17-year-old Peruvian Paso mare was evaluated for bilateral epistaxis that had been present for at least 3 years. The mare had mild anemia, platelet count within the reference interval, unremarkable coagulation times, and a negative Coggins test. On endoscopic examination, structural abnormalities were not observed in the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, or either guttural pouch, but petechiation was noted in the nasal mucosa. Additional tests revealed prolonged cutaneous bleeding time, normal concentration of von Willebrand factor antigen, an abnormal clot retraction test, and failure of plalelet aggregation in response to agonists, suggesting a functional disorder of platelets. Genetic analysis indicated the horse was homozygous for a 10-base-pair deletion that included the last 3 base pairs of exon 11 and the first 7 base pairs of intron 11 of the gene encoding glycoprotein IIb. The diagnosis was Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) caused by a structural defect in glycoprotein IIb. GT is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex on platelet surfaces. Separate genes encode each glycoprotein, and mutations in either gene can result in GT. This case of GT is unique given the age of the mare at the time of diagnosis. We conclude that GT, although an inherited disorder, should be considered in horses with suspected dysfunctional platelets, regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena G Sanz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to introduce equine clinicians to the rapidly evolving field of clinical genomics with a vision of improving the health and welfare of the domestic horse. For 15 years a consortium of veterinary geneticists and clinicians has worked together under the umbrella of The Horse Genome Project. This group, encompassing 22 laboratories in 12 countries, has made rapid progress, developing several iterations of linkage, physical and comparative gene maps of the horse with increasing levels of detail. In early 2006, the research was greatly facilitated when the US National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health added the horse to the list of mammalian species scheduled for whole genome sequencing. The genome of the domestic horse has now been sequenced and is available to researchers worldwide in publicly accessible databases. This achievement creates the potential for transformative change within the horse industry, particularly in the fields of internal medicine, sports medicine and reproduction. The genome sequence has enabled the development of new genome-wide tools and resources for studying inherited diseases of the horse. To date, researchers have identified 11 mutations causing 10 clinical syndromes in the horse. Testing is commercially available for all but one of these diseases. Future research will probably identify the genetic bases for other equine diseases, produce new diagnostic tests and generate novel therapeutics for some of these conditions. This will enable equine clinicians to play a critical role in ensuring the thoughtful and appropriate application of this knowledge as they assist clients with breeding and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Brosnahan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
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Bauer TR, Adler RL, Hickstein DD. Potential large animal models for gene therapy of human genetic diseases of immune and blood cell systems. ILAR J 2009; 50:168-86. [PMID: 19293460 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.50.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations involving the cellular components of the hematopoietic system--red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets--manifest clinically as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Although gene targeting has recapitulated many of these diseases in mice, these murine homologues are limited as translational models by their small size and brief life span as well as the fact that mutations induced by gene targeting do not always faithfully reflect the clinical manifestations of such mutations in humans. Many of these limitations can be overcome by identifying large animals with genetic diseases of the hematopoietic system corresponding to their human disease counterparts. In this article, we describe human diseases of the cellular components of the hematopoietic system that have counterparts in large animal species, in most cases carrying mutations in the same gene (CD18 in leukocyte adhesion deficiency) or genes in interacting proteins (DNA cross-link repair 1C protein and protein kinase, DNA-activated catalytic polypeptide in radiation-sensitive severe combined immunodeficiency). Furthermore, we describe the potential of these animal models to serve as disease-specific preclinical models for testing the efficacy and safety of clinical interventions such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy before their use in humans with the corresponding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Bauer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch of the Center for Cancer Research at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Boudreaux MK. Characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited platelet disorders in mammals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:1251-9, 1190. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.8.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Norris JW, Pratt SM, Hunter JF, Gardner IA, Tablin F. Prevalence of reduced fibrinogen binding to platelets in a population of Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:716-21. [PMID: 17605606 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.7.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the frequency and magnitude of reduced fibrinogen binding in a population of horses from a Thoroughbred breeding farm. ANIMALS 444 Thoroughbred horses, 1 to 27 years old, including 316 females, 72 geldings, and 56 sexually intact males. PROCEDURES Blood was collected from horses into tubes containingacid citrate dextrose adenine, and washed platelets were examined by use of flow cytometry for their ability to bind fibrinogen. RESULTS Data regarding fibrinogen binding to activated platelets were normally distributed, with nearly identical amounts of variation regardless of sex. In 3 horses, fibrinogen binding to platelets was reduced from 67.6% to 83.4%, compared with normal platelets, which indicated an inability of platelets to aggregate in response to thrombin (0.1 U/mL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Platelet fibrinogen binding of the affected horses identified in this study was characteristic of a reported heritable bleeding disorder in which the reduction in fibrinogen binding correlated with prolonged bleeding times in template bleeding assays. The bleeding disorder is distinct from Glanzmann thrombasthenia, in which platelets fail to bind fibrinogen because of lack of alphallb-beta3 integrin on their surface. The prevalence of affected horses within the small sample population studied here (0.7% [n = 3]) is considerably higher than the prevalence of bleeding disorders within more genetically diverse groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Norris
- Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Christopherson PW, Santen VL, Livesey L, Boudreaux MK. A 10-Base-Pair Deletion in the Gene Encoding Platelet Glycoprotein IIb Associated with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia in a Horse. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Norris JW, Pratt SM, Auh JH, Wilson SJ, Clutter D, Magdesian KG, Ferraro GL, Tablin F. Investigation of a Novel, Heritable Bleeding Diathesis of Thoroughbred Horses and Development of a Screening Assay. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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