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Lopes-Pinto M, Marques PL, Lacerda-Nobre E, Miceli D, Leal RO, Marques P. Acromegaly in humans and cats: Pathophysiological, clinical and management resemblances and differences. Growth Horm IGF Res 2024; 76:101595. [PMID: 38810595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2024.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acromegaly is a disorder associated with excessive levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). In general, GH/IGF-1 excess leads to morphologic craniofacial and acral changes as well as cardiometabolic complications, but the phenotypic changes and clinical presentation of acromegaly differ across species. Here, we review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of acromegaly in humans and cats, and we provide a systematic comparison between this disease across these different species. DESIGN A comprehensive literature review of pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management of acromegaly in humans and in cats was performed. RESULTS Acromegaly is associated with prominent craniofacial changes in both species: frontal bossing, enlarged nose, ears and lips, and protuberant cheekbones are typically encountered in humans, whereas increased width of the head and skull enlargement are commonly found in cats. Malocclusion, prognathism, dental diastema and upper airway obstruction by soft tissue enlargement are reported in both species, as well as continuous growth and widening of extremities resulting in osteoarticular compromise. Increase of articular joint cartilage thickness, vertebral fractures and spine malalignment is more evident in humans, while arthropathy and spondylosis deformans may also occur in cats. Generalized organomegaly is equally observed in both species. Other similarities between humans and cats with acromegaly include heart failure, ventricular hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, and an overall increased cardiometabolic risk. In GH-secreting pituitary tumours, local compressive effects and behavioral changes are mostly observed in humans, but also present in cats. Cutis verticis gyrata and skin tags are exclusively found in humans, while palmigrade/plantigrade stance may occur in some acromegalic cats. Serum IGF-1 is used for acromegaly diagnosis in both species, but an oral glucose tolerance test with GH measurement is only useful in humans, as glucose load does not inhibit GH secretion in cats. Imaging studies are regularly performed in both species after biochemical diagnosis of acromegaly. Hypophysectomy is the first line treatment for humans and cats, although not always available in veterinary medicine. CONCLUSION Acromegaly in humans and cats has substantial similarities, as a result of common pathophysiological mechanisms, however species-specific features may be found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Lunet Marques
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Ema Lacerda-Nobre
- Endocrinology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria, Portugal
| | - Diego Miceli
- IBYME - Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Oliveira Leal
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Pedro Marques
- Pituitary Tumor Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Tomanelli M, Florio T, Vargas GC, Pagano A, Modesto P. Domestic Animal Models of Central Nervous System Tumors: Focus on Meningiomas. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2284. [PMID: 38137885 PMCID: PMC10744527 DOI: 10.3390/life13122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial primary tumors (IPTs) are aggressive forms of malignancies that cause high mortality in both humans and domestic animals. Meningiomas are frequent adult IPTs in humans, dogs, and cats, and both benign and malignant forms cause a decrease in life quality and survival. Surgery is the primary therapeutic approach to treat meningiomas, but, in many cases, it is not resolutive. The chemotherapy and targeted therapy used to treat meningiomas also display low efficacy and many side effects. Therefore, it is essential to find novel pharmacological approaches to increase the spectrum of therapeutic options for meningiomas. This review analyzes the similarities between human and domestic animal (dogs and cats) meningiomas by evaluating the molecular and histological characteristics, diagnosis criteria, and treatment options and highlighting possible research areas to identify novel targets and pharmacological approaches, which are useful for the diagnosis and therapy of this neoplasia to be used in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.C.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Tullio Florio
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriela Coronel Vargas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.C.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.C.V.); (A.P.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- National Reference Center for Veterinary and Comparative Oncology, Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
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O'Brien TJ, Pezzanite LM, Acutt EV, Vilander AC, Hassel DM, Hector RC, Hendrickson DA. Successful surgical removal of a pheochromocytoma in a mare via trans-costal approach. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1012-1020. [PMID: 36754850 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pheochromocytomas have been previously reported in horses, but successful antemortem diagnosis and surgical removal without recurrence of clinical signs have not been described. OBJECTIVE To report the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, surgical technique, anaesthetic management and post-operative care of a mare diagnosed with pheochromocytoma. STUDY DESIGN Clinical case report. METHODS An 18-year-old Quarter Horse mare presented for recurrent episodes of colic, profuse sweating, muscle fasciculations and agitation over a 2-month period. Clinical, clinicopathologic and ultrasonographic (transcutaneous, transrectal) abnormalities were consistent with a unilateral left-sided adrenal mass. Surgical removal of the mass was performed via a trans-costal approach with removal of the 18th rib and retraction of the left kidney to improve exposure. Associated vasculature was ligated, and the adrenal mass was removed and submitted for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS A trans-costal surgical approach provided excellent visualisation of the adrenal mass and allowed for identification and ligation of associated vessels. Total surgical and anaesthesia time were 86 and 114 min, respectively. Several intraoperative (hypertension, tachycardia) and post-operative (colic with tachycardia, tachypnea, large colon pelvic flexure impaction and nasogastric reflux) complications were encountered and managed successfully. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive labelling for synaptophysin and chromogranin A, confirming diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. The mare had recovered well at 6-week recheck post-operatively and returned to training at 6 months post-operatively. No further clinical signs consistent with pheochromocytoma have been observed following removal. CONCLUSIONS The trans-costal approach allowed for surgical removal of a pheochromocytoma in a mare. Surgical removal of adrenal masses in horses may be associated with complications yet was successfully performed without subsequent recurrence of clinical signs associated with tumour presence and return to athletic use in this mare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O'Brien
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynn M Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Acutt
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Allison C Vilander
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel C Hector
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dean A Hendrickson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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4
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Tanaka Y, Watanabe K, Morita Y, Kobayashi Y. Multiple endocrine neoplasia in a sheep: insulinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma with myxoid differentiation, and thyroid C-cell carcinoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:433-437. [PMID: 37148257 PMCID: PMC10331389 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231168096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An ~10-y-old male sheep had anorexia and progressive weight loss for ~1 mo. The sheep was emaciated, and 20 d later, became recumbent and lethargic, and was hypoglycemic (0.33 mmol/L; RI: 2.6-4.4 mmol/L). The sheep was euthanized because of poor prognosis, and submitted for autopsy. We found no gross lesions in the pancreas; however, histologically, focal proliferations of round-to-polygonal cells were separated by connective tissue into small nests. These proliferating cells, which had abundant eosinophilic-to-amphophilic cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei, were immunopositive for insulin and negative for glucagon and somatostatin; the lesion was diagnosed as an insulinoma. Insulinoma has not been reported previously in sheep, to our knowledge. In addition, autopsy and histologic examination revealed the presence of an adrenocortical carcinoma with myxoid differentiation and a thyroid C-cell carcinoma. Our case indicates that multiple endocrine neoplasms can occur in sheep, as in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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Sanders K, Galac S, Meij BP. Pituitary tumour types in dogs and cats. Vet J 2021; 270:105623. [PMID: 33641809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumours are common in dogs and are being increasingly recognized in cats. Pituitary tumours are usually classified as adenomas and should only be classified as carcinomas when there is evidence of metastatic spread of the tumour, which is rare. Despite the benign nature of most pituitary tumours, they can still compress or invade neighbouring tissues. Pituitary tumours can be functional (hormonally active) or non-functional (hormonally silent). The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the different pituitary tumour types in dogs and cats that have been reported in the literature. In dogs, the most common pituitary tumour type is the corticotroph adenoma, which can cause pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. In cats, the most common pituitary tumour is the somatotroph adenoma, which can cause hypersomatotropism, and the second-most common is the corticotroph adenoma. A lactotroph adenoma has been described in one dog, while gonadotroph, thyrotroph and null cell adenomas have not been described in dogs or cats. Hormonally silent adenomas are likely underdiagnosed because they do not result in an endocrine syndrome. Tools used to classify pituitary tumours in humans, particularly immunohistochemistry for lineage-specific transcription factors, are likely to be useful to classify canine and feline pituitary tumours of unknown origin. Future studies are required to better understand the full range of pituitary adenoma pathology in dogs and cats and to determine whether certain adenoma subtypes behave more aggressively than others. Currently, the mechanisms that underlie pituitary tumorigenesis in dogs and cats are still largely unknown. A better understanding of the molecular background of these tumours could help to identify improved pituitary-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - S Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the adrenal glands can provide important information pertaining to several conditions including hyperaldosteronism and hyperadrenocorticism. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings, such as adrenal mineralisation, and clinically significant pathological changes can be challenging. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased adrenal glands. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- BVSc, Ce666rtAVP, DipECVDI, Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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Bond R, Morris DO, Guillot J, Bensignor EJ, Robson D, Mason KV, Kano R, Hill PB. Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:28-74. [PMID: 31957204 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIAL The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) Clinical Consensus Guideline committee provided guidance and oversight for this process. The document was presented at two international meetings of veterinary dermatology societies and one international mycology workshop; it was made available for comment on the WAVD website for a period of six months. Comments were shared with the GP electronically and responses incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE There has been a remarkable expansion of knowledge on Malassezia yeasts and their role in animal disease, particularly since the early 1990's. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats has evolved from a disease of obscurity and controversy on its existence, to now being a routine diagnosis in general veterinary practice. Clinical signs are well recognised and diagnostic approaches are well developed. A range of topical and systemic therapies is known to be effective, especially when predisposing factors are identified and corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancy Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons Alfort, Ile-de-France, France
| | | | - David Robson
- Animal Skin and Ear Specialists, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, 70 Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria, 3150, Australia
| | - Kenneth V Mason
- Dermcare-vet PTY LTD, 7 Centenary Road, Slacks Creek, Queensland, 4127, Australia
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Peter B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in a Case of Metastatic Thyroid Carcinoma in a Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). J Comp Pathol 2020; 176:10-13. [PMID: 32359621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 20-year-old male brown bear (Ursus arctos) with a 20 × 25 cm necrotic mass adjacent to the trachea was diagnosed as having an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Metastases were observed in the lungs and one adrenal gland and, histologically, these had anaplastic and follicular carcinoma patterns, respectively. E-cadherin labelling was observed in the adrenal mass only, while N-cadherin immunolabelling was detected in the thyroid gland and lung masses. Thyroid-specific markers (thyroid transcription factor-1, thyroglobulin) were expressed in the adrenal gland metastasis. This case illustrates an example of a primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enabling metastasis to distant organ sites, followed by a mesenchymal-epithelial transition within the adrenal gland microenvironment, allowing invasion and reacquisition of thyroid epithelial cell features. EMTs help to understand the phenomenon of carcinoma cell plasticity in enabling colonization and growth of metastases.
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Confer A, Owston MA, Kumar S, Dick EJ. Multiple endocrine neoplasia-like syndrome in 24 baboons (Papio spp.). J Med Primatol 2018; 47:434-439. [PMID: 30256416 PMCID: PMC6234079 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) has not been reported in baboons, but this condition is well described in humans. An internal database was searched for all cases of concurrent endocrine hyperplasia and neoplasia in baboons. Twenty-four baboons (Papio spp.) with concurrent endocrine hyperplasia and neoplasia were identified. Twenty-one baboons had lesions in two endocrine organs, two baboons had lesions in three organs, and one baboon had lesions in four organs. Ten baboons aligned with the MEN1 classification; 14 baboons did not match any current human MEN classification. We report 24 cases of MEN-like syndrome in baboons. MEN1-like lesions accounted for nearly half (41%) of the affected animals. Genetic analysis of baboons with MEN-like syndrome could further elucidate the mechanisms of MEN and support the use of baboons as animal models for human MEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Confer
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
- USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, Albany, CA
| | - Michael A. Owston
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
- Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, OH
| | - Shyamesh Kumar
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Edward J. Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
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Galac S, Grinwis G. Concurrent endocrine neoplasia: more common than you thought? Vet Rec 2018; 182:320-322. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.k1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Utrecht University; the Netherlands
| | - Guy Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; the Netherlands
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12
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Beatrice L, Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Mueller C, Kümmerle-Fraune C, Hilbe M, Grest P, Reusch CE. Concurrent endocrine neoplasias in dogs and cats: a retrospective study (2004-2014). Vet Rec 2018; 182:323. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beatrice
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Felicitas Schär Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nadja S Sieber-Ruckstuhl
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claudia Mueller
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claudia Kümmerle-Fraune
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Paula Grest
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claudia E Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Boland LA, Barrs VR. Peculiarities of feline hyperadrenocorticism: Update on diagnosis and treatment. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:933-947. [PMID: 28838299 PMCID: PMC11128894 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17723245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is a relatively uncommon endocrinopathy of older cats, with a mean age at diagnosis of 10 years. In addition to pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent hypercortisolism, clinical signs of HAC can result from adrenal sex steroid-producing tumours. Clinical challenges: While HAC in cats has many similarities to canine HAC, there are key differences in presentation, diagnosis and response to therapy. Most, but not all, cats with HAC have concurrent diabetes mellitus, which is often insulin resistant. Up to a third of cats with HAC have extreme skin fragility and are at high risk of debilitating iatrogenic skin tears during diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. Infections of the skin and nail beds, and urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, secondary to cortisol-induced immune suppression, are also common. Cats respond differently to dogs to adrenal function tests including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation and dexamethasone suppression tests; a 10-fold higher dose of dexamethasone is recommended in cats to screen for HAC. Curative treatment options include adrenalectomy or transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Radiation or medical treatment may improve clinical signs. The response to mitotane therapy is poor. While trilostane is the medical treatment of choice based on retrospective studies, investigations into the pharmacokinetics of this drug in cats are lacking. Global importance: Feline HAC occurs worldwide and is not associated with any purebreed predisposition. Although uncommon, adrenal sex steroid-producing tumours have a higher prevalence in cats than in dogs. Evidence base: The information in this review is drawn from over 180 reported cases of feline HAC. Reports investigating clinical presentation, clinicopathological findings and treatment outcomes are observational, retrospective multiple case series (EBM grade III) or single case reports (EBM grade IV). While most endocrine testing studies for diagnosis are cohort controlled analytical studies (EBM grade III), prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled studies have been performed (EBM grade I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Boland
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Ferrets have become more popular as household pets and as animal models in biomedical research in the past 2 decades. The average life span of ferrets is about 5-11 years with onset of geriatric diseases between 3-4 years including endocrinopathies, neoplasia, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiomyopathy, splenomegaly, renal diseases, dental diseases, and cataract. Endocrinopathies are the most common noninfectious disease affecting middle-aged and older ferrets. Spontaneous neoplasms affecting the endocrine system of ferrets appear to be increasing in prevalence with a preponderance toward proliferative lesions in the adrenal cortex and pancreatic islet cells. Diet, gonadectomy, and genetics may predispose ferrets to an increased incidence of these endocrinopathies. These functional proliferative lesions cause hypersecretion of hormones that alter the physiology and metabolism of the affected ferrets resulting in a wide range of clinical manifestations. However, there is an apparent dearth of information available in the literature about the causal relationship between aging and neoplasia in ferrets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy and physiology of endocrine organs, disease incidence, age at diagnosis, clinical signs, pathology, and molecular markers available for diagnosis of various endocrine disorders in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bakthavatchalu
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R P Marini
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Pope JP, Steeil J, Ramsay EC, Reel D, Newman SJ. Spontaneous proliferative and neoplastic lesions in thyroid and parathyroid glands of nondomestic felids. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 29:8-13. [PMID: 27852814 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716672253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on microscopic and immunohistochemical characterization, we documented spontaneous proliferative and neoplastic lesions in the thyroid and parathyroid glands of nondomestic felids. Ten animals (4 leopards, 3 tigers, and 3 cougars), all with a previous diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia were identified from the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine database. The mean age of affected animals was 15.9 y. Twelve neoplasms were identified; 2 animals had 2 concurrent neoplasms. After immunohistochemical characterization using a panel of chromogranin A, thyroglobulin, and calcitonin, 7 of the former thyroid neoplasms were diagnosed as thyroid adenomas, 1 was diagnosed as a thyroid carcinoma, and 4 were diagnosed as parathyroid adenomas. No thyroid medullary neoplasms (C-cell tumors) were diagnosed in the current study. Most of the diagnosed neoplasms were benign (11 of 12), and metastasis was not documented in the single carcinoma. Only 2 animals were suspected to have functional neoplasms (1 thyroid adenoma and 1 parathyroid adenoma), based on associated tissue lesions or serum biochemistry. Other documented lesions in the thyroid and parathyroid glands included thyroid nodular hyperplasia ( n = 7), parathyroid hyperplasia associated with chronic renal disease ( n = 2), a thyroid abscess, and a branchial cyst. Parathyroid adenomas were more commonly diagnosed than expected in comparison with domestic cats. We demonstrated that an immunohistochemistry panel for thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and chromogranin A can be used to differentiate neoplasms of thyroid from parathyroid origin in nondomestic felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny P Pope
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Pope, Reel, Newman), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Steeil, Ramsay), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Current addresses: Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, AL (Pope).,KDL VetPath, Knoxville, TN (Reel).,Department of Animal Health, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Steeil)
| | - James Steeil
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Pope, Reel, Newman), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Steeil, Ramsay), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Current addresses: Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, AL (Pope).,KDL VetPath, Knoxville, TN (Reel).,Department of Animal Health, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Steeil)
| | - Edward C Ramsay
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Pope, Reel, Newman), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Steeil, Ramsay), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Current addresses: Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, AL (Pope).,KDL VetPath, Knoxville, TN (Reel).,Department of Animal Health, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Steeil)
| | - Danielle Reel
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Pope, Reel, Newman), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Steeil, Ramsay), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Current addresses: Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, AL (Pope).,KDL VetPath, Knoxville, TN (Reel).,Department of Animal Health, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Steeil)
| | - Shelley J Newman
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Pope, Reel, Newman), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Steeil, Ramsay), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.,Current addresses: Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, AL (Pope).,KDL VetPath, Knoxville, TN (Reel).,Department of Animal Health, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Steeil)
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16
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Luethy D, Habecker P, Murphy B, Nolen-Walston R. Clinical and Pathological Features of Pheochromocytoma in the Horse: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study of 37 Cases (2007-2014). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:309-13. [PMID: 26613683 PMCID: PMC4913635 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pheochromocytoma is the most common adrenal medullary neoplasm of domestic animals, but it is rare in horses. Antemortem diagnosis in horses is difficult, with clinical signs often being vague or non‐specific. Objective The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings of pheochromocytoma in horses. Animals Thirty‐seven horses diagnosed with pheochromocytoma based on postmortem examination from 2007 to 2014. Methods Retrospective case series. Results Pheochromocytoma was identified in 37/4094 horses during postmortem examination. Clinical signs consistent with pheochromocytoma had been observed antemortem in only 7 cases, with the remainder being incidental findings. Colic was the most common presenting complaint (13 of 37 cases) and tachycardia was noted in 95% of cases (median heart rate of 86 bpm in clinical cases). Hyperlactatemia (median, 4.9 mmol/L) and hyperglycemia (median, 184 mg/dL) were the most common clinicopathologic abnormalities. Hemoperitoneum caused by rupture of pheochromocytoma was noted in 4/7 clinical cases. Concurrent endocrine abnormalities (eg, thyroid adenoma, adrenal hyperplasia, pituitary pars intermedia hyperplasia or adenoma, parathyroid C‐cell carcinoma) were found in 27/37 horses, with 8/37 horses having lesions consistent with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome as described in humans. Conclusions Pheochromocytoma was diagnosed in 0.95% of horses presented for necropsy. The majority of these were incidental findings, but pheochromocytoma was thought to contribute to clinical findings in 19% of cases, and multiple endocrine neoplasms were commonly seen. Usually an incidental finding at necropsy, pheochromocytoma may cause acute death from intraperitoneal exsanguination and should be considered in horses presenting with colic, tachycardia, and hemoperitoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luethy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA
| | - P Habecker
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA
| | - B Murphy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - R Nolen-Walston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA
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17
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Abstract
A 7½-yr-old male cougar (Puma concolor) was presented with a 2-wk history of progressive hindlimb abnormalities. An abdominal mass was palpated on physical examination. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed a mass surrounding the left ureter. A postmortem diagnosis of paraganglioma was established.
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18
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Crosaz O, Vilaplana-Grosso F, Alleaume C, Cordonnier N, Bedu-Leperlier AS, Marignac G, Hubert B, Rosenberg D. Skin fragility syndrome in a cat with multicentric follicular lymphoma. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:953-8. [PMID: 23580701 PMCID: PMC11383158 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13483460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
An 11-year-old, spayed female domestic shorthair cat was presented for a right flank wound. On clinical examination, a single non-painful skin tear lesion with irregular edges was detected. During the examination, star-shaped cigarette paper-like skin lesions appeared spontaneously. An abdominal mass was also palpated. Feline skin fragility syndrome (FSFS) was suspected and a multicentric lymphoma was diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. The cat's condition declined and it died spontaneously. Post-mortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of lymphoma. Neoplastic lymphocytes were not observed in the skin. Histological analysis of the skin was consistent with the morphological aspects of FSFS. A possible direct link between the two conditions remains a matter of speculation, but this case report provides the first description of FSFS associated with multicentric follicular lymphoma. Thus, multicentric follicular lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats presenting with FSFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Crosaz
- 1Dermatology Unit, Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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19
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Hypersomatotropism, Acromegaly, and Hyperadrenocorticism and Feline Diabetes Mellitus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:319-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Tamulevicus AM, Harkin K, Janardhan K, Debey BM. Disseminated Histoplasmosis Accompanied by Cutaneous Fragility in a Cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:e36-41. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4 yr old, spayed female domestic shorthair was referred with a 2 mo history of weight loss, anorexia, and diarrhea. Skin fragility was noted on presentation and a large skin tear measuring 5 cm × 5 cm was obvious over the dorsal cervical region. The patient was previously treated with short-term prednisone that was discontinued 6 wk before presentation. Initial diagnostics (complete blood count and biochemistry) did not indicate an endocrine disorder, the most common cause of acquired feline skin fragility. Necropsy revealed diffuse histoplasmosis (most significantly affecting the skin), epidermal atrophy, dermal collagen separation, and infiltration in the dermis and subcutis by inflammatory cells containing yeast organisms consistent with Histoplasma spp. Infiltrative fungal infection should be considered as a potential cause of acquired feline skin fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Tamulevicus
- Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Medicine (A.T., K.H.) and Diagnostic Laboratory (K.J., B.D.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kenneth Harkin
- Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Medicine (A.T., K.H.) and Diagnostic Laboratory (K.J., B.D.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kyathanahalli Janardhan
- Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Medicine (A.T., K.H.) and Diagnostic Laboratory (K.J., B.D.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brad M. Debey
- Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Medicine (A.T., K.H.) and Diagnostic Laboratory (K.J., B.D.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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