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Ratajczak AE, Szymczak-Tomczak A, Rychter AM, Zawada A, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Does Folic Acid Protect Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Complications? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114036. [PMID: 34836291 PMCID: PMC8618862 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Folic acid, referred to as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble substance, which participates in the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins. Similarly to B12 and B6, vitamin B9 is involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, which is associated with the MTHFR gene. The human body is not able to synthesize folic acid; thus, it must be supplemented with diet. The most common consequence of folic acid deficiency is anemia; however, some studies have also demonstrated the correlation between low bone mineral density, hyperhomocysteinemia, and folic acid deficiency. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently suffer from malabsorption and avoid certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, which constitute the main sources of vitamin B9. Additionally, the use of sulfasalazine by patients may result in folic acid deficiency. Therefore, IBD patients present a higher risk of folic acid deficiency and require particular supervision with regard to anemia and osteoporosis prevention, which are common consequences of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Ewa Ratajczak
- Correspondence: (A.E.R.); (I.K.-K.); Tel.: +48-667-385-996 (A.E.R.); +48-8691-343 (I.K.-K.); Fax: +48-8691-686 (A.E.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
- Correspondence: (A.E.R.); (I.K.-K.); Tel.: +48-667-385-996 (A.E.R.); +48-8691-343 (I.K.-K.); Fax: +48-8691-686 (A.E.R.)
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Clemens E, van der Kooi ALF, Broer L, van Dulmen-den Broeder E, Visscher H, Kremer L, Tissing W, Loonen J, Ronckers CM, Pluijm SMF, Neggers SJCMM, Zolk O, Langer T, Zehnhoff-Dinnesen AA, Wilson CL, Hudson MM, Carleton B, Laven JSE, Uitterlinden AG, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. The influence of genetic variation on late toxicities in childhood cancer survivors: A review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 126:154-167. [PMID: 29759558 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The variability in late toxicities among childhood cancer survivors (CCS) is only partially explained by treatment and baseline patient characteristics. Inter-individual variability in the association between treatment exposure and risk of late toxicity suggests that genetic variation possibly modifies this association. We reviewed the available literature on genetic susceptibility of late toxicity after childhood cancer treatment related to components of metabolic syndrome, bone mineral density, gonadal impairment and hearing impairment. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed, using Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. Eligible publications included all English language reports of candidate gene studies and genome wide association studies (GWAS) that aimed to identify genetic risk factors associated with the four late toxicities, defined as toxicity present after end of treatment. RESULTS Twenty-seven articles were identified, including 26 candidate gene studies: metabolic syndrome (n = 6); BMD (n = 6); gonadal impairment (n = 2); hearing impairment (n = 12) and one GWAS (metabolic syndrome). Eighty percent of the genetic studies on late toxicity after childhood cancer had relatively small sample sizes (n < 200), leading to insufficient power, and lacked adjustment for multiple comparisons. Only four (4/26 = 15%) candidate gene studies had their findings validated in independent replication cohorts as part of their own report. CONCLUSION Genetic susceptibility associations are not consistent or not replicated and therefore, currently no evidence-based recommendations can be made for hearing impairment, gonadal impairment, bone mineral density impairment and metabolic syndrome in CCS. To advance knowledge related to genetic variation influencing late toxicities among CCS, future studies need adequate power, independent cohorts for replication, harmonization of disease outcomes and sample collections, and (international) collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Clemens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A L F van der Kooi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Gynecology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - H Visscher
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Kremer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center - Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Loonen
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C M Ronckers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center - Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M F Pluijm
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S J C M M Neggers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Section endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Zolk
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - T Langer
- Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - C L Wilson
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - M M Hudson
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - B Carleton
- BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J S E Laven
- Department of Gynecology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3'-UTR Polymorphisms of MTHFR and TS Associated with Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture Susceptibility in Postmenopausal Women. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534533 PMCID: PMC5877685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is one of the most prominent diseases in postmenopausal women and it is increasing in prevalence with the aging population. Furthermore, osteoporosis and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are related to mortality and decreased quality of life. Therefore, searching for biomarkers that are able to identify postmenopausal women who are at high risk of developing OVCFs is an effective strategy for improving the quality of life of patients and alleviating social and economic burdens. In this study, we investigated methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) gene polymorphisms in postmenopausal women with OVCF. We recruited 301 postmenopausal women and performed genotyping for the presence of MTHFR 2572C>A, 4869C>G and TS 1100C>T, 1170A>G. Genotyping was analyzed using the polymerization chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. MTHFR 2572C>A and TS 1100C>T were associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis (MTHFR 2572CC versus CA+AA: odd ratio [OR] adjusted age, hypertention [HTN], and diabetes mellitus [DM] = 0.49, p = 0.012) and the occurrence of OVCFs (MTHFR 2572CC versus CA+AA: OR adjusted age, HTN, and DM = 0.38, p = 0.013; TS 1100CC versus CT+TT: OR adjusted age, HTN, and DM = 0.46, p = 0.02). Our novel finding is the identification of MTHFR and TS genetic variants that decrease susceptibility to OVCFs. Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in the MTHFR and TS genes are associated with susceptibility to osteoporosis and OVCFs in postmenopausal women.
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Karas-Kuželički N, Mencej-Bedrač S, Jazbec J, Marc J, Mlinarič-Raščan I. Risk factors for symptomatic osteonecrosis in childhood ALL: A retrospective study of a Slovenian pediatric ALL population between 1970 and 2004. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:840-846. [PMID: 27446285 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment induced non-traumatic osteonecrosis (ON) has been reported increasingly in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Several risk factors for ON have been identified in childhood cancer patients; however, their diagnostic and prognostic power is limited and the etiology of the disease remains unclear. Therefore, a continuous effort is focused on the identification of additional ON risk factors. We performed a retrospective study of 313 childhood ALL patients to test the association between the ON occurrence in children receiving ALL therapy and common polymorphisms in potential target genes: Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT; 460G>A, 719A>G), 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; 677C>T, 1298A>C), estrogen receptor alpha 1 (ESR1; XbaI) and collagen type I, α1 (COL1A1; Sp1). In the present cohort, higher age and more recently developed treatment protocols were independent risk factors for ON. In children >14.5 years old, TPMT genotype modulated the risk of ON. Additionally, in children <12.9 years old ESR1 genotypes were also implicated in the pathogenesis of ON. Besides greater age and more recent treatment protocols, genetic factors (polymorphisms in ESR1 and TPMT genes) were suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of ON and could be potentially used as genetic prognostic markers for ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Karas-Kuželički
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Mencej-Bedrač
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Jazbec
- Unit of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Centre, University Children's Hospital, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
The etiology of skeletal disease is driven by genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of osteoporotic phenotypes have identified novel candidate genes, but have only uncovered a small proportion of the trait variance explained. This "missing heritability" is caused by several factors, including the failure to consider gene-by-environmental (G*E) interactions. Some G*E interactions have been investigated, but new approaches to integrate environmental data into genomic studies are needed. Advances in genotyping and meta-analysis techniques now allow combining genotype data from multiple studies, but the measurement of key environmental factors in large human cohorts still lags behind, as do the statistical tools needed to incorporate these measures in genome-wide association meta-studies. This review focuses on discussing ways to enhance G*E interaction studies in humans and how the use of rodent models can inform genetic studies. Understanding G*E interactions will provide opportunities to effectively target intervention strategies for individualized therapy.
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Relton CL, Groom A, St. Pourcain B, Sayers AE, Swan DC, Embleton ND, Pearce MS, Ring SM, Northstone K, Tobias JH, Trakalo J, Ness AR, Shaheen SO, Davey Smith G. DNA methylation patterns in cord blood DNA and body size in childhood. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31821. [PMID: 22431966 PMCID: PMC3303769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic markings acquired in early life may have phenotypic consequences later in development through their role in transcriptional regulation with relevance to the developmental origins of diseases including obesity. The goal of this study was to investigate whether DNA methylation levels at birth are associated with body size later in childhood. Principal Findings A study design involving two birth cohorts was used to conduct transcription profiling followed by DNA methylation analysis in peripheral blood. Gene expression analysis was undertaken in 24 individuals whose biological samples and clinical data were collected at a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 12.35 (0.95) years, the upper and lower tertiles of body mass index (BMI) were compared with a mean (SD) BMI difference of 9.86 (2.37) kg/m2. This generated a panel of differentially expressed genes for DNA methylation analysis which was then undertaken in cord blood DNA in 178 individuals with body composition data prospectively collected at a mean (SD) age of 9.83 (0.23) years. Twenty-nine differentially expressed genes (>1.2-fold and p<10−4) were analysed to determine DNA methylation levels at 1–3 sites per gene. Five genes were unmethylated and DNA methylation in the remaining 24 genes was analysed using linear regression with bootstrapping. Methylation in 9 of the 24 (37.5%) genes studied was associated with at least one index of body composition (BMI, fat mass, lean mass, height) at age 9 years, although only one of these associations remained after correction for multiple testing (ALPL with height, pCorrected = 0.017). Conclusions DNA methylation patterns in cord blood show some association with altered gene expression, body size and composition in childhood. The observed relationship is correlative and despite suggestion of a mechanistic epigenetic link between in utero life and later phenotype, further investigation is required to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L. Relton
- HNRC, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Groom
- HNRC, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Beate St. Pourcain
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian E. Sayers
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Swan
- Bioinformatic Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Embleton
- Newcastle Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Pearce
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M. Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Northstone
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jon H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Trakalo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andy R. Ness
- School of Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Seif O. Shaheen
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gra OA, Moskalenko MV, Filimonova NA, Baranova IA, Glotov AS, Surzhikov SA, Koroleva OV, Goldenkova-Pavlova IV, Nasedkina TV. Association of polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing genes with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with bronchial asthma. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893312010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The prevalence and morbidity associated with osteoporosis and fractures in patients with spina bifida (SB) highlight the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment in early childhood; however, the issue has received little attention. The method for the selection of appropriate patients for drug treatment has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE To review the literature concerning fracture risks and low bone density in paediatric patients with SB. We looked for studies describing state-of-the-art treatments and for prevention of secondary osteoporosis. METHODS Articles were identified through a search in the electronic database (PUBMED) supplemented with reviews of the reference lists of selected papers. The main outcome measures were incidence of fractures and risk factors for fracture, an association between bone mineral density (BMD) and occurrence of fracture, risk factors of low BMD, and effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments on BMD and on the incidence of fractures. We considered as a secondary outcome the occurrence of fractures in relation to the mechanism of injury. RESULTS Results indicated that patients with SB are at increased risk for fractures and low BMD. Risk factors that may predispose patients to fractures include higher levels of neurological involvement, non-ambulatory status, physical inactivity, hypercalciuria, higher body fat levels, contractures, and a previous spontaneous fracture. Limitations were observed in the number and quality of studies concerning osteoporosis prevention and treatment in paediatric patients with SB. The safety and efficiency of drugs to treat osteoporosis in adults have not been evaluated satisfactorily in children with SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Filipe Marreiros
- Correspondence to: Humberto Filipe Marreiros, Hospital Dona Estafania, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisboa, Estremadura 1500-540, Portugal.
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Steer CD, Tobias JH. Insights into the programming of bone development from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1861S-1864S. [PMID: 21525199 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.001495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined associations between proxy measures of in utero nutrition and total body bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) assessed at age 9.9 y in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). There were positive relations between birth weight and BMC, BA, and BMD. These associations were explained by the co-association of birth weight with body size in later childhood. In height- and weight-adjusted analyses, an inverse association was observed between birth weight and BMD at age 9.9 y, which suggests that birth weight had a negative influence on bone mass after relations with bone and body size were taken into account. In analyses of associations between bone mass at age 9 y and background ultraviolet B exposure during the third trimester of pregnancy (a proxy measure for maternal vitamin D status), maternal ultraviolet B exposure was positively related to BMC, BA, and BMD. After adjustment for height, these associations were only partially attenuated, which suggests that maternal ultraviolet B exposure affected skeletal size and mass independently of longitudinal growth, possibly by the increase of periosteal expansion. There was a positive relation between maternal folate intake and BMD of the spine subregion independent of body size. Although a co-association with folate intake in childhood could explain this relation, the maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype affected spine BMD independently of the child MTHFR genotype, which suggests that maternal folate status has an independent effect on bone development of offspring. Together, these results confirm that there is a relation between bone development in childhood and several proxy measures for nutritional status in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Steer
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health and Academic Rheumatology, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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te Winkel ML, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SMPF, de Jonge R, van Beek RD, van der Sluis IM, Hop WCJ, Pieters R, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. Germline variation in the MTHFR and MTRR genes determines the nadir of bone density in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective study. Bone 2011; 48:571-7. [PMID: 20955826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to identify folate-metabolism-related genetic risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) during/after pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated the influence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C > T and 1298A > C) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR 66A > G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on total body BMD (BMD(TB)) and lumbar spine BMD (BMD(LS)) in 83 patients. Homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 were determined. BMD was measured repeatedly using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients ≥ 4 years (n = 68). RESULTS Carriers of the MTHFR 677 T-allele showed a lower baseline BMD(TB) than non-carriers (-0.38 SDS vs. +0.55 SDS, p = 0.01) and BMD(TB) remained lower during/after treatment. MTHFR 677C>T did not influence treatment-related loss of BMD(TB) (p = 0.39). The MTRR 66 G-allele carriers showed a trend towards a lower BMD(TB) compared with non-carriers. Combining these two SNPs, patients carrying ≥ 2 risk alleles had a significantly lower BMD(TB) (-1.40 SDS) than patients with one (-0.80 SDS) or no risk alleles (-0.31 SDS). Although carriers of the MTHFR 1298A > C had higher homocysteine levels, this SNP was not related to BMD(TB). BMD(LS) of carriers was similar to non-carriers of the investigated SNPs. CONCLUSIONS The MTHFR 677C>T SNP and the MTRR 66A >G SNP were identified as determinants of impaired BMD(TB) in childhood ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L te Winkel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Xu XH, Dong SS, Guo Y, Yang TL, Lei SF, Papasian CJ, Zhao M, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis: the 2009 update. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:447-505. [PMID: 20357209 PMCID: PMC3365849 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex human disease that results in increased susceptibility to fragility fractures. It can be phenotypically characterized using several traits, including bone mineral density, bone size, bone strength, and bone turnover markers. The identification of gene variants that contribute to osteoporosis phenotypes, or responses to therapy, can eventually help individualize the prognosis, treatment, and prevention of fractures and their adverse outcomes. Our previously published reviews have comprehensively summarized the progress of molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis and have covered the data available to the end of September 2007. This review represents our continuing efforts to summarize the important and representative findings published between October 2007 and November 2009. The topics covered include genetic association and linkage studies in humans, transgenic and knockout mouse models, as well as gene-expression microarray and proteomics studies. Major results are tabulated for comparison and ease of reference. Comments are made on the notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of the genetics of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hong Xu
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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