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Bradley AE, Wancket LM, Rinke M, Gruebbel MM, Saladino BH, Schafer K, Katsuta O, Garcia B, Chanut F, Hughes K, Nelson K, Himmel L, McInnes E, Schucker A, Uchida K. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rabbit. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:183S-292S. [PMID: 34712007 PMCID: PMC8544166 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.183s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the laboratory rabbit used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys E Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Begonya Garcia
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Franck Chanut
- Sanofi, 1 Avenue Pierre Brosselette, 91380 Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Lauren Himmel
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Adrienne Schucker
- American Preclinical Services, LLC, 8945 Evergreen Blvd, Minneapolis, MN 55433
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Reineking W, Seehusen F, Lehmbecker A, Wohlsein P. Predominance of Granular Cell Tumours among Testicular Tumours of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi f. dom.). J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:24-29. [PMID: 31812170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Testicular neoplasms are reported rarely in pet and laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi f. dom.), with interstitial cell tumours being the most commonly described testicular neoplasm. In this retrospective study, paraffin wax-embedded testicles with neoplastic changes from 52 rabbits were investigated. Five out of 52 animals exhibited more than one tumour type, resulting in a total of 57 tumours. Granular cell tumours were the most prevalent neoplasm with 36 examples (63%) out of the 57 testicular tumours. Interstitial cell tumours, Sertoli cell tumours and seminomas occurred less frequently. Granular cell tumours of the testis are rare in rabbits. Histological similarities between granular cell and interstitial cell (Leydig cell) tumours in haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections may lead to misdiagnoses. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction or immunohistochemistry for periaxin and S100 protein, as well as ultrastructural analysis, are useful methods to confirm the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reineking
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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3
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A Review on Mammary Tumors in Rabbits: Translation of Pathology into Medical Care. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100762. [PMID: 31581718 PMCID: PMC6826878 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years mammary cancer has been increasingly recognized in pet rabbits. In addition to uterine carcinomas—the most common tumor of female rabbits—mammary cancer can also markedly reduce the life expectancy of pet rabbits. The aim of this review is to raise awareness for these tumors and to report recent progress in related research. Their detailed characterization will likely improve medical care for affected rabbits. Moreover, study results will contribute to comparative pathology and may reveal if the rabbit is a suitable model for certain types of breast cancer in humans. Available information suggests that most invasive cancer cases develop through stepwise progression from non-invasive forms. Thus, early recognition will likely improve a complete cancer cure. So far, the only treatment option is surgical excision and prognostic factors are unknown. Recent investigations have identified tumor features with likely prognostic value. They have also revealed differences and similarities to mammary tumors in other species and breast cancer in women. Despite these initial data, continued research is necessary to gain more insights into the development of these tumors and their molecular features. Abstract The aim of this review is to raise awareness for mammary tumors in rabbits and to report progress in related research. Currently, a standardized tumor classification for rabbits is not available, prognostic factors are unknown and the only treatment option is surgical excision. Studies showed that affected rabbits have a wide age range and are nearly exclusively female or female spayed. Most mammary tumors are carcinomas. These may occur together with non-neoplastic or benign mammary lesions. Frequent microscopic findings are lipid droplets in tumor cells, secretory activity and microscopic heterogeneity. Since carcinomas are often negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER-α/PR), modulation of receptor function will unlikely be beneficial for most rabbits. ER-α and PR status may have prognostic significance, since ER-α- or PR-negative tumors have significantly higher mitotic rates than ER-α- or PR-positive tumors. The frequent secretory activity of rabbit mammary tumors may suggest an influence of prolactin on tumorigenesis. Available data contribute to comparative pathology and are the basis for future molecular studies into the identification of additional prognostic factors and novel therapeutic options. They will also reveal the suitability of the rabbit as a model for certain types of breast cancer in women.
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Webb JK, Reavill DR, Garner MM, Kiupel M, Graham JE. Characterization of Testicular Granular Cell Tumors in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Banco B, Binanti D, Penna V, Grieco V. Sertoli cell tumour in a pet rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus): histological and immunohistochemical characterization. Open Vet J 2018; 8:250-255. [PMID: 30105216 PMCID: PMC6073377 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a case of a spontaneous, unilateral Sertoli cell tumour (SCT) in a 6-year-old pet rabbit. The rabbit was presented with a palpable, unilateral, subcutaneous left inguinal mass, consistent with the suspected clinical diagnosis of neoplasia developing within the retained testis in the inguinal canal. The intrascrotal contralateral testis was palpable, but reduced in volume. The rabbit underwent orchiectomy and both the testes were collected, formalin-fixed, and submitted for histopathological examination. Microscopically, the enlarged testis was effaced by an intratubular SCT in which numerous intratubular microliths were evident. The contralateral testis was severely atrophied. Immunohistochemical stains showed neoplastic Sertoli cells that were diffusely positive for vimentin and anti-Müllerian-Hormone and multifocally positive for cytokeratins and desmin. Eighteen months after the surgery, the rabbit showed no clinical signs of disease. This is the first report of a spontaneously occurring rabbit SCT histologically described and immunohistochemically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Banco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Diana Binanti
- AbLab, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Sarzana (La Spezia), Italy
| | | | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
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Abstract
Neoplasia has long been reported as a rare finding in rabbits, but over the past decades the number of reports on neoplastic disease in rabbits has risen considerably. Similar to other animals, neoplastic changes may occur in any organ system, but the rate in which the organ systems are affected differs considerably. In rabbits, tumors have predominantly been found in the urogenital, hemolymphatic, and integumentary systems. This article discusses current insights on the etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of the commonest neoplastic diseases in rabbits and offer guidelines for the correct diagnosis and treatment of the rabbit oncologic patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne van Zeeland
- Division of Zoological Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
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Banco B, Grilli G, Giudice C, Marques AT, Cotti Cometti S, Visigalli G, Grieco V. Immunophenotyping of Rabbit Testicular Germ and Sertoli Cells Across Maturational Stages. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:715-726. [PMID: 27680667 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416669918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During testicular maturation, both Sertoli cells (SCs) and germ cells (GCs) switch from an immature to a mature immunophenotype. The reexpression of markers of immaturity in adults has been reported in cancer and in other testicular pathologies, in men as well as in animal species. Naturally affected with testicular cancer, rabbits have long been used in human reproductive research, but reports on the expression of testicular cell markers in this species are few and data about the immunophenotype of normal postnatal SCs and GCs are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunophenotype of SCs and GCs in the rabbit, from neonatal to adult age, using the antibodies anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), vimentin (VIM), CKAE1/AE3 (cytokeratins [CKs]), desmin (DES), inhibin alpha (INH-α), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In SCs, VIM was constantly expressed, and AMH and CKs expression was limited to neonatal and prepubertal age, whereas DES, INH-α, PLAP, and PAS were constantly negative. GCs were negatively stained for PLAP, PAS, and for the other markers. Results revealed analogies with human testicular immunophenotype, suggesting that rabbits could represent a potential experimental model for the study of human testicular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Banco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy (BB, GG, CG, ATM, SCC, VG)
| | - G Grilli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy (BB, GG, CG, ATM, SCC, VG)
| | - C Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy (BB, GG, CG, ATM, SCC, VG)
| | - A Tomas Marques
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy (BB, GG, CG, ATM, SCC, VG)
| | - S Cotti Cometti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy (BB, GG, CG, ATM, SCC, VG)
| | - G Visigalli
- Clinica Veterinaria Liana Blu, Varedo (MI), Italy (GV)
| | - V Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy (BB, GG, CG, ATM, SCC, VG)
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Abstract
This article summarizes the available information on different soft tissue surgical procedures in rabbits, based on the literature and the authors' experiences, emphasizing the differences between rabbits and the more familiar dogs and cats. The major surgical principles in rabbits are discussed, and common surgical procedures, such as abdominal exploration, gastrotomy, enterotomy, liver lobectomy, nephrectomy, cystotomy, cystectomy, ovariohysterectomy, ovariectomy, orchidectomy, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szabo
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Katriona Bradley
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Thas I, Harcourt-Brown F. Six cases of inguinal urinary bladder herniation in entire male domestic rabbits. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:662-6. [PMID: 23909767 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Six entire male rabbits, between four and eight years old, were presented with a fluctuant scrotal and/or inguinal swelling resulting from inguinal herniation of the urinary bladder. Concurrent problems included urinary sediment (two rabbits), multiple uroliths (one rabbit) and testicular tumour (one rabbit). All rabbits underwent herniorrhaphy surgery. There was a successful outcome in four of the six cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thas
- DAP Thas, Heerweg-Zuid 9, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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10
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Nasal osteosarcoma and interstitial cell tumor in a Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 42:330-4. [PMID: 22946416 DOI: 10.1638/2010-0159.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-yr-old male Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) presented for poor hibernation, weight loss, and symmetric trunk alopecia. An abdominal interstitial cell tumor was identified and surgically removed. Serum levels of estrogen were markedly elevated before surgery and decreased after tumor removal, indicating that the tumor had been functionally secretory. Nine months later, the marmot presented with respiratory stridor. A large boney nasal mass was identified radiographically and evaluated by computed tomography (CT) prior to surgical debulking. The marmot did not recover from anesthesia. Pathologic findings included a nasal osteosarcoma with lysis of the cribriform plate, and endocardial fibrosis with degenerative changes within the adjoining myocardium. This is the first known report of nasal osteosarcoma and interstitial tumor in a Vancouver Island marmot.
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Banco B, Stefanello D, Giudice C, D’Acierno M, Giancamillo MD, Grieco V. Metastasizing testicular seminoma in a pet rabbit. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:608-11. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712441184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a case of a spontaneously metastasizing seminoma in 9-year-old pet lionhead rabbit is described. The rabbit was presented with unilateral testicular enlargement and a palpable abdominal mass. Spiral computed tomography revealed the presence of an abdominal-pelvic mass in the region of the sublumbar lymph nodes. Testes and lymph nodes were collected, fixed in formalin, and submitted for histopathological examination. Microscopically, the normal architecture of the enlarged testis and lymph node was completely replaced by a diffuse malignant seminoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Banco
- Department of Pathology, Section of Veterinary Pathology and Avian Pathology, Milano, Italy (Banco, Giudice, Grieco)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Milano, Italy (Stefanello, Di Giancamillo)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy and Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Milano, Italy (D’Acierno)
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Pathology, Section of Veterinary Pathology and Avian Pathology, Milano, Italy (Banco, Giudice, Grieco)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Milano, Italy (Stefanello, Di Giancamillo)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy and Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Milano, Italy (D’Acierno)
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Pathology, Section of Veterinary Pathology and Avian Pathology, Milano, Italy (Banco, Giudice, Grieco)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Milano, Italy (Stefanello, Di Giancamillo)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy and Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Milano, Italy (D’Acierno)
| | - Massimo D’Acierno
- Department of Pathology, Section of Veterinary Pathology and Avian Pathology, Milano, Italy (Banco, Giudice, Grieco)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Milano, Italy (Stefanello, Di Giancamillo)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy and Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Milano, Italy (D’Acierno)
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Department of Pathology, Section of Veterinary Pathology and Avian Pathology, Milano, Italy (Banco, Giudice, Grieco)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Milano, Italy (Stefanello, Di Giancamillo)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy and Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Milano, Italy (D’Acierno)
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Pathology, Section of Veterinary Pathology and Avian Pathology, Milano, Italy (Banco, Giudice, Grieco)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Milano, Italy (Stefanello, Di Giancamillo)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy and Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Milano, Italy (D’Acierno)
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Suzuki M, Ozaki M, Ano N, Nomura K, Ozaki K, Narama I. Testicular gonadoblastoma in two pet domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:1028-32. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711406975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular gonadoblastoma is an uncommon tumor in domestic animals. The current study describes a testicular gonadoblastoma in 2 pet domestic rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) based on the histomorphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of the tumor. The tumor tissue consisted of discrete tubular structures separated by a fibrous stroma. The tubular structures were composed of large round cells similar in appearance to germ cells in the seminiferous tubules, and small spindle cells with oval or elongated nuclei resembling Sertoli cells. The spindle cells showed peculiar structural patterns arranged in a coronal or follicular pattern, often forming Call–Exner bodies like those in an ovarian granulosa cell tumor. One case was concomitant with seminoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed large round cells that were positive for c-kit and placental alkaline phosphatase, while spindle cells were positive for vimentin and Wilms tumor protein. Ultrastructurally, the spherical eosinophilic material (Call–Exner body) consisted of duplicated basal lamina, and sex cord components surrounded a single degenerative cell similar to a germ cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Suzuki
- Sumika Technoservice Corporation, Osaka, Japan (Suzuki, M Ozaki)
- Marupi Lifetech Company Ltd., Ikeda, Osaka, Japan (Ano, Nomura)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan (K Ozaki, Narama)
| | - Masakazu Ozaki
- Sumika Technoservice Corporation, Osaka, Japan (Suzuki, M Ozaki)
- Marupi Lifetech Company Ltd., Ikeda, Osaka, Japan (Ano, Nomura)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan (K Ozaki, Narama)
| | - Naoko Ano
- Sumika Technoservice Corporation, Osaka, Japan (Suzuki, M Ozaki)
- Marupi Lifetech Company Ltd., Ikeda, Osaka, Japan (Ano, Nomura)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan (K Ozaki, Narama)
| | - Koji Nomura
- Sumika Technoservice Corporation, Osaka, Japan (Suzuki, M Ozaki)
- Marupi Lifetech Company Ltd., Ikeda, Osaka, Japan (Ano, Nomura)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan (K Ozaki, Narama)
| | - Kiyokazu Ozaki
- Sumika Technoservice Corporation, Osaka, Japan (Suzuki, M Ozaki)
- Marupi Lifetech Company Ltd., Ikeda, Osaka, Japan (Ano, Nomura)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan (K Ozaki, Narama)
| | - Isao Narama
- Sumika Technoservice Corporation, Osaka, Japan (Suzuki, M Ozaki)
- Marupi Lifetech Company Ltd., Ikeda, Osaka, Japan (Ano, Nomura)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan (K Ozaki, Narama)
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Wang D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yang Y. Karyotype and single nucleotide polymorphism of the prolactin gene in milking bucks. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Diagnosis | Cystic mammary gland hyperplasia and neoplasia. Lab Anim (NY) 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0809-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Tan AR, Alexe G, Reiss M. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling: emerging stem cell target in metastatic breast cancer? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 115:453-95. [PMID: 18841463 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In most human breast cancers, lowering of TGFbeta receptor- or Smad gene expression combined with increased levels of TGFbetas in the tumor microenvironment is sufficient to abrogate TGFbetas tumor suppressive effects and to induce a mesenchymal, motile and invasive phenotype. In genetic mouse models, TGFbeta signaling suppresses de novo mammary cancer formation but promotes metastasis of tumors that have broken through TGFbeta tumor suppression. In mouse models of "triple-negative" or basal-like breast cancer, treatment with TGFbeta neutralizing antibodies or receptor kinase inhibitors strongly inhibits development of lung- and bone metastases. These TGFbeta antagonists do not significantly affect tumor cell proliferation or apoptosis. Rather, they de-repress anti-tumor immunity, inhibit angiogenesis and reverse the mesenchymal, motile, invasive phenotype characteristic of basal-like and HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Patterns of TGFbeta target genes upregulation in human breast cancers suggest that TGFbeta may drive tumor progression in estrogen-independent cancer, while it mediates a suppressive host cell response in estrogen-dependent luminal cancers. In addition, TGFbeta appears to play a key role in maintaining the mammary epithelial (cancer) stem cell pool, in part by inducing a mesenchymal phenotype, while differentiated, estrogen receptor-positive, luminal cells are unresponsive to TGFbeta because the TGFBR2 receptor gene is transcriptionally silent. These same cells respond to estrogen by downregulating TGFbeta, while antiestrogens act by upregulating TGFbeta. This model predicts that inhibiting TGFbeta signaling should drive the differentiation of mammary stem cells into ductal cells. Consequently, TGFbeta antagonists may convert basal-like or HER2-positive cancers to a more epithelioid, non-proliferating (and, perhaps, non-metastatic) phenotype. Conversely, these agents might antagonize the therapeutic effects of anti-estrogens in estrogen-dependent luminal cancers. These predictions need to be addressed prospectively in clinical trials and should inform the selection of patient populations most likely to benefit from this novel anti-metastatic therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette R Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Irizarry-Rovira AR, Lennox AM, Ramos-Vara JA. Granular Cell Tumor in the Testis of a Rabbit: Cytologic, Histologic, Immunohistochemical, and Electron Microscopic Characterization. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:73-7. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-1-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An adult pet rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) presented with a progressively enlarging left testicle. Because neoplasia was suspected, the testicle was removed. Pathologic evaluation (exfoliative cytology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy) indicated that the tumor was an intratesticular granular cell tumor. Granular cell tumor has not been described in rabbits before and has not been described in the testes of animals or postnatal humans. Granular cell tumor should be included as a differential diagnosis of testicular tumors, particularly Leydig cell tumor, because of potential histologic similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Irizarry-Rovira
- Toxicology and Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN
| | - A. M. Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - J. A. Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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