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van de Vegte YJ, Eppinga RN, van der Ende MY, Hagemeijer YP, Mahendran Y, Salfati E, Smith AV, Tan VY, Arking DE, Ntalla I, Appel EV, Schurmann C, Brody JA, Rueedi R, Polasek O, Sveinbjornsson G, Lecoeur C, Ladenvall C, Zhao JH, Isaacs A, Wang L, Luan J, Hwang SJ, Mononen N, Auro K, Jackson AU, Bielak LF, Zeng L, Shah N, Nethander M, Campbell A, Rankinen T, Pechlivanis S, Qi L, Zhao W, Rizzi F, Tanaka T, Robino A, Cocca M, Lange L, Müller-Nurasyid M, Roselli C, Zhang W, Kleber ME, Guo X, Lin HJ, Pavani F, Galesloot TE, Noordam R, Milaneschi Y, Schraut KE, den Hoed M, Degenhardt F, Trompet S, van den Berg ME, Pistis G, Tham YC, Weiss S, Sim XS, Li HL, van der Most PJ, Nolte IM, Lyytikäinen LP, Said MA, Witte DR, Iribarren C, Launer L, Ring SM, de Vries PS, Sever P, Linneberg A, Bottinger EP, Padmanabhan S, Psaty BM, Sotoodehnia N, Kolcic I, Arnar DO, Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Balkau B, Silva CT, Newton-Cheh CH, Nikus K, Salo P, Mohlke KL, Peyser PA, Schunkert H, Lorentzon M, Lahti J, Rao DC, Cornelis MC, Faul JD, Smith JA, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Bandinelli S, Concas MP, Sinagra G, Meitinger T, Waldenberger M, Sinner MF, Strauch K, Delgado GE, Taylor KD, Yao J, Foco L, Melander O, de Graaf J, de Mutsert R, de Geus EJC, Johansson Å, Joshi PK, Lind L, Franke A, Macfarlane PW, Tarasov KV, Tan N, Felix SB, Tai ES, Quek DQ, Snieder H, Ormel J, Ingelsson M, Lindgren C, Morris AP, Raitakari OT, Hansen T, Assimes T, Gudnason V, Timpson NJ, Morrison AC, Munroe PB, Strachan DP, Grarup N, Loos RJF, Heckbert SR, Vollenweider P, Hayward C, Stefansson K, Froguel P, Groop L, Wareham NJ, van Duijn CM, Feitosa MF, O'Donnell CJ, Kähönen M, Perola M, Boehnke M, Kardia SLR, Erdmann J, Palmer CNA, Ohlsson C, Porteous DJ, Eriksson JG, Bouchard C, Moebus S, Kraft P, Weir DR, Cusi D, Ferrucci L, Ulivi S, Girotto G, Correa A, Kääb S, Peters A, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, März W, Rotter JI, Hicks AA, Smith JG, Kiemeney LALM, Mook-Kanamori DO, Penninx BWJH, Gyllensten U, Wilson JF, Burgess S, Sundström J, Lieb W, Jukema JW, Eijgelsheim M, Lakatta ELM, Cheng CY, Dörr M, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C, Oldehinkel AJ, Riese H, Lehtimäki T, Verweij N, van der Harst P. Genetic insights into resting heart rate and its role in cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4646. [PMID: 37532724 PMCID: PMC10397318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting heart rate is associated with cardiovascular diseases and mortality in observational and Mendelian randomization studies. The aims of this study are to extend the number of resting heart rate associated genetic variants and to obtain further insights in resting heart rate biology and its clinical consequences. A genome-wide meta-analysis of 100 studies in up to 835,465 individuals reveals 493 independent genetic variants in 352 loci, including 68 genetic variants outside previously identified resting heart rate associated loci. We prioritize 670 genes and in silico annotations point to their enrichment in cardiomyocytes and provide insights in their ECG signature. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses indicate that higher genetically predicted resting heart rate increases risk of dilated cardiomyopathy, but decreases risk of developing atrial fibrillation, ischemic stroke, and cardio-embolic stroke. We do not find evidence for a linear or non-linear genetic association between resting heart rate and all-cause mortality in contrast to our previous Mendelian randomization study. Systematic alteration of key differences between the current and previous Mendelian randomization study indicates that the most likely cause of the discrepancy between these studies arises from false positive findings in previous one-sample MR analyses caused by weak-instrument bias at lower P-value thresholds. The results extend our understanding of resting heart rate biology and give additional insights in its role in cardiovascular disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordi J van de Vegte
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben N Eppinga
- Department of Cardiology, Isala Zwolle ziekenhuis, Zwolle, 8025 AB, the Netherlands
| | - M Yldau van der Ende
- Department of Cardiology, University medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 Cx, the Netherlands
| | - Yanick P Hagemeijer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, the Netherlands
- Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Yuvaraj Mahendran
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Elias Salfati
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Vanessa Y Tan
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21215, USA
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Emil V Appel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | | | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, 21000, Croatia
- Algebra LAB, Algebra University College, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Cecile Lecoeur
- UMR 8199, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Clinial Genomics Uppsala, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229ER, Netherlands
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108-2212, Campus Box 8506, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, USA, Framingham, 1702, USA
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Kirsi Auro
- Department of Health, unit of genetics and biomarkers, , National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
- Department of molecular medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Linyao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, 80636, Germany
| | - Nabi Shah
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- Pharmacogenetics Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Maria Nethander
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Unit of Biomedicine, Bio4Dreams-Business Nursery for Life Sciences, Milano, 20121, Italy
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21224, USA
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Leslie Lange
- Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, USA
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- IBE, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55101, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Carolina Roselli
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
- SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Henry J Lin
- Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Francesca Pavani
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | | | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Beijer laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 75237, Sweden
| | - Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, ZA, 2333, the Netherlands
| | - Marten E van den Berg
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedic Research (IRGB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monserrato, (CA), 9042, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Yih-Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Xueling S Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System and National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Hengtong L Li
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - M Abdullah Said
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permenente of Northern California, Oakland, 94612, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, 10550, USA
| | | | - Susan M Ring
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, 21000, Croatia
- Algebra LAB, Algebra University College, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - David O Arnar
- deCODE genetics / Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, 102, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics / Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, 102, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics / Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, 102, Iceland
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Villejuif, 94800, France
- UMRS 1018, University Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, 78035, France
- UMRS 1018, University Paris Sud, Villejuif, 94807, France
| | - Claudia T Silva
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Dept. of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000CA, Netherlands
| | | | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33521, Finland
- Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Perttu Salo
- Department of Health, unit of genetics and biomarkers, , National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
- Department of molecular medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, 80636, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80636, Germany
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, 43180, Sweden
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek
- Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, 31-008, Poland
| | - Stefania Bandinelli
- Geriatric Unit, Unità sanitaria locale Toscana Centro, Florence, 50142, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, 81675, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
| | - Moritz F Sinner
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55101, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Luisa Foco
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, 221 85, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, 221 85, Sweden
| | | | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Biological Psychology, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75108, Sweden
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, 75237, Sweden
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Peter W Macfarlane
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0XH, UK
| | - Kirill V Tarasov
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nicholas Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Stephan B Felix
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Debra Q Quek
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75237, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FI-20521, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FI-20521, Finland
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Themistocles Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School,, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University hospital, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics / Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, 102, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Inserm/CNRS UMR 1283/8199, Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille University Hospital, EGID, Lille, 59000, France
- University of Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Leif Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Dept. of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000CA, Netherlands
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108-2212, Campus Box 8506, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Cardiology Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33521, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, unit of genetics and biomarkers, , National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
- Department of molecular medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General practice and primary care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Public health Research Program, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, 000250, Finland
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
- Centre for Urban Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02112, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Unit of Biomedicine, Bio4Dreams-Business Nursery for Life Sciences, Milano, 20121, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, (MI), 20090, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21224, USA
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, USA
| | - Stefan Kääb
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, 68161, Germany
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - J Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, 221 85, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
- The Wallenberg Laboratory/Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University and the Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | | | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, the Netherlands
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75108, Sweden
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, 75237, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank PopGen, Kiel University, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, ZA, 2333, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, ZA, 2333, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 3511 EP, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Eijgelsheim
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, the Netherlands
| | - Edward L M Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Marcus Dörr
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Harriette Riese
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, the Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, the Netherlands.
- Department of Cardiology, University medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 Cx, the Netherlands.
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, the Netherlands.
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Kentistou KA, Kaisinger LR, Stankovic S, Vaudel M, de Oliveira EM, Messina A, Walters RG, Liu X, Busch AS, Helgason H, Thompson DJ, Santon F, Petricek KM, Zouaghi Y, Huang-Doran I, Gudbjartsson DF, Bratland E, Lin K, Gardner EJ, Zhao Y, Jia R, Terao C, Riggan M, Bolla MK, Yazdanpanah M, Yazdanpanah N, Bradfield JP, Broer L, Campbell A, Chasman DI, Cousminer DL, Franceschini N, Franke LH, Girotto G, He C, Järvelin MR, Joshi PK, Kamatani Y, Karlsson R, Luan J, Lunetta KL, Mägi R, Mangino M, Medland SE, Meisinger C, Noordam R, Nutile T, Concas MP, Polašek O, Porcu E, Ring SM, Sala C, Smith AV, Tanaka T, van der Most PJ, Vitart V, Wang CA, Willemsen G, Zygmunt M, Ahearn TU, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Antoniou AC, Auer PL, Barnes CLK, Beckmann MW, Berrington A, Bogdanova NV, Bojesen SE, Brenner H, Buring JE, Canzian F, Chang-Claude J, Couch FJ, Cox A, Crisponi L, Czene K, Daly MB, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Devilee P, Vivo ID, Dörk T, Dunning AM, Dwek M, Eriksson JG, Fasching PA, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Ferreli L, Fletcher O, Gago-Dominguez M, García-Closas M, García-Sáenz JA, González-Neira A, Grallert H, Guénel P, Haiman CA, Hall P, Hamann U, Hakonarson H, Hart RJ, Hickey M, Hooning MJ, Hoppe R, Hopper JL, Hottenga JJ, Hu FB, Hübner H, Hunter DJ, Jernström H, John EM, Karasik D, Khusnutdinova EK, Kristensen VN, Lacey JV, Lambrechts D, Launer LJ, Lind PA, Lindblom A, Magnusson PKE, Mannermaa A, McCarthy MI, Meitinger T, Menni C, Michailidou K, Millwood IY, Milne RL, Montgomery GW, Nevanlinna H, Nolte IM, Nyholt DR, Obi N, O’Brien KM, Offit K, Oldehinkel AJ, Ostrowski SR, Palotie A, Pedersen OB, Peters A, Pianigiani G, Plaseska-Karanfilska D, Pouta A, Pozarickij A, Radice P, Rennert G, Rosendaal FR, Ruggiero D, Saloustros E, Sandler DP, Schipf S, Schmidt CO, Schmidt MK, Small K, Spedicati B, Stampfer M, Stone J, Tamimi RM, Teras LR, Tikkanen E, Turman C, Vachon CM, Wang Q, Winqvist R, Wolk A, Zemel BS, Zheng W, van Dijk KW, Alizadeh BZ, Bandinelli S, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Ciullo M, Chenevix-Trench G, Cucca F, Esko T, Gieger C, Grant SFA, Gudnason V, Hayward C, Kolčić I, Kraft P, Lawlor DA, Martin NG, Nøhr EA, Pedersen NL, Pennell CE, Ridker PM, Robino A, Snieder H, Sovio U, Spector TD, Stöckl D, Sudlow C, Timpson NJ, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden A, Ulivi S, Völzke H, Wareham NJ, Widen E, Wilson JF, Pharoah PDP, Li L, Easton DF, Njølstad P, Sulem P, Murabito JM, Murray A, Manousaki D, Juul A, Erikstrup C, Stefansson K, Horikoshi M, Chen Z, Farooqi IS, Pitteloud N, Johansson S, Day FR, Perry JRB, Ong KK. Understanding the genetic complexity of puberty timing across the allele frequency spectrum. medRxiv 2023:2023.06.14.23291322. [PMID: 37503126 PMCID: PMC10371120 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.23291322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Pubertal timing varies considerably and has been associated with a range of health outcomes in later life. To elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms, we performed multi-ancestry genetic analyses in ~800,000 women, identifying 1,080 independent signals associated with age at menarche. Collectively these loci explained 11% of the trait variance in an independent sample, with women at the top and bottom 1% of polygenic risk exhibiting a ~11 and ~14-fold higher risk of delayed and precocious pubertal development, respectively. These common variant analyses were supported by exome sequence analysis of ~220,000 women, identifying several genes, including rare loss of function variants in ZNF483 which abolished the impact of polygenic risk. Next, we implicated 660 genes in pubertal development using a combination of in silico variant-to-gene mapping approaches and integration with dynamic gene expression data from mouse embryonic GnRH neurons. This included an uncharacterized G-protein coupled receptor GPR83, which we demonstrate amplifies signaling of MC3R, a key sensor of nutritional status. Finally, we identified several genes, including ovary-expressed genes involved in DNA damage response that co-localize with signals associated with menopause timing, leading us to hypothesize that the ovarian reserve might signal centrally to trigger puberty. Collectively these findings extend our understanding of the biological complexity of puberty timing and highlight body size dependent and independent mechanisms that potentially link reproductive timing to later life disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Kentistou
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lena R Kaisinger
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stasa Stankovic
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marc Vaudel
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Edson M de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Messina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin G Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alexander S Busch
- Department of General Pediatrics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Deptartment of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannes Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Federico Santon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin M Petricek
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yassine Zouaghi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Huang-Doran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eirik Bratland
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Eugene J Gardner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yajie Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Raina Jia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- The Department of Applied Genetics, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Margie Riggan
- Department of Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Mojgan Yazdanpanah
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nahid Yazdanpanah
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonath P Bradfield
- Quantinuum Research, Wayne, PA, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lude H Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics. Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ozren Polašek
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffele Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Dept of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Amsterdam Public Health (APH) research institute, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas U Ahearn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Medicine, Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute University of California Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Paul L Auer
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, and Cancer Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Catriona LK Barnes
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amy Berrington
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Natalia V Bogdanova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH) University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary B Daly
- Department of Clinical Genetics Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Miriam Dwek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Healthcare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Liana Ferreli
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy
| | - Olivia Fletcher
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, International Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Group Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - José A García-Sáenz
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Genotyping Unit-CeGen, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Team “Exposome and Heredity”, CESP, Gustave Roussy INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ Villejuif, France
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roger J Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Melbourne and The Royal Women’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reiner Hoppe
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Dept of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Amsterdam Public Health (APH) research institute, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hanna Hübner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David J Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - ABCTB Investigators
- Australian Breast Cancer Tissue Bank, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helena Jernström
- Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elza K Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - James V Lacey
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Duarte, CA, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik KE Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Roger L Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nadia Obi
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katie M O’Brien
- Epidemiology Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet - University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of health and medical sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of health and medical sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology - IBE, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Pianigiani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dijana Plaseska-Karanfilska
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov” MASA Skopje Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Alfred Pozarickij
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Research Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Gad Rennert
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Carmel Medical Center and Technion, Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | | | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sabine Schipf
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerrin Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Beatrice Spedicati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences Weill Cornell Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren R Teras
- Department of Population Science American Cancer Society Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Constance Turman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ko W van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Dept of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Amsterdam Public Health (APH) research institute, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Struan FA Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ellen A Nøhr
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
- Department of Maternity and Gynaecology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Gesundheitsamt Fürstenfeldbruck, Regierung von Oberbayern, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Cathie Sudlow
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh
| | - Nic J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffele Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - André Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul DP Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Pål Njølstad
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Despoina Manousaki
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John RB Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Mathieson I, Day FR, Barban N, Tropf FC, Brazel DM, Vaez A, van Zuydam N, Bitarello BD, Gardner EJ, Akimova ET, Azad A, Bergmann S, Bielak LF, Boomsma DI, Bosak K, Brumat M, Buring JE, Cesarini D, Chasman DI, Chavarro JE, Cocca M, Concas MP, Davey Smith G, Davies G, Deary IJ, Esko T, Faul JD, Franco O, Ganna A, Gaskins AJ, Gelemanovic A, de Geus EJC, Gieger C, Girotto G, Gopinath B, Grabe HJ, Gunderson EP, Hayward C, He C, van Heemst D, Hill WD, Hoffmann ER, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Huang H, Hyppӧnen E, Ikram MA, Jansen R, Johannesson M, Kamali Z, Kardia SLR, Kavousi M, Kifley A, Kiiskinen T, Kraft P, Kühnel B, Langenberg C, Liew G, Lind PA, Luan J, Mägi R, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, Martin NG, Mbarek H, McCarthy MI, McMahon G, Medland SE, Meitinger T, Metspalu A, Mihailov E, Milani L, Missmer SA, Mitchell P, Møllegaard S, Mook-Kanamori DO, Morgan A, van der Most PJ, de Mutsert R, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Noordam R, Penninx BWJH, Peters A, Peyser PA, Polašek O, Power C, Pribisalic A, Redmond P, Rich-Edwards JW, Ridker PM, Rietveld CA, Ring SM, Rose LM, Rueedi R, Shukla V, Smith JA, Stankovic S, Stefánsson K, Stöckl D, Strauch K, Swertz MA, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Turman C, Uitterlinden AG, Waldenberger M, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Willemsen G, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Snieder H, den Hoed M, Ong KK, Mills MC, Perry JRB. Genome-wide analysis identifies genetic effects on reproductive success and ongoing natural selection at the FADS locus. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:790-801. [PMID: 36864135 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genetic determinants of reproductive success may highlight mechanisms underlying fertility and identify alleles under present-day selection. Using data in 785,604 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 43 genomic loci associated with either number of children ever born (NEB) or childlessness. These loci span diverse aspects of reproductive biology, including puberty timing, age at first birth, sex hormone regulation, endometriosis and age at menopause. Missense variants in ARHGAP27 were associated with higher NEB but shorter reproductive lifespan, suggesting a trade-off at this locus between reproductive ageing and intensity. Other genes implicated by coding variants include PIK3IP1, ZFP82 and LRP4, and our results suggest a new role for the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) in reproductive biology. As NEB is one component of evolutionary fitness, our identified associations indicate loci under present-day natural selection. Integration with data from historical selection scans highlighted an allele in the FADS1/2 gene locus that has been under selection for thousands of years and remains so today. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that a broad range of biological mechanisms contribute to reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Mathieson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Barban
- Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Felix C Tropf
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- École Nationale de la Statistique et de L'administration Économique (ENSAE), Paris, France
- Center for Research in Economics and Statistics (CREST), Paris, France
| | - David M Brazel
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Natalie van Zuydam
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bárbara D Bitarello
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eugene J Gardner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evelina T Akimova
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ajuna Azad
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Julie E Buring
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Gail Davies
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oscar Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Bamini Gopinath
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Erica P Gunderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chunyan He
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W David Hill
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hongyang Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elina Hyppӧnen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoha Kamali
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Kifley
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tuomo Kiiskinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerald Liew
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Qatar Genome Programme, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stacey A Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stine Møllegaard
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Morgan
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ozren Polašek
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Paul Redmond
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet W Rich-Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vallari Shukla
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stasa Stankovic
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - A Roy Thurik
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Constance Turman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jing Hau Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yajie Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melinda C Mills
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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4
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Min JL, Hemani G, Hannon E, Dekkers KF, Castillo-Fernandez J, Luijk R, Carnero-Montoro E, Lawson DJ, Burrows K, Suderman M, Bretherick AD, Richardson TG, Klughammer J, Iotchkova V, Sharp G, Al Khleifat A, Shatunov A, Iacoangeli A, McArdle WL, Ho KM, Kumar A, Söderhäll C, Soriano-Tárraga C, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Kazmi N, Mason D, McRae AF, Corcoran DL, Sugden K, Kasela S, Cardona A, Day FR, Cugliari G, Viberti C, Guarrera S, Lerro M, Gupta R, Bollepalli S, Mandaviya P, Zeng Y, Clarke TK, Walker RM, Schmoll V, Czamara D, Ruiz-Arenas C, Rezwan FI, Marioni RE, Lin T, Awaloff Y, Germain M, Aïssi D, Zwamborn R, van Eijk K, Dekker A, van Dongen J, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Xu CJ, Barturen G, Català-Moll F, Kerick M, Wang C, Melton P, Elliott HR, Shin J, Bernard M, Yet I, Smart M, Gorrie-Stone T, Shaw C, Al Chalabi A, Ring SM, Pershagen G, Melén E, Jiménez-Conde J, Roquer J, Lawlor DA, Wright J, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Esko T, Milani L, Metspalu A, Perry JRB, Ong KK, Wareham NJ, Matullo G, Sacerdote C, Panico S, Caspi A, Arseneault L, Gagnon F, Ollikainen M, Kaprio J, Felix JF, Rivadeneira F, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH, Uitterlinden AG, Jaddoe VWV, Haley C, McIntosh AM, Evans KL, Murray A, Räikkönen K, Lahti J, Nohr EA, Sørensen TIA, Hansen T, Morgen CS, Binder EB, Lucae S, Gonzalez JR, Bustamante M, Sunyer J, Holloway JW, Karmaus W, Zhang H, Deary IJ, Wray NR, Starr JM, Beekman M, van Heemst D, Slagboom PE, Morange PE, Trégouët DA, Veldink JH, Davies GE, de Geus EJC, Boomsma DI, Vonk JM, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Huang RC, Pennell CE, van Meurs J, Ikram MA, Hughes AD, Tillin T, Chaturvedi N, Pausova Z, Paus T, Spector TD, Kumari M, Schalkwyk LC, Visscher PM, Davey Smith G, Bock C, Gaunt TR, Bell JT, Heijmans BT, Mill J, Relton CL. Genomic and phenotypic insights from an atlas of genetic effects on DNA methylation. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1311-1321. [PMID: 34493871 PMCID: PMC7612069 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing genetic influences on DNA methylation (DNAm) provides an opportunity to understand mechanisms underpinning gene regulation and disease. In the present study, we describe results of DNAm quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analyses on 32,851 participants, identifying genetic variants associated with DNAm at 420,509 DNAm sites in blood. We present a database of >270,000 independent mQTLs, of which 8.5% comprise long-range (trans) associations. Identified mQTL associations explain 15-17% of the additive genetic variance of DNAm. We show that the genetic architecture of DNAm levels is highly polygenic. Using shared genetic control between distal DNAm sites, we constructed networks, identifying 405 discrete genomic communities enriched for genomic annotations and complex traits. Shared genetic variants are associated with both DNAm levels and complex diseases, but only in a minority of cases do these associations reflect causal relationships from DNAm to trait or vice versa, indicating a more complex genotype-phenotype map than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Koen F Dekkers
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - René Luijk
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Carnero-Montoro
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kimberley Burrows
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Bretherick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johanna Klughammer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gemma Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ahmad Al Khleifat
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karen M Ho
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Soriano-Tárraga
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Giralt-Steinhauer
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nabila Kazmi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David L Corcoran
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karen Sugden
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexia Cardona
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Cugliari
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Clara Viberti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Lerro
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richa Gupta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sailalitha Bollepalli
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pooja Mandaviya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yanni Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosie M Walker
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vanessa Schmoll
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Arenas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Faisal I Rezwan
- Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tian Lin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yvonne Awaloff
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marine Germain
- INSERM UMR_S 1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dylan Aïssi
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramona Zwamborn
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelot Dekker
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- CiiM and TWINCORE, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barturen
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Francesc Català-Moll
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Kerick
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Carol Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Phillip Melton
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- School of Global Population Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Idil Yet
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melissa Smart
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | | | - Chris Shaw
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ammar Al Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jordi Jiménez-Conde
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
- Piemonte Centre for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - France Gagnon
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division on Psychology and Language Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison Murray
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Women's, Family and Child Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health (Section of Epidemiology), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla S Morgen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Ramon Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Global Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joyce van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tomas Paus
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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5
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Ruth KS, Day FR, Hussain J, Martínez-Marchal A, Aiken CE, Azad A, Thompson DJ, Knoblochova L, Abe H, Tarry-Adkins JL, Gonzalez JM, Fontanillas P, Claringbould A, Bakker OB, Sulem P, Walters RG, Terao C, Turon S, Horikoshi M, Lin K, Onland-Moret NC, Sankar A, Hertz EPT, Timshel PN, Shukla V, Borup R, Olsen KW, Aguilera P, Ferrer-Roda M, Huang Y, Stankovic S, Timmers PRHJ, Ahearn TU, Alizadeh BZ, Naderi E, Andrulis IL, Arnold AM, Aronson KJ, Augustinsson A, Bandinelli S, Barbieri CM, Beaumont RN, Becher H, Beckmann MW, Benonisdottir S, Bergmann S, Bochud M, Boerwinkle E, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Boomsma DI, Bowker N, Brody JA, Broer L, Buring JE, Campbell A, Campbell H, Castelao JE, Catamo E, Chanock SJ, Chenevix-Trench G, Ciullo M, Corre T, Couch FJ, Cox A, Crisponi L, Cross SS, Cucca F, Czene K, Smith GD, de Geus EJCN, de Mutsert R, De Vivo I, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Dunning AM, Dwek M, Eriksson M, Esko T, Fasching PA, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Franceschini N, Frayling TM, Gago-Dominguez M, Mezzavilla M, García-Closas M, Gieger C, Giles GG, Grallert H, Gudbjartsson DF, Gudnason V, Guénel P, Haiman CA, Håkansson N, Hall P, Hayward C, He C, He W, Heiss G, Høffding MK, Hopper JL, Hottenga JJ, Hu F, Hunter D, Ikram MA, Jackson RD, Joaquim MDR, John EM, Joshi PK, Karasik D, Kardia SLR, Kartsonaki C, Karlsson R, Kitahara CM, Kolcic I, Kooperberg C, Kraft P, Kurian AW, Kutalik Z, La Bianca M, LaChance G, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Laven JSE, Lawlor DA, Le Marchand L, Li J, Lindblom A, Lindstrom S, Lindstrom T, Linet M, Liu Y, Liu S, Luan J, Mägi R, Magnusson PKE, Mangino M, Mannermaa A, Marco B, Marten J, Martin NG, Mbarek H, McKnight B, Medland SE, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Menni C, Metspalu A, Milani L, Milne RL, Montgomery GW, Mook-Kanamori DO, Mulas A, Mulligan AM, Murray A, Nalls MA, Newman A, Noordam R, Nutile T, Nyholt DR, Olshan AF, Olsson H, Painter JN, Patel AV, Pedersen NL, Perjakova N, Peters A, Peters U, Pharoah PDP, Polasek O, Porcu E, Psaty BM, Rahman I, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ridker PM, Ring SM, Robino A, Rose LM, Rosendaal FR, Rossouw J, Rudan I, Rueedi R, Ruggiero D, Sala CF, Saloustros E, Sandler DP, Sanna S, Sawyer EJ, Sarnowski C, Schlessinger D, Schmidt MK, Schoemaker MJ, Schraut KE, Scott C, Shekari S, Shrikhande A, Smith AV, Smith BH, Smith JA, Sorice R, Southey MC, Spector TD, Spinelli JJ, Stampfer M, Stöckl D, van Meurs JBJ, Strauch K, Styrkarsdottir U, Swerdlow AJ, Tanaka T, Teras LR, Teumer A, Þorsteinsdottir U, Timpson NJ, Toniolo D, Traglia M, Troester MA, Truong T, Tyrrell J, Uitterlinden AG, Ulivi S, Vachon CM, Vitart V, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Wang Q, Wareham NJ, Weinberg CR, Weir DR, Wilcox AN, van Dijk KW, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wolk A, Wood AR, Zhao W, Zygmunt M, Chen Z, Li L, Franke L, Burgess S, Deelen P, Pers TH, Grøndahl ML, Andersen CY, Pujol A, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Daniel JA, Stefansson K, Chang-Claude J, van der Schouw YT, Lunetta KL, Chasman DI, Easton DF, Visser JA, Ozanne SE, Namekawa SH, Solc P, Murabito JM, Ong KK, Hoffmann ER, Murray A, Roig I, Perry JRB. Genetic insights into biological mechanisms governing human ovarian ageing. Nature 2021; 596:393-397. [PMID: 34349265 PMCID: PMC7611832 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive longevity is essential for fertility and influences healthy ageing in women1,2, but insights into its underlying biological mechanisms and treatments to preserve it are limited. Here we identify 290 genetic determinants of ovarian ageing, assessed using normal variation in age at natural menopause (ANM) in about 200,000 women of European ancestry. These common alleles were associated with clinical extremes of ANM; women in the top 1% of genetic susceptibility have an equivalent risk of premature ovarian insufficiency to those carrying monogenic FMR1 premutations3. The identified loci implicate a broad range of DNA damage response (DDR) processes and include loss-of-function variants in key DDR-associated genes. Integration with experimental models demonstrates that these DDR processes act across the life-course to shape the ovarian reserve and its rate of depletion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that experimental manipulation of DDR pathways highlighted by human genetics increases fertility and extends reproductive life in mice. Causal inference analyses using the identified genetic variants indicate that extending reproductive life in women improves bone health and reduces risk of type 2 diabetes, but increases the risk of hormone-sensitive cancers. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms that govern ovarian ageing, when they act, and how they might be targeted by therapeutic approaches to extend fertility and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jazib Hussain
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Martínez-Marchal
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Catherine E Aiken
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ajuna Azad
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucie Knoblochova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hironori Abe
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Javier Martin Gonzalez
- Transgenic Core Facility, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Olivier B Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robin G Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Applied Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sandra Turon
- Transgenic Animal Unit, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aditya Sankar
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Peter Thrane Hertz
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vallari Shukla
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rehannah Borup
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina W Olsen
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Paula Aguilera
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla -Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mònica Ferrer-Roda
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yan Huang
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Stasa Stankovic
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul R H J Timmers
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas U Ahearn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elnaz Naderi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice M Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristan J Aronson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annelie Augustinsson
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Caterina M Barbieri
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center ER-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Bowker
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E Buring
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jose E Castelao
- Oncology and Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simon S Cross
- Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Italy
| | - Kamila Czene
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesotta, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miriam Dwek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Population and Medical Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center ER-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chunyan He
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wei He
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miya K Høffding
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jouke J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Micaella D R Joaquim
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Karasik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina La Bianca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Genevieve LaChance
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joop S E Laven
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jingmei Li
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tricia Lindstrom
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Martha Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - YongMei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest, NC, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biobank of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Brumat Marco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Insititute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Insititute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Central Hospital of Augsburg, MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna M Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Murray
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jodie N Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Insititute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alpa V Patel
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Perjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Gen-Info Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gad Rennert
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hedy S Rennert
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Rossouw
- Women's Health Initiative Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Cinzia F Sala
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher Scott
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Saleh Shekari
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Amruta Shrikhande
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population and Health Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Melissa C Southey
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John J Spinelli
- Population Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren R Teras
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Unnur Þorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Traglia
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clarice R Weinberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amber N Wilcox
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick Deelen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Grøndahl
- Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Pujol
- Transgenic Animal Unit, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Andres J Lopez-Contreras
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla -Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Jeremy A Daniel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Petr Solc
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Human Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Ignasi Roig
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Simcoe M, Valdes A, Liu F, Furlotte NA, Evans DM, Hemani G, Ring SM, Smith GD, Duffy DL, Zhu G, Gordon SD, Medland SE, Vuckovic D, Girotto G, Sala C, Catamo E, Concas MP, Brumat M, Gasparini P, Toniolo D, Cocca M, Robino A, Yazar S, Hewitt A, Wu W, Kraft P, Hammond CJ, Shi Y, Chen Y, Zeng C, Klaver CCW, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Hamer MA, van Duijn CM, Nijsten T, Han J, Mackey DA, Martin NG, Cheng CY, Hinds DA, Spector TD, Kayser M, Hysi PG. Genome-wide association study in almost 195,000 individuals identifies 50 previously unidentified genetic loci for eye color. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/11/eabd1239. [PMID: 33692100 PMCID: PMC7946369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human eye color is highly heritable, but its genetic architecture is not yet fully understood. We report the results of the largest genome-wide association study for eye color to date, involving up to 192,986 European participants from 10 populations. We identify 124 independent associations arising from 61 discrete genomic regions, including 50 previously unidentified. We find evidence for genes involved in melanin pigmentation, but we also find associations with genes involved in iris morphology and structure. Further analyses in 1636 Asian participants from two populations suggest that iris pigmentation variation in Asians is genetically similar to Europeans, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Our findings collectively explain 53.2% (95% confidence interval, 45.4 to 61.0%) of eye color variation using common single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Overall, our study outcomes demonstrate that the genetic complexity of human eye color considerably exceeds previous knowledge and expectations, highlighting eye color as a genetically highly complex human trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Simcoe
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Valdes
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics of Common Disorders, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics of Common Disorders, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Alex Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, and Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuan Shi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, and Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
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7
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Couto Alves A, De Silva NMG, Karhunen V, Sovio U, Das S, Taal HR, Warrington NM, Lewin AM, Kaakinen M, Cousminer DL, Thiering E, Timpson NJ, Bond TA, Lowry E, Brown CD, Estivill X, Lindi V, Bradfield JP, Geller F, Speed D, Coin LJM, Loh M, Barton SJ, Beilin LJ, Bisgaard H, Bønnelykke K, Alili R, Hatoum IJ, Schramm K, Cartwright R, Charles MA, Salerno V, Clément K, Claringbould AAJ, van Duijn CM, Moltchanova E, Eriksson JG, Elks C, Feenstra B, Flexeder C, Franks S, Frayling TM, Freathy RM, Elliott P, Widén E, Hakonarson H, Hattersley AT, Rodriguez A, Banterle M, Heinrich J, Heude B, Holloway JW, Hofman A, Hyppönen E, Inskip H, Kaplan LM, Hedman AK, Läärä E, Prokisch H, Grallert H, Lakka TA, Lawlor DA, Melbye M, Ahluwalia TS, Marinelli M, Millwood IY, Palmer LJ, Pennell CE, Perry JR, Ring SM, Savolainen MJ, Rivadeneira F, Standl M, Sunyer J, Tiesler CMT, Uitterlinden AG, Schierding W, O’Sullivan JM, Prokopenko I, Herzig KH, Smith GD, O'Reilly P, Felix JF, Buxton JL, Blakemore AIF, Ong KK, Jaddoe VWV, Grant SFA, Sebert S, McCarthy MI, Järvelin MR. GWAS on longitudinal growth traits reveals different genetic factors influencing infant, child, and adult BMI. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw3095. [PMID: 31840077 PMCID: PMC6904961 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood growth patterns are associated with adult health, yet the genetic factors and the developmental stages involved are not fully understood. Here, we combine genome-wide association studies with modeling of longitudinal growth traits to study the genetics of infant and child growth, followed by functional, pathway, genetic correlation, risk score, and colocalization analyses to determine how developmental timings, molecular pathways, and genetic determinants of these traits overlap with those of adult health. We found a robust overlap between the genetics of child and adult body mass index (BMI), with variants associated with adult BMI acting as early as 4 to 6 years old. However, we demonstrated a completely distinct genetic makeup for peak BMI during infancy, influenced by variation at the LEPR/LEPROT locus. These findings suggest that different genetic factors control infant and child BMI. In light of the obesity epidemic, these findings are important to inform the timing and targets of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - N. Maneka G. De Silva
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shikta Das
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - H. Rob Taal
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. Warrington
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexandra M. Lewin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Diana L. Cousminer
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom A. Bond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Estelle Lowry
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Christopher D. Brown
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Genomics and Disease Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonathan P. Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Doug Speed
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lachlan J. M. Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheila J. Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lawrence J. Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rohia Alili
- CRNH Ile de France, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ida J. Hatoum
- CRNH Ile de France, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Institute and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Rufus Cartwright
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Inserm, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Salerno
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karine Clément
- CRNH Ile de France, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Annique A. J. Claringbould
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - BIOS Consortium
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Genomics and Disease Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- COPSAC, The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- CRNH Ile de France, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Institute and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Inserm, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, Paris, France
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln Brayford Pool Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
- Human Genetics and Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU) at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Public Health and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Division of Internal Medicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start—National Science, Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena Moltchanova
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cathy Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Franks
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel M. Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Alina Rodriguez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln Brayford Pool Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Marco Banterle
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Heude
- Inserm, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - John W. Holloway
- Human Genetics and Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hazel Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lee M. Kaplan
- Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Institute and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asa K. Hedman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esa Läärä
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcella Marinelli
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iona Y. Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU) at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John R. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Markku J. Savolainen
- Division of Internal Medicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla M. T. Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Justin M. O’Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start—National Science, Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul O'Reilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Janine F. Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jessica L. Buxton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Alexandra I. F. Blakemore
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent W. V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Struan F. A. Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Genomics and Disease Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- COPSAC, The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- CRNH Ile de France, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Institute and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Inserm, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, Paris, France
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln Brayford Pool Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
- Human Genetics and Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU) at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Public Health and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Division of Internal Medicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start—National Science, Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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8
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Hysi PG, Valdes AM, Liu F, Furlotte NA, Evans DM, Bataille V, Visconti A, Hemani G, McMahon G, Ring SM, Smith GD, Duffy DL, Zhu G, Gordon SD, Medland SE, Lin BD, Willemsen G, Jan Hottenga J, Vuckovic D, Girotto G, Gandin I, Sala C, Concas MP, Brumat M, Gasparini P, Toniolo D, Cocca M, Robino A, Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Chen Y, Zeng C, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Hamer MA, van Duijn CM, Nijsten T, Mackey DA, Falchi M, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Hinds DA, Kayser M, Spector TD. Publisher Correction: Genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals of European ancestry identifies new loci explaining a substantial fraction of hair color variation and heritability. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1190. [PMID: 31150021 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirro G Hysi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.,Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Alessia Visconti
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bochao D Lin
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Faffaele Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mario Falchi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Timothy D Spector
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.
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9
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Thompson WD, Tyrrell J, Borges MC, Beaumont RN, Knight BA, Wood AR, Ring SM, Hattersley AT, Freathy RM, Lawlor DA. Association of maternal circulating 25(OH)D and calcium with birth weight: A mendelian randomisation analysis. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002828. [PMID: 31211782 PMCID: PMC6581250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have suggested that maternal vitamin D (25[OH]D) and calcium supplementation increase birth weight. However, limitations of many trials were highlighted in the reviews. Our aim was to combine genetic and RCT data to estimate causal effects of these two maternal traits on offspring birth weight. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed two-sample mendelian randomisation (MR) using genetic instrumental variables associated with 25(OH)D and calcium that had been identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS; sample 1; N = 122,123 for 25[OH]D and N = 61,275 for calcium). Associations between these maternal genetic variants and offspring birth weight were calculated in the UK Biobank (UKB) (sample 2; N = 190,406). We used data on mother-child pairs from two United Kingdom birth cohorts (combined N = 5,223) in sensitivity analyses to check whether results were influenced by fetal genotype, which is correlated with the maternal genotype (r ≈ 0.5). Further sensitivity analyses to test the reliability of the results included MR-Egger, weighted-median estimator, 'leave-one-out', and multivariable MR analyses. We triangulated MR results with those from RCTs, in which we used randomisation to supplementation with vitamin D (24 RCTs, combined N = 5,276) and calcium (6 RCTs, combined N = 543) as an instrumental variable to determine the effects of 25(OH)D and calcium on birth weight. In the main MR analysis, there was no strong evidence of an effect of maternal 25(OH)D on birth weight (difference in mean birth weight -0.03 g [95% CI -2.48 to 2.42 g, p = 0.981] per 10% higher maternal 25[OH]D). The effect estimate was consistent across our MR sensitivity analyses. Instrumental variable analyses applied to RCTs suggested a weak positive causal effect (5.94 g [95% CI 2.15-9.73, p = 0.002] per 10% higher maternal 25[OH]D), but this result may be exaggerated because of risk of bias in the included RCTs. The main MR analysis for maternal calcium also suggested no strong evidence of an effect on birth weight (-20 g [95% CI -44 to 5 g, p = 0.116] per 1 SD higher maternal calcium level). Some sensitivity analyses suggested that the genetic instrument for calcium was associated with birth weight via exposures that are independent of calcium levels (horizontal pleiotropy). Application of instrumental variable analyses to RCTs suggested that calcium has a substantial effect on birth weight (178 g [95% CI 121-236 g, p = 1.43 × 10-9] per 1 SD higher maternal calcium level) that was not consistent with any of the MR results. However, the RCT instrumental variable estimate may have been exaggerated because of risk of bias in the included RCTs. Other study limitations include the low response rate of UK Biobank, which may bias MR estimates, and the lack of suitable data to test whether the effects of genetic instruments on maternal calcium levels during pregnancy were the same as those outside of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal circulating 25(OH)D does not influence birth weight in otherwise healthy newborns. However, the effect of maternal circulating calcium on birth weight is unclear and requires further exploration with more research including RCT and/or MR analyses with more valid instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Thompson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Carolina Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robin N. Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget A. Knight
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Warrington NM, Beaumont RN, Horikoshi M, Day FR, Helgeland Ø, Laurin C, Bacelis J, Peng S, Hao K, Feenstra B, Wood AR, Mahajan A, Tyrrell J, Robertson NR, Rayner NW, Qiao Z, Moen GH, Vaudel M, Marsit CJ, Chen J, Nodzenski M, Schnurr TM, Zafarmand MH, Bradfield JP, Grarup N, Kooijman MN, Li-Gao R, Geller F, Ahluwalia TS, Paternoster L, Rueedi R, Huikari V, Hottenga JJ, Lyytikäinen LP, Cavadino A, Metrustry S, Cousminer DL, Wu Y, Thiering E, Wang CA, Have CT, Vilor-Tejedor N, Joshi PK, Painter JN, Ntalla I, Myhre R, Pitkänen N, van Leeuwen EM, Joro R, Lagou V, Richmond RC, Espinosa A, Barton SJ, Inskip HM, Holloway JW, Santa-Marina L, Estivill X, Ang W, Marsh JA, Reichetzeder C, Marullo L, Hocher B, Lunetta KL, Murabito JM, Relton CL, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L, Allard C, Bouchard L, Hivert MF, Zhang G, Muglia LJ, Heikkinen J, Morgen CS, van Kampen AHC, van Schaik BDC, Mentch FD, Langenberg C, Luan J, Scott RA, Zhao JH, Hemani G, Ring SM, Bennett AJ, Gaulton KJ, Fernandez-Tajes J, van Zuydam NR, Medina-Gomez C, de Haan HG, Rosendaal FR, Kutalik Z, Marques-Vidal P, Das S, Willemsen G, Mbarek H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Standl M, Appel EVR, Fonvig CE, Trier C, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Murcia M, Bustamante M, Bonas-Guarch S, Hougaard DM, Mercader JM, Linneberg A, Schraut KE, Lind PA, Medland SE, Shields BM, Knight BA, Chai JF, Panoutsopoulou K, Bartels M, Sánchez F, Stokholm J, Torrents D, Vinding RK, Willems SM, Atalay M, Chawes BL, Kovacs P, Prokopenko I, Tuke MA, Yaghootkar H, Ruth KS, Jones SE, Loh PR, Murray A, Weedon MN, Tönjes A, Stumvoll M, Michaelsen KF, Eloranta AM, Lakka TA, van Duijn CM, Kiess W, Körner A, Niinikoski H, Pahkala K, Raitakari OT, Jacobsson B, Zeggini E, Dedoussis GV, Teo YY, Saw SM, Montgomery GW, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Vrijkotte TGM, Vrijheid M, de Geus EJCN, Hayes MG, Kadarmideen HN, Holm JC, Beilin LJ, Pennell CE, Heinrich J, Adair LS, Borja JB, Mohlke KL, Eriksson JG, Widén EE, Hattersley AT, Spector TD, Kähönen M, Viikari JS, Lehtimäki T, Boomsma DI, Sebert S, Vollenweider P, Sørensen TIA, Bisgaard H, Bønnelykke K, Murray JC, Melbye M, Nohr EA, Mook-Kanamori DO, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, Felix JF, Jaddoe VWV, Hansen T, Pisinger C, Vaag AA, Pedersen O, Uitterlinden AG, Järvelin MR, Power C, Hyppönen E, Scholtens DM, Lowe WL, Davey Smith G, Timpson NJ, Morris AP, Wareham NJ, Hakonarson H, Grant SFA, Frayling TM, Lawlor DA, Njølstad PR, Johansson S, Ong KK, McCarthy MI, Perry JRB, Evans DM, Freathy RM. Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors. Nat Genet 2019; 51:804-814. [PMID: 31043758 PMCID: PMC6522365 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Birth weight variation is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors, and has been reproducibly associated with future cardio-metabolic health outcomes. In expanded genome-wide association analyses of own birth weight (n = 321,223) and offspring birth weight (n = 230,069 mothers), we identified 190 independent association signals (129 of which are novel). We used structural equation modeling to decompose the contributions of direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic effects, then applied Mendelian randomization to illuminate causal pathways. For example, both indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects drive the observational relationship between lower birth weight and higher later blood pressure: maternal blood pressure-raising alleles reduce offspring birth weight, but only direct fetal effects of these alleles, once inherited, increase later offspring blood pressure. Using maternal birth weight-lowering genotypes to proxy for an adverse intrauterine environment provided no evidence that it causally raises offspring blood pressure, indicating that the inverse birth weight-blood pressure association is attributable to genetic effects, and not to intrauterine programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Kidney Diseases, Yokohama, Japan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles Laurin
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shouneng Peng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro, UK
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Zhen Qiao
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gunn-Helen Moen
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marc Vaudel
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammad H Zafarmand
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Quantinuum Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marjolein N Kooijman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ville Huikari
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christian T Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jodie N Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisabeth M van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raimo Joro
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila J Barton
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hazel M Inskip
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Sidra Medicine Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Genomics Unit, Dexeus Woman's Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wei Ang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie A Marsh
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Letizia Marullo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Genetic Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ge Zhang
- Human Genetics Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Human Genetics Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jani Heikkinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla S Morgen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbera D C van Schaik
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Natalie R van Zuydam
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugoline G de Haan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shikta Das
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Emil V R Appel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cilius E Fonvig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Caecilie Trier
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | | | - Mario Murcia
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bonas-Guarch
- Joint BSC-CGR-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Joint BSC-CGR-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Beverley M Shields
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Bridget A Knight
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jin-Fang Chai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Friman Sánchez
- Joint BSC-CGR-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Computer Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Torrents
- Joint BSC-CGR-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebecca K Vinding
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bo L Chawes
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Murray
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women's andChild Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women's andChild Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tanja G M Vrijkotte
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haja N Kadarmideen
- Quantitative and Systems Genomics Group, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Judith B Borja
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth E Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Center for Sundhed, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen University, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Allan A Vaag
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William L Lowe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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11
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Battram T, Hoskins L, Hughes DA, Kettunen J, Ring SM, Smith GD, Timpson NJ. Coronary artery disease, genetic risk and the metabolome in young individuals. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:114. [PMID: 30740535 PMCID: PMC6348437 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14788.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in adults - the leading cause of death worldwide. It often occurs later in life, but variants may impact CAD-relevant phenotypes early and throughout the life-course. Cohorts with longitudinal and genetic data on thousands of individuals are letting us explore the antecedents of this adult disease. Methods: 148 metabolites, with a focus on the lipidome, measured using nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1H-NMR) spectroscopy, and genotype data were available from 5,907 individuals at ages 7, 15, and 17 years from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Linear regression was used to assess the association between the metabolites and an adult-derived genetic risk score (GRS) of CAD comprising 146 variants. Individual variant-metabolite associations were also examined. Results: The CAD-GRS associated with 118 of 148 metabolites (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05), the strongest associations being with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and atherogenic non-LDL subgroups. Nine of 146 variants in the GRS associated with one or more metabolites (FDR < 0.05). Seven of these are within lipid loci: rs11591147 PCSK9, rs12149545 HERPUD1-CETP, rs17091891 LPL, rs515135 APOB, rs602633 CELSR2-PSRC1, rs651821 APOA5, rs7412 APOE-APOC1. All associated with metabolites in the LDL or atherogenic non-LDL subgroups or both including aggregate cholesterol measures. The other two variants identified were rs112635299 SERPINA1 and rs2519093 ABO. Conclusions: Genetic variants that influence CAD risk in adults are associated with large perturbations in metabolite levels in individuals as young as seven. The variants identified are mostly within lipid-related loci and the metabolites they associated with are primarily linked to lipoproteins. Along with further research, this knowledge could allow for preventative measures, such as increased monitoring of at-risk individuals and perhaps treatment earlier in life, to be taken years before any symptoms of the disease arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Battram
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luke Hoskins
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A. Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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12
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Guyatt AL, Brennan RR, Burrows K, Guthrie PAI, Ascione R, Ring SM, Gaunt TR, Pyle A, Cordell HJ, Lawlor DA, Chinnery PF, Hudson G, Rodriguez S. A genome-wide association study of mitochondrial DNA copy number in two population-based cohorts. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:6. [PMID: 30704525 PMCID: PMC6357493 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA CN) exhibits interindividual and intercellular variation, but few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of directly assayed mtDNA CN exist. We undertook a GWAS of qPCR-assayed mtDNA CN in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and the UK Blood Service (UKBS) cohort. After validating and harmonising data, 5461 ALSPAC mothers (16-43 years at mtDNA CN assay) and 1338 UKBS females (17-69 years) were included in a meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses restricted to females with white cell-extracted DNA and adjusted for estimated or assayed cell proportions. Associations were also explored in ALSPAC children and UKBS males. RESULTS A neutrophil-associated locus approached genome-wide significance (rs709591 [MED24], β (change in SD units of mtDNA CN per allele) [SE] - 0.084 [0.016], p = 1.54e-07) in the main meta-analysis of adult females. This association was concordant in magnitude and direction in UKBS males and ALSPAC neonates. SNPs in and around ABHD8 were associated with mtDNA CN in ALSPAC neonates (rs10424198, β [SE] 0.262 [0.034], p = 1.40e-14), but not other study groups. In a meta-analysis of unrelated individuals (N = 11,253), we replicated a published association in TFAM (β [SE] 0.046 [0.017], p = 0.006), with an effect size much smaller than that observed in the replication analysis of a previous in silico GWAS. CONCLUSIONS In a hypothesis-generating GWAS, we confirm an association between TFAM and mtDNA CN and present putative loci requiring replication in much larger samples. We discuss the limitations of our work, in terms of measurement error and cellular heterogeneity, and highlight the need for larger studies to better understand nuclear genomic control of mtDNA copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Guyatt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca R. Brennan
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Kimberley Burrows
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip A. I. Guthrie
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Raimondo Ascione
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angela Pyle
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick F. Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Santiago Rodriguez
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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13
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Beaumont RN, Warrington NM, Cavadino A, Tyrrell J, Nodzenski M, Horikoshi M, Geller F, Myhre R, Richmond RC, Paternoster L, Bradfield JP, Kreiner-Møller E, Huikari V, Metrustry S, Lunetta KL, Painter JN, Hottenga JJ, Allard C, Barton SJ, Espinosa A, Marsh JA, Potter C, Zhang G, Ang W, Berry DJ, Bouchard L, Das S, Hakonarson H, Heikkinen J, Helgeland Ø, Hocher B, Hofman A, Inskip HM, Jones SE, Kogevinas M, Lind PA, Marullo L, Medland SE, Murray A, Murray JC, Njølstad PR, Nohr EA, Reichetzeder C, Ring SM, Ruth KS, Santa-Marina L, Scholtens DM, Sebert S, Sengpiel V, Tuke MA, Vaudel M, Weedon MN, Willemsen G, Wood AR, Yaghootkar H, Muglia LJ, Bartels M, Relton CL, Pennell CE, Chatzi L, Estivill X, Holloway JW, Boomsma DI, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Spector TD, Power C, Järvelin MR, Bisgaard H, Grant SFA, Sørensen TIA, Jaddoe VW, Jacobsson B, Melbye M, McCarthy MI, Hattersley AT, Hayes MG, Frayling TM, Hivert MF, Felix JF, Hyppönen E, Lowe WL, Evans DM, Lawlor DA, Feenstra B, Freathy RM. Genome-wide association study of offspring birth weight in 86 577 women identifies five novel loci and highlights maternal genetic effects that are independent of fetal genetics. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:742-756. [PMID: 29309628 PMCID: PMC5886200 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have focused on fetal genetics, whereas relatively little is known about the role of maternal genetic variation. We aimed to identify maternal genetic variants associated with birth weight that could highlight potentially relevant maternal determinants of fetal growth. We meta-analysed data on up to 8.7 million SNPs in up to 86 577 women of European descent from the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium and the UK Biobank. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyses of mother–child pairs to quantify the separate maternal and fetal genetic effects. Maternal SNPs at 10 loci (MTNR1B, HMGA2, SH2B3, KCNAB1, L3MBTL3, GCK, EBF1, TCF7L2, ACTL9, CYP3A7) were associated with offspring birth weight at P < 5 × 10−8. In SEM analyses, at least 7 of the 10 associations were consistent with effects of the maternal genotype acting via the intrauterine environment, rather than via effects of shared alleles with the fetus. Variants, or correlated proxies, at many of the loci had been previously associated with adult traits, including fasting glucose (MTNR1B, GCK and TCF7L2) and sex hormone levels (CYP3A7), and one (EBF1) with gestational duration. The identified associations indicate that genetic effects on maternal glucose, cytochrome P450 activity and gestational duration, and potentially on maternal blood pressure and immune function, are relevant for fetal growth. Further characterization of these associations in mechanistic and causal analyses will enhance understanding of the potentially modifiable maternal determinants of fetal growth, with the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with low and high birth weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sarah Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jodie N Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheila J Barton
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie A Marsh
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine Potter
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ge Zhang
- Human Genetics Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wei Ang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Diane J Berry
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Shikta Das
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jani Heikkinen
- FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berthold Hocher
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hazel M Inskip
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Letizia Marullo
- Genetic Section, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Anna Murray
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph Reichetzeder
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marc Vaudel
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Meike Bartels
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Ritta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland.,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Diabetes Center, Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for School of Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David M Evans
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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14
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Ambatipudi S, Langdon R, Richmond RC, Suderman M, Koestler DC, Kelsey KT, Kazmi N, Penfold C, Ho KM, McArdle W, Ring SM, Pring M, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Gaunt TR, Davey Smith G, Thomas S, Ness AR, Relton CL. DNA methylation derived systemic inflammation indices are associated with head and neck cancer development and survival. Oral Oncol 2018; 85:87-94. [PMID: 30220325 PMCID: PMC6156796 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is often associated with chronic systemic inflammation (SI). In the present study, we assessed if DNA methylation-derived SI (mdSI) indices: Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (mdNLR) and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte ratio (mdLMR) are associated with the presence of HNSCC and overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used two peripheral blood DNA methylation datasets: an HNSCC case-control dataset (n = 183) and an HNSCC survival dataset (n = 407) to estimate mdSI indices. We then performed multivariate regressions to test the association between mdSI indices, HNSCC development and OS. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression revealed that elevated mdNLR was associated with increased odds of being an HNSCC case (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 2.14-5.34, P = 4 × 10-7) while the converse was observed for mdLMR (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81-0.90, P = 2 × 10-3). In the HNSCC survival dataset, HPV16-E6 seropositive HNSCC cases had an elevated mdLMR (P = 9 × 10-5) and a lower mdNLR (P = 0.003) compared to seronegative patients. Multivariate Cox regression in the HNSCC survival dataset revealed that lower mdLMR (HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.30-2.95, P = 0.0013) but not lower mdNLR (HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.46-1.00, P = 0.0501) was associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that mdSI estimated by DNA methylation data is associated with the presence of HNSCC and overall survival. The mdSI indices may be used as a valuable research tool to reliably estimate SI in the absence of cell-based estimates. Rigorous validation of our findings in large prospective studies is warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Ambatipudi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Ryan Langdon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Devin C Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Karl T Kelsey
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Nabila Kazmi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher Penfold
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karen M Ho
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Wendy McArdle
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Miranda Pring
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Steve Thomas
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andy R Ness
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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15
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Battram T, Hoskins L, Hughes DA, Kettunen J, Ring SM, Smith GD, Timpson NJ. Coronary artery disease, genetic risk and the metabolome in young individuals. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:114. [PMID: 30740535 PMCID: PMC6348437 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14788.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in adults - the leading cause of death worldwide. It often occurs later in life, but variants may impact CAD-relevant phenotypes early and throughout the life-course. Cohorts with longitudinal and genetic data on thousands of individuals are letting us explore the antecedents of this adult disease. Methods: 149 metabolites, with a focus on the lipidome, measured using nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1H-NMR) spectroscopy, and genotype data were available from 5,905 individuals at ages 7, 15, and 17 years from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Linear regression was used to assess the association between the metabolites and an adult-derived genetic risk score (GRS) of CAD comprising 146 variants. Individual variant-metabolite associations were also examined. Results: The CAD-GRS associated with 118 of 149 metabolites (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05), the strongest associations being with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and atherogenic non-LDL subgroups. Nine of 146 variants in the GRS associated with one or more metabolites (FDR < 0.05). Seven of these are within lipid loci: rs11591147 PCSK9, rs12149545 HERPUD1-CETP, rs17091891 LPL, rs515135 APOB, rs602633 CELSR2-PSRC1, rs651821 APOA5, rs7412 APOE-APOC1. All associated with metabolites in the LDL or atherogenic non-LDL subgroups or both including aggregate cholesterol measures. The other two variants identified were rs112635299 SERPINA1 and rs2519093 ABO. Conclusions: Genetic variants that influence CAD risk in adults are associated with large perturbations in metabolite levels in individuals as young as seven. The variants identified are mostly within lipid-related loci and the metabolites they associated with are primarily linked to lipoproteins. This knowledge could allow for preventative measures, such as increased monitoring of at-risk individuals and perhaps treatment earlier in life, to be taken years before any symptoms of the disease arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Battram
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luke Hoskins
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A. Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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16
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Cuellar Partida G, Laurin C, Ring SM, Gaunt TR, McRae AF, Visscher PM, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Hemani G, Suderman M, Relton CL, Davey Smith G, Evans DM. Genome-wide survey of parent-of-origin effects on DNA methylation identifies candidate imprinted loci in humans. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2927-2939. [PMID: 29860447 PMCID: PMC6077796 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism leading to parent-of-origin silencing of alleles. So far, the precise number of imprinted regions in humans is uncertain. In this study, we leveraged genome-wide DNA methylation in whole blood measured longitudinally at three time points (birth, childhood and adolescence) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data in 740 mother-child duos from the Avon Longitudinal Study of parents and children to identify candidate imprinted loci. We reasoned that cis-meQTLs at genomic regions that were imprinted would show strong evidence of parent-of-origin associations with DNA methylation, enabling the detection of imprinted regions. Using this approach, we identified genome-wide significant cis-meQTLs that exhibited parent-of-origin effects (POEs) at 82 loci, 34 novel and 48 regions previously implicated in imprinting (3.7-10<P < 10-300). Using an independent dataset from the Brisbane Systems Genetic Study, we replicated 76 out of the 82 identified loci. POEs were remarkably consistent across time points and were so strong at some loci that methylation levels enabled good discrimination of parental transmissions at these and surrounding genomic regions. The implication is that parental allelic transmissions could be modelled at many imprinted (and linked) loci in GWAS of unrelated individuals given a combination of genetic and methylation data. Novel regions showing parent of origin effects on methylation will require replication using a different technology and further functional experiments to confirm that such effects arise through a genomic imprinting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cuellar Partida
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Charles Laurin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Allan F McRae
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Gibran Hemani
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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17
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Mitchell RE, Jones HJ, Yolken RH, Ford G, Jones-Brando L, Ring SM, Groom A, FitzGibbon S, Davey Smith G, Timpson NJ. Longitudinal serological measures of common infection in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:49. [PMID: 30467552 PMCID: PMC6124408 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14565.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against pathogens provide information on exposure to infectious agents and are meaningful measures of past and present infection. Antibodies were measured in the plasma of children that are the offspring in a population-based birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Plasma was collected during clinics at age 5, 7, 11 and 15 years. The antigens examined include: fungal ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae); protozoan ( Toxoplasma gondii and surface antigen 1 of T. gondii); herpes viruses (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus type 1); common colds (influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2); other antigens (measles); animal (feline herpes virus, Theiler's virus); bacteria ( Helicobacter pylori); dietary antigens (bovine casein alpha protein, bovine casein beta protein). Alongside the depth of data available within the ALSPAC cohort, this longitudinal resource will enable the investigation of the association between infections and a wide variety of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E. Mitchell
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah J. Jones
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Glen Ford
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorraine Jones-Brando
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M. Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alix Groom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sophie FitzGibbon
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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18
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Mitchell RE, Jones HJ, Yolken RH, Ford G, Jones-Brando L, Ring SM, Groom A, FitzGibbon S, Davey Smith G, Timpson NJ. Longitudinal serological measures of common infection in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:49. [PMID: 30467552 PMCID: PMC6124408 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14565.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against pathogens provide information on exposure to infectious agents and are meaningful measures of past and present infection. Antibodies were measured in the plasma of children that are the offspring in a population-based birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Plasma was collected during clinics at age 5, 7, 11 and 15 years. The antigens examined include: fungal (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae); protozoan (
Toxoplasma gondii and surface antigen 1 of
T. gondii); herpes viruses (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus type 1); common colds (influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2); other antigens (measles); animal (feline herpes virus, Theiler’s virus); bacteria (
Helicobacter pylori); dietary antigens (bovine casein alpha protein, bovine casein beta protein). Alongside the depth of data available within the ALSPAC cohort, this longitudinal resource will enable the investigation of the association between infections and a wide variety of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Mitchell
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah J Jones
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Glen Ford
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorraine Jones-Brando
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alix Groom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sophie FitzGibbon
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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19
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Hysi PG, Valdes AM, Liu F, Furlotte NA, Evans DM, Bataille V, Visconti A, Hemani G, McMahon G, Ring SM, Smith GD, Duffy DL, Zhu G, Gordon SD, Medland SE, Lin BD, Willemsen G, Jan Hottenga J, Vuckovic D, Girotto G, Gandin I, Sala C, Concas MP, Brumat M, Gasparini P, Toniolo D, Cocca M, Robino A, Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Chen Y, Zeng C, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Hamer MA, van Duijn CM, Nijsten T, Mackey DA, Falchi M, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Hinds DA, Kayser M, Spector TD. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals of European ancestry identifies new loci explaining a substantial fraction of hair color variation and heritability. Nat Genet 2018; 50:652-656. [PMID: 29662168 PMCID: PMC5935237 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hair color is one of the most recognizable visual traits in European populations and is under strong genetic control. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of almost 300,000 participants of European descent. We identified 123 autosomal and one X-chromosome loci significantly associated with hair color; all but 13 are novel. Collectively, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with hair color within these loci explain 34.6% of red hair, 24.8% of blond hair, and 26.1% of black hair heritability in the study populations. These results confirm the polygenic nature of complex phenotypes and improve our understanding of melanin pigment metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirro G Hysi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.,Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Alessia Visconti
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bochao D Lin
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Faffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mario Falchi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Timothy D Spector
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.
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20
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Murtagh MJ, Blell MT, Butters OW, Cowley L, Dove ES, Goodman A, Griggs RL, Hall A, Hallowell N, Kumari M, Mangino M, Maughan B, Mills MC, Minion JT, Murphy T, Prior G, Suderman M, Ring SM, Rogers NT, Roberts SJ, Van der Straeten C, Viney W, Wiltshire D, Wong A, Walker N, Burton PR. Better governance, better access: practising responsible data sharing in the METADAC governance infrastructure. Hum Genomics 2018; 12:24. [PMID: 29695297 PMCID: PMC5918902 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic and biosocial research data about individuals is rapidly proliferating, bringing the potential for novel opportunities for data integration and use. The scale, pace and novelty of these applications raise a number of urgent sociotechnical, ethical and legal questions, including optimal methods of data storage, management and access. Although the open science movement advocates unfettered access to research data, many of the UK's longitudinal cohort studies operate systems of managed data access, in which access is governed by legal and ethical agreements between stewards of research datasets and researchers wishing to make use of them. Amongst other things, these agreements aim to respect the reasonable expectations of the research participants who provided data and samples, as expressed in the consent process. Arguably, responsible data management and governance of data and sample use are foundational to the consent process in longitudinal studies and are an important source of trustworthiness in the eyes of those who contribute data to genomic and biosocial research. METHODS This paper presents an ethnographic case study exploring the foundational principles of a governance infrastructure for Managing Ethico-social, Technical and Administrative issues in Data ACcess (METADAC), which are operationalised through a committee known as the METADAC Access Committee. METADAC governs access to phenotype, genotype and 'omic' data and samples from five UK longitudinal studies. FINDINGS Using the example of METADAC, we argue that three key structural features are foundational for practising responsible data sharing: independence and transparency; interdisciplinarity; and participant-centric decision-making. We observe that the international research community is proactively working towards optimising the use of research data, integrating/linking these data with routine data generated by health and social care services and other administrative data services to improve the analysis, interpretation and utility of these data. The governance of these new complex data assemblages will require a range of expertise from across a number of domains and disciplines, including that of study participants. Human-mediated decision-making bodies will be central to ensuring achievable, reasoned and responsible decisions about the use of these data; the METADAC model described in this paper provides an example of how this could be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alissa Goodman
- University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Murphy
- University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Will Viney
- Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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21
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Simpkin AJ, Howe LD, Tilling K, Gaunt TR, Lyttleton O, McArdle WL, Ring SM, Horvath S, Smith GD, Relton CL. The epigenetic clock and physical development during childhood and adolescence: longitudinal analysis from a UK birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:549-558. [PMID: 28089957 PMCID: PMC5722033 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Statistical models that use an individual’s DNA methylation levels to estimate their age (known as epigenetic clocks) have recently been developed, with 96% correlation found between epigenetic and chronological age. We postulate that differences between estimated and actual age [age acceleration (AA)] can be used as a measure of developmental age in early life. Methods: We obtained DNA methylation measures at three time points (birth, age 7 years and age 17 years) in 1018 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Using an online calculator, we estimated epigenetic age, and thus AA, for each child at each time point. We then investigated whether AA was prospectively associated with repeated measures of height, weight, body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density, bone mass, fat mass, lean mass and Tanner stage. Results: Positive AA at birth was associated with higher average fat mass [1321 g per year of AA, 95% confidence interval (CI) 386, 2256 g] from birth to adolescence (i.e. from age 0–17 years) and AA at age 7 was associated with higher average height (0.23 cm per year of AA, 95% CI 0.04, 0.41 cm). Conflicting evidence for the role of AA (at birth and in childhood) on changes during development was also found, with higher AA being positively associated with changes in weight, BMI and Tanner stage, but negatively with changes in height and fat mass. Conclusions: We found evidence that being ahead of one’s epigenetic age acceleration is related to developmental characteristics during childhood and adolescence. This demonstrates the potential for using AA as a measure of development in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simpkin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oliver Lyttleton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Steve Horvath
- School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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St Pourcain B, Eaves LJ, Ring SM, Fisher SE, Medland S, Evans DM, Davey Smith G. Developmental Changes Within the Genetic Architecture of Social Communication Behavior: A Multivariate Study of Genetic Variance in Unrelated Individuals. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:598-606. [PMID: 29100628 PMCID: PMC5855319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent analyses of trait-disorder overlap suggest that psychiatric dimensions may relate to distinct sets of genes that exert maximum influence during different periods of development. This includes analyses of social communication difficulties that share, depending on their developmental stage, stronger genetic links with either autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia. We developed a multivariate analysis framework in unrelated individuals to model directly the developmental profile of genetic influences contributing to complex traits, such as social communication difficulties, during an approximately 10-year period spanning childhood and adolescence. METHODS Longitudinally assessed quantitative social communication problems (N ≤ 5551) were studied in participants from a United Kingdom birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; age range, 8-17 years). Using standardized measures, genetic architectures were investigated with novel multivariate genetic-relationship-matrix structural equation models incorporating whole-genome genotyping information. Analogous to twin research, genetic-relationship-matrix structural equation models included Cholesky decomposition, common pathway, and independent pathway models. RESULTS A two-factor Cholesky decomposition model described the data best. One genetic factor was common to Social Communication Disorder Checklist measures across development; the other accounted for independent variation at 11 years and later, consistent with distinct developmental profiles in trait-disorder overlap. Importantly, genetic factors operating at 8 years explained only approximately 50% of genetic variation at 17 years. CONCLUSIONS Using latent factor models, we identified developmental changes in the genetic architecture of social communication difficulties that enhance the understanding of autism spectrum disorder- and schizophrenia-related dimensions. More generally, genetic-relationship-matrix structural equation models present a framework for modeling shared genetic etiologies between phenotypes and can provide prior information with respect to patterns and continuity of trait-disorder overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Lindon J Eaves
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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23
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Warrington NM, Richmond R, Fenstra B, Myhre R, Gaillard R, Paternoster L, Wang CA, Beaumont RN, Das S, Murcia M, Barton SJ, Espinosa A, Thiering E, Atalay M, Pitkänen N, Ntalla I, Jonsson AE, Freathy R, Karhunen V, Tiesler CMT, Allard C, Crawford A, Ring SM, Melbye M, Magnus P, Rivadeneira F, Skotte L, Hansen T, Marsh J, Guxens M, Holloway JW, Grallert H, Jaddoe VWV, Lowe Jr WL, Roumeliotaki T, Hattersley AT, Lindi V, Pahkala K, Panoutsopoulou K, Standl M, Flexeder C, Bouchard L, Aagaard Nohr E, Marina LS, Kogevinas M, Niinikoski H, Dedoussis G, Heinrich J, Reynolds RM, Lakka T, Zeggini E, Raitakari OT, Chatzi L, Inskip HM, Bustamante M, Hivert MF, Jarvelin MR, Sørensen TIA, Pennell C, Felix JF, Jacobsson B, Geller F, Evans DM, Lawlor DA. Maternal and fetal genetic contribution to gestational weight gain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:775-784. [PMID: 28990592 PMCID: PMC5784805 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical recommendations to limit gestational weight gain (GWG) imply high GWG is causally related to adverse outcomes in mother or offspring, but GWG is the sum of several inter-related complex phenotypes (maternal fat deposition and vascular expansion, placenta, amniotic fluid and fetal growth). Understanding the genetic contribution to GWG could help clarify the potential effect of its different components on maternal and offspring health. Here we explore the genetic contribution to total, early and late GWG. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A genome-wide association study was used to identify maternal and fetal variants contributing to GWG in up to 10 543 mothers and 16 317 offspring of European origin, with replication in 10 660 mothers and 7561 offspring. Additional analyses determined the proportion of variability in GWG from maternal and fetal common genetic variants and the overlap of established genome-wide significant variants for phenotypes relevant to GWG (for example, maternal body mass index (BMI) and glucose, birth weight). RESULTS Approximately 20% of the variability in GWG was tagged by common maternal genetic variants, and the fetal genome made a surprisingly minor contribution to explain variation in GWG. Variants near the pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein 5 (PSG5) gene reached genome-wide significance (P=1.71 × 10-8) for total GWG in the offspring genome, but did not replicate. Some established variants associated with increased BMI, fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes were associated with lower early, and higher later GWG. Maternal variants related to higher systolic blood pressure were related to lower late GWG. Established maternal and fetal birth weight variants were largely unrelated to GWG. CONCLUSIONS We found a modest contribution of maternal common variants to GWG and some overlap of maternal BMI, glucose and type 2 diabetes variants with GWG. These findings suggest that associations between GWG and later offspring/maternal outcomes may be due to the relationship of maternal BMI and diabetes with GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - B Fenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Myhre
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C A Wang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - S Das
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Murcia
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO–Universitat Jaume I–Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - S J Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faulty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Espinosa
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - M Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - N Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - I Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - A E Jonsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Freathy
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - V Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - C M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - C Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - A Crawford
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- ALSPAC (Children of the 90s), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P Magnus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Marsh
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Guxens
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - H Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - V W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W L Lowe Jr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - A T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - V Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity, Turku, Finland
| | - K Panoutsopoulou
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - M Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of medicine and life sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - E Aagaard Nohr
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - L Santa Marina
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - M Kogevinas
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - G Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - J Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R M Reynolds
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - O T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - L Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H M Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faulty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M Bustamante
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M-F Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine at Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M-R Jarvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formally the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalization, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if first trimester maternal thyroid dysfunction is a critical determinant of child scholastic performance and overall educational attainment. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort in the UK. PARTICIPANTS 4615 mother-child pairs with an available first trimester sample (median 10 weeks gestation, interquartile range 8-12). EXPOSURES Free thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies assessed as continuous measures and the seven clinical categories of maternal thyroid function. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Five age-specific national curriculum assessments in 3580 children at entry stage assessment at 54 months, increasing up to 4461 children at their final school assessment at age 15. RESULTS No strong evidence of clinically meaningful associations of first trimester free thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone levels with entry stage assessment score or Standard Assessment Test scores at any of the key stages was found. Associations of maternal free thyroxine or thyroid stimulating hormone with the total number of General Certificates of Secondary Education (GCSEs) passed (range 0-16) were all close to the null: free thyroxine, rate ratio per pmol/L 1.00 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.01); and thyroid stimulating hormone, rate ratio 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02). No important relationship was observed when more detailed capped scores of GCSEs allowing for both the number and grade of pass or when language, mathematics, and science performance were examined individually or when all educational assessments undertaken by an individual from school entry to leaving were considered. 200 (4.3%) mothers were newly identified as having hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothyroidism and 97 (2.1%) subclinical hyperthyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Children of mothers with thyroid dysfunction attained an equivalent number of GCSEs and equivalent grades as children of mothers with euthyroidism. CONCLUSIONS Maternal thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy does not have a clinically important association with impaired child performance at school or educational achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Room 2.52 Level 2, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline Haig
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Level 11, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Level 11, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- The Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - George D Smith
- The Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- The Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert S Lindsay
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Gill D, Sheehan NA, Wielscher M, Shrine N, Amaral AFS, Thompson JR, Granell R, Leynaert B, Real FG, Hall IP, Tobin MD, Auvinen J, Ring SM, Jarvelin MR, Wain LV, Henderson J, Jarvis D, Minelli C. Age at menarche and lung function: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:701-710. [PMID: 28624884 PMCID: PMC5591357 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A trend towards earlier menarche in women has been associated with childhood factors (e.g. obesity) and hypothesised environmental exposures (e.g. endocrine disruptors present in household products). Observational evidence has shown detrimental effects of early menarche on various health outcomes including adult lung function, but these might represent spurious associations due to confounding. To address this we used Mendelian randomization where genetic variants are used as proxies for age at menarche, since genetic associations are not affected by classical confounding. We estimated the effects of age at menarche on forced vital capacity (FVC), a proxy for restrictive lung impairment, and ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to FVC (FEV1/FVC), a measure of airway obstruction, in both adulthood and adolescence. We derived SNP-age at menarche association estimates for 122 variants from a published genome-wide meta-analysis (N = 182,416), with SNP-lung function estimates obtained by meta-analysing three studies of adult women (N = 46,944) and two of adolescent girls (N = 3025). We investigated the impact of departures from the assumption of no pleiotropy through sensitivity analyses. In adult women, in line with previous evidence, we found an effect on restrictive lung impairment with a 24.8 mL increase in FVC per year increase in age at menarche (95% CI 1.8-47.9; p = 0.035); evidence was stronger after excluding potential pleiotropic variants (43.6 mL; 17.2-69.9; p = 0.001). In adolescent girls we found an opposite effect (-56.5 mL; -108.3 to -4.7; p = 0.033), suggesting that the detrimental effect in adulthood may be preceded by a short-term post-pubertal benefit. Our secondary analyses showing results in the same direction in men and boys, in whom age at menarche SNPs have also shown association with sexual development, suggest a role for pubertal timing in general rather than menarche specifically. We found no effect on airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipender Gill
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nuala A Sheehan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andre F S Amaral
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, NHLI, Imperial College London, Emmanuel Kaye Building, 1B Manresa Road, SW3 6LR, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK
| | - John R Thompson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Raquel Granell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bénédicte Leynaert
- UMR 1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, Epidemiology Team, Inserm, Paris, France
- UMR 1152, Univ Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Francisco Gómez Real
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ian P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - John Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, NHLI, Imperial College London, Emmanuel Kaye Building, 1B Manresa Road, SW3 6LR, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, NHLI, Imperial College London, Emmanuel Kaye Building, 1B Manresa Road, SW3 6LR, London, UK.
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26
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Day FR, Thompson DJ, Helgason H, Chasman DI, Finucane H, Sulem P, Ruth KS, Whalen S, Sarkar AK, Albrecht E, Altmaier E, Amini M, Barbieri CM, Boutin T, Campbell A, Demerath E, Giri A, He C, Hottenga JJ, Karlsson R, Kolcic I, Loh PR, Lunetta KL, Mangino M, Marco B, McMahon G, Medland SE, Nolte IM, Noordam R, Nutile T, Paternoster L, Perjakova N, Porcu E, Rose LM, Schraut KE, Segrè AV, Smith AV, Stolk L, Teumer A, Andrulis IL, Bandinelli S, Beckmann MW, Benitez J, Bergmann S, Bochud M, Boerwinkle E, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Brand JS, Brauch H, Brenner H, Broer L, Brüning T, Buring JE, Campbell H, Catamo E, Chanock S, Chenevix-Trench G, Corre T, Couch FJ, Cousminer DL, Cox A, Crisponi L, Czene K, Davey Smith G, de Geus EJCN, de Mutsert R, De Vivo I, Dennis J, Devilee P, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Dunning AM, Eriksson JG, Fasching PA, Fernández-Rhodes L, Ferrucci L, Flesch-Janys D, Franke L, Gabrielson M, Gandin I, Giles GG, Grallert H, Gudbjartsson DF, Guénel P, Hall P, Hallberg E, Hamann U, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Heiss G, Hooning MJ, Hopper JL, Hu F, Hunter DJ, Ikram MA, Im HK, Järvelin MR, Joshi PK, Karasik D, Kellis M, Kutalik Z, LaChance G, Lambrechts D, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Laven JSE, Lenarduzzi S, Li J, Lind PA, Lindstrom S, Liu Y, Luan J, Mägi R, Mannermaa A, Mbarek H, McCarthy MI, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Menni C, Metspalu A, Michailidou K, Milani L, Milne RL, Montgomery GW, Mulligan AM, Nalls MA, Navarro P, Nevanlinna H, Nyholt DR, Oldehinkel AJ, O'Mara TA, Padmanabhan S, Palotie A, Pedersen N, Peters A, Peto J, Pharoah PDP, Pouta A, Radice P, Rahman I, Ring SM, Robino A, Rosendaal FR, Rudan I, Rueedi R, Ruggiero D, Sala CF, Schmidt MK, Scott RA, Shah M, Sorice R, Southey MC, Sovio U, Stampfer M, Steri M, Strauch K, Tanaka T, Tikkanen E, Timpson NJ, Traglia M, Truong T, Tyrer JP, Uitterlinden AG, Edwards DRV, Vitart V, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wang Q, Widen E, van Dijk KW, Willemsen G, Winqvist R, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Zhao JH, Zoledziewska M, Zygmunt M, Alizadeh BZ, Boomsma DI, Ciullo M, Cucca F, Esko T, Franceschini N, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Hayward C, Kraft P, Lawlor DA, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, Mook-Kanamori DO, Nohr EA, Polasek O, Porteous D, Price AL, Ridker PM, Snieder H, Spector TD, Stöckl D, Toniolo D, Ulivi S, Visser JA, Völzke H, Wareham NJ, Wilson JF, Spurdle AB, Thorsteindottir U, Pollard KS, Easton DF, Tung JY, Chang-Claude J, Hinds D, Murray A, Murabito JM, Stefansson K, Ong KK, Perry JRB. Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk. Nat Genet 2017; 49:834-841. [PMID: 28436984 PMCID: PMC5841952 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The timing of puberty is a highly polygenic childhood trait that is epidemiologically associated with various adult diseases. Using 1000 Genomes Project-imputed genotype data in up to ∼370,000 women, we identify 389 independent signals (P < 5 × 10-8) for age at menarche, a milestone in female pubertal development. In Icelandic data, these signals explain ∼7.4% of the population variance in age at menarche, corresponding to ∼25% of the estimated heritability. We implicate ∼250 genes via coding variation or associated expression, demonstrating significant enrichment in neural tissues. Rare variants near the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 were identified, exhibiting large effects when paternally inherited. Mendelian randomization analyses suggest causal inverse associations, independent of body mass index (BMI), between puberty timing and risks for breast and endometrial cancers in women and prostate cancer in men. In aggregate, our findings highlight the complexity of the genetic regulation of puberty timing and support causal links with cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannes Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilary Finucane
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sean Whalen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Abhishek K Sarkar
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marzyeh Amini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caterina M Barbieri
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Thibaud Boutin
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ellen Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ayush Giri
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jouke J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Brumat Marco
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ayellet V Segrè
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Judith S Brand
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela Cox
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva
- Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angles, California, USA
| | - Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marike Gabrielson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Cancer and Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily Hallberg
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Karasik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Genevieve LaChance
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joop S E Laven
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefania Lenarduzzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - YongMei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Central Hospital of Augsburg, MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna M Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pau Navarro
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tracy A O'Mara
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nancy Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Iffat Rahman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Cinzia F Sala
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maristella Steri
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michela Traglia
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Cancer and Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan P Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Digna R Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Genetics of Common Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Unnur Thorsteindottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Hinds
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Tachmazidou I, Süveges D, Min JL, Ritchie GRS, Steinberg J, Walter K, Iotchkova V, Schwartzentruber J, Huang J, Memari Y, McCarthy S, Crawford AA, Bombieri C, Cocca M, Farmaki AE, Gaunt TR, Jousilahti P, Kooijman MN, Lehne B, Malerba G, Männistö S, Matchan A, Medina-Gomez C, Metrustry SJ, Nag A, Ntalla I, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Sala C, Scott WR, Shihab HA, Southam L, St Pourcain B, Traglia M, Trajanoska K, Zaza G, Zhang W, Artigas MS, Bansal N, Benn M, Chen Z, Danecek P, Lin WY, Locke A, Luan J, Manning AK, Mulas A, Sidore C, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Varbo A, Zoledziewska M, Finan C, Hatzikotoulas K, Hendricks AE, Kemp JP, Moayyeri A, Panoutsopoulou K, Szpak M, Wilson SG, Boehnke M, Cucca F, Di Angelantonio E, Langenberg C, Lindgren C, McCarthy MI, Morris AP, Nordestgaard BG, Scott RA, Tobin MD, Wareham NJ, Burton P, Chambers JC, Smith GD, Dedoussis G, Felix JF, Franco OH, Gambaro G, Gasparini P, Hammond CJ, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Kleber M, Kooner JS, Perola M, Relton C, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Salomaa V, Spector TD, Stegle O, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, Barroso I, Greenwood CMT, Perry JRB, Walker BR, Butterworth AS, Xue Y, Durbin R, Small KS, Soranzo N, Timpson NJ, Zeggini E. Whole-Genome Sequencing Coupled to Imputation Discovers Genetic Signals for Anthropometric Traits. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:865-884. [PMID: 28552196 PMCID: PMC5473732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequence-based imputation can enhance the discovery power of genome-wide association studies by assessing previously unexplored variation across the common- and low-frequency spectra. We applied a hybrid whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and deep imputation approach to examine the broader allelic architecture of 12 anthropometric traits associated with height, body mass, and fat distribution in up to 267,616 individuals. We report 106 genome-wide significant signals that have not been previously identified, including 9 low-frequency variants pointing to functional candidates. Of the 106 signals, 6 are in genomic regions that have not been implicated with related traits before, 28 are independent signals at previously reported regions, and 72 represent previously reported signals for a different anthropometric trait. 71% of signals reside within genes and fine mapping resolves 23 signals to one or two likely causal variants. We confirm genetic overlap between human monogenic and polygenic anthropometric traits and find signal enrichment in cis expression QTLs in relevant tissues. Our results highlight the potential of WGS strategies to enhance biologically relevant discoveries across the frequency spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tachmazidou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dániel Süveges
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Graham R S Ritchie
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Julia Steinberg
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Valentina Iotchkova
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Yasin Memari
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shane McCarthy
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew A Crawford
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Marjolein N Kooijman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Angela Matchan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6500, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Gialuigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - María S Artigas
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Narinder Bansal
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Marianne Benn
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Zhongsheng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Petr Danecek
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Adam Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anette Varbo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Audrey E Hendricks
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Michal Szpak
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Burton
- D2K Research Group, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy; Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia; Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - John R B Perry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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Elliott HR, Shihab HA, Lockett GA, Holloway JW, McRae AF, Smith GD, Ring SM, Gaunt TR, Relton CL. Role of DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Etiology: Using Genotype as a Causal Anchor. Diabetes 2017; 66:1713-1722. [PMID: 28246294 PMCID: PMC5860189 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the relationship between genetic variation and DNA methylation with respect to type 2 diabetes, but it is unknown if DNA methylation is a mediator in the disease pathway or if it is altered in response to disease state. This study uses genotypic information as a causal anchor to help decipher the likely role of DNA methylation measured in peripheral blood in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip data were generated on 1,018 young individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. In stage 1, 118 unique associations between published type 2 diabetes single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genome-wide methylation (methylation quantitative trait loci [mQTLs]) were identified. In stage 2, a further 226 mQTLs were identified between 202 additional independent non-type 2 diabetes SNPs and CpGs identified in stage 1. Where possible, associations were replicated in independent cohorts of similar age. We discovered that around half of known type 2 diabetes SNPs are associated with variation in DNA methylation and postulated that methylation could either be on a causal pathway to future disease or could be a noncausal biomarker. For one locus (KCNQ1), we were able to provide further evidence that methylation is likely to be on the causal pathway to disease in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Gabrielle A Lockett
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
| | - Allan F McRae
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
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29
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Stergiakouli E, Davey Smith G, Martin J, Skuse DH, Viechtbauer W, Ring SM, Ronald A, Evans DE, Fisher SE, Thapar A, St Pourcain B. Shared genetic influences between dimensional ASD and ADHD symptoms during child and adolescent development. Mol Autism 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28392908 PMCID: PMC5379648 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shared genetic influences between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms have been reported. Cross-trait genetic relationships are, however, subject to dynamic changes during development. We investigated the continuity of genetic overlap between ASD and ADHD symptoms in a general population sample during childhood and adolescence. We also studied uni- and cross-dimensional trait-disorder links with respect to genetic ADHD and ASD risk. METHODS Social-communication difficulties (N ≤ 5551, Social and Communication Disorders Checklist, SCDC) and combined hyperactive-impulsive/inattentive ADHD symptoms (N ≤ 5678, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ-ADHD) were repeatedly measured in a UK birth cohort (ALSPAC, age 7 to 17 years). Genome-wide summary statistics on clinical ASD (5305 cases; 5305 pseudo-controls) and ADHD (4163 cases; 12,040 controls/pseudo-controls) were available from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Genetic trait variances and genetic overlap between phenotypes were estimated using genome-wide data. RESULTS In the general population, genetic influences for SCDC and SDQ-ADHD scores were shared throughout development. Genetic correlations across traits reached a similar strength and magnitude (cross-trait rg ≤ 1, pmin = 3 × 10-4) as those between repeated measures of the same trait (within-trait rg ≤ 0.94, pmin = 7 × 10-4). Shared genetic influences between traits, especially during later adolescence, may implicate variants in K-RAS signalling upregulated genes (p-meta = 6.4 × 10-4). Uni-dimensionally, each population-based trait mapped to the expected behavioural continuum: risk-increasing alleles for clinical ADHD were persistently associated with SDQ-ADHD scores throughout development (marginal regression R2 = 0.084%). An age-specific genetic overlap between clinical ASD and social-communication difficulties during childhood was also shown, as per previous reports. Cross-dimensionally, however, neither SCDC nor SDQ-ADHD scores were linked to genetic risk for disorder. CONCLUSIONS In the general population, genetic aetiologies between social-communication difficulties and ADHD symptoms are shared throughout child and adolescent development and may implicate similar biological pathways that co-vary during development. Within both the ASD and the ADHD dimension, population-based traits are also linked to clinical disorder, although much larger clinical discovery samples are required to reliably detect cross-dimensional trait-disorder relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joanna Martin
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David H. Skuse
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - David E. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Thapar
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Gallo V, Dijk FN, Holloway JW, Ring SM, Koppelman GH, Postma DS, Strachan DP, Granell R, de Jongste JC, Jaddoe VWV, den Dekker HT, Duijts L, Henderson AJ, Shaheen SO. TRPA1 gene polymorphisms and childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:191-198. [PMID: 27779810 PMCID: PMC5324656 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal data have suggested that the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) ion channel plays a key role in promoting airway inflammation in asthma and may mediate effects of paracetamol on asthma, yet confirmatory human data are lacking. To study associations of TRPA1 gene variants with childhood asthma and total IgE concentration, and interactions between TRPA1 and prenatal paracetamol exposure on these outcomes. METHODS We analysed associations between 31 TRPA1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and current doctor-diagnosed asthma and total IgE concentration at 7.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. We sought to confirm the most significant associations with comparable outcomes in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) and Generation R birth cohorts. In ALSPAC, we explored interactions with prenatal paracetamol exposure. RESULTS In ALSPAC, there was strong evidence for association between six SNPs and asthma: rs959974 and rs1384001 (per-allele odds ratio for both: 1.30 (95% CI: 1.15-1.47), p = 0.00001), rs7010969 (OR 1.28 (1.13-1.46), p = 0.00004), rs3735945 (OR 1.30 (1.09-1.55), p = 0.003), rs920829 (OR 1.30 (1.09-1.54), p = 0.004) and rs4738202 (OR 1.22 (1.07-1.39), p = 0.004). In a meta-analysis across the three cohorts, the pooled effect estimates confirmed that all six SNPs were significantly associated with asthma. In ALSPAC, TRPA1 associations with asthma were not modified by prenatal paracetamol, although associations with IgE concentration were. CONCLUSION This study suggests that TRPA1 may play a role in the development of childhood asthma. (249 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gallo
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - F Nicole Dijk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raquel Granell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman T den Dekker
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A John Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Seif O Shaheen
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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31
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Taylor M, Sullivan J, Ring SM, Macleod J, Hickman M. Assessment of rates of recanting and hair testing as a biological measure of drug use in a general population sample of young people. Addiction 2017; 112:477-485. [PMID: 27743424 PMCID: PMC5324538 DOI: 10.1111/add.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigate the extent of and factors associated with denial of previously reported cannabis and other illicit drug use, and assess the potential of hair testing for measuring substance use in general population samples. DESIGN Birth cohort study. SETTING United Kingdom, 1991-present. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3643 participants who provided hair and self-report measures of cannabis and other illicit drug use in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) at age 18 years. MEASUREMENTS Denial of ever use of cannabis and other illicit drugs at age 18 following previously reported use. Positive hair drug tests for cannabis and other illicit drugs, and expected numbers of false positives and false negatives based on expected sensitivity and specificity. FINDINGS Cannabis and other illicit drug use was reported by 1223 and 393 individuals, respectively, before age 18 years. Of these 176 (14.4%) and 99 (25.2%), respectively, denied use at age 18. Denial of cannabis use decreased with the reporting of other substances and antisocial behaviour. Cannabis and other illicit drug use at age 18 was reported by 547 (22.5%) and 203 (8.4%) individuals, respectively. Of these, 111 (20.3%) and 13 (6.4%) were hair-positive for cannabis and other illicit drugs, respectively. Based on hair testing for cannabis use we expect 0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0-169] false positives and 394 (95% CI = 323-449) false negatives compared to observed 362 potential false positives and 436 potential false negatives based on self-report. In hair-positive individuals, reporting the use of other substances and antisocial behaviour decreased the odds of a negative self-report. CONCLUSIONS Hair analysis provides an unreliable marker of substance use in general population samples. People who report more frequent substance use before age 18 are less likely to later deny previous substance use at age 18 than people who report occasional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU)University of BristolBristolUK,Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU)University of BristolBristolUK,Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - John Macleod
- Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Simpson J, Smith ADAC, Fraser A, Sattar N, Lindsay RS, Ring SM, Tilling K, Davey Smith G, Lawlor DA, Nelson SM. Programming of Adiposity in Childhood and Adolescence: Associations With Birth Weight and Cord Blood Adipokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:499-506. [PMID: 27841944 PMCID: PMC5413167 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exposure to maternal adiposity during pregnancy is associated with higher offspring birth weight and greater adiposity through childhood and adult life. As birth weight reflects the summation of lean and fat mass, the extent to which fat mass at birth tracks into later life is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fat mass at birth is associated with child and adolescent adiposity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS UK birth cohort with markers of neonatal fat mass; cord blood leptin, adiponectin, and birth weight and adiposity outcomes at age 9 (n = 2775) and 17 years (n = 2138). MAIN OUTCOMES Offspring body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-determined fat mass, and obesity at age 9 and 17 years. RESULTS Higher cord blood leptin was associated with higher z scores of fat mass [difference in mean per 10 pg/mL: 0.03 standard deviation (SD); 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.00 to 0.06], waist circumference (0.04 SD; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.07), and BMI (0.04 SD; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.08) at age 9. However, by age 17 the adjusted results were attenuated to the null. Cord blood adiponectin was not associated with measures of adiposity at age 9. At age 17, cord blood adiponectin was positively associated with fat mass (0.02 SD per 10 μg/mL; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.03) and waist circumference (0.04 SD per 10 μg/mL; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.05). Birth weight was positively associated with waist circumference (0.03 SD per 100 g; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.04) and BMI (0.02 SD per 100 g; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.03), but not fat mass or odds of obesity. Cord blood leptin and adiponectin were not associated with obesity at either age. CONCLUSIONS Increased cord blood leptin and adiponectin, known surrogates of fetal fat mass, were weakly associated with increased fat mass in late childhood and adolescence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Simpson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D A C Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Lindsay
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kate Tilling
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Scott M Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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33
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Horikoshi M, Beaumont RN, Day FR, Warrington NM, Kooijman MN, Fernandez-Tajes J, Feenstra B, van Zuydam NR, Gaulton KJ, Grarup N, Bradfield JP, Strachan DP, Li-Gao R, Ahluwalia TS, Kreiner E, Rueedi R, Lyytikäinen LP, Cousminer DL, Wu Y, Thiering E, Wang CA, Have CT, Hottenga JJ, Vilor-Tejedor N, Joshi PK, Boh ETH, Ntalla I, Pitkänen N, Mahajan A, van Leeuwen EM, Joro R, Lagou V, Nodzenski M, Diver LA, Zondervan KT, Bustamante M, Marques-Vidal P, Mercader JM, Bennett AJ, Rahmioglu N, Nyholt DR, Ma RCW, Tam CHT, Tam WH, Ganesh SK, van Rooij FJ, Jones SE, Loh PR, Ruth KS, Tuke MA, Tyrrell J, Wood AR, Yaghootkar H, Scholtens DM, Paternoster L, Prokopenko I, Kovacs P, Atalay M, Willems SM, Panoutsopoulou K, Wang X, Carstensen L, Geller F, Schraut KE, Murcia M, van Beijsterveldt CE, Willemsen G, Appel EVR, Fonvig CE, Trier C, Tiesler CM, Standl M, Kutalik Z, Bonas-Guarch S, Hougaard DM, Sánchez F, Torrents D, Waage J, Hollegaard MV, de Haan HG, Rosendaal FR, Medina-Gomez C, Ring SM, Hemani G, McMahon G, Robertson NR, Groves CJ, Langenberg C, Luan J, Scott RA, Zhao JH, Mentch FD, MacKenzie SM, Reynolds RM, Lowe WL, Tönjes A, Stumvoll M, Lindi V, Lakka TA, van Duijn CM, Kiess W, Körner A, Sørensen TI, Niinikoski H, Pahkala K, Raitakari OT, Zeggini E, Dedoussis GV, Teo YY, Saw SM, Melbye M, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Vrijheid M, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI, Kadarmideen HN, Holm JC, Hansen T, Sebert S, Hattersley AT, Beilin LJ, Newnham JP, Pennell CE, Heinrich J, Adair LS, Borja JB, Mohlke KL, Eriksson JG, Widén EE, Kähönen M, Viikari JS, Lehtimäki T, Vollenweider P, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Mook-Kanamori DO, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Pisinger C, Pedersen O, Power C, Hyppönen E, Wareham NJ, Hakonarson H, Davies E, Walker BR, Jaddoe VW, Jarvelin MR, Grant SF, Vaag AA, Lawlor DA, Frayling TM, Davey Smith G, Morris AP, Ong KK, Felix JF, Timpson NJ, Perry JR, Evans DM, McCarthy MI, Freathy RM. Genome-wide associations for birth weight and correlations with adult disease. Nature 2016; 538:248-252. [PMID: 27680694 PMCID: PMC5164934 DOI: 10.1038/nature19806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Birth weight (BW) has been shown to be influenced by both fetal and maternal factors and in observational studies is reproducibly associated with future risk of adult metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. These life-course associations have often been attributed to the impact of an adverse early life environment. Here, we performed a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of BW in 153,781 individuals, identifying 60 loci where fetal genotype was associated with BW (P < 5 × 10-8). Overall, approximately 15% of variance in BW was captured by assays of fetal genetic variation. Using genetic association alone, we found strong inverse genetic correlations between BW and systolic blood pressure (Rg = -0.22, P = 5.5 × 10-13), T2D (Rg = -0.27, P = 1.1 × 10-6) and coronary artery disease (Rg = -0.30, P = 6.5 × 10-9). In addition, using large -cohort datasets, we demonstrated that genetic factors were the major contributor to the negative covariance between BW and future cardiometabolic risk. Pathway analyses indicated that the protein products of genes within BW-associated regions were enriched for diverse processes including insulin signalling, glucose homeostasis, glycogen biosynthesis and chromatin remodelling. There was also enrichment of associations with BW in known imprinted regions (P = 1.9 × 10-4). We demonstrate that life-course associations between early growth phenotypes and adult cardiometabolic disease are in part the result of shared genetic effects and identify some of the pathways through which these causal genetic effects are mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Marjolein N Kooijman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie R van Zuydam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, Cranmer Terrace, UK
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Eskil Kreiner
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Christian T Have
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Eileen Tai Hui Boh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisabeth M van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raimo Joro
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KUL - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Louise A Diver
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nilufer Rahmioglu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia Ha Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Hung Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank Ja van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara M Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mario Murcia
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emil V R Appel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cilius E Fonvig
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Caecilie Trier
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Carla Mt Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sílvia Bonas-Guarch
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Friman Sánchez
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Computer Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Torrents
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads V Hollegaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugoline G de Haan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott M MacKenzie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - William L Lowe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women´s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women´s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorkild Ia Sørensen
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Eco Jcn de Geus
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Haja N Kadarmideen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John P Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Judith B Borja
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth E Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hopital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Epidemiology Section, BESC Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Center for Prevention and Health Capital Region, Center for Sundhed, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Copenhagen University, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eleanor Davies
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Struan Fa Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allan A Vaag
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John Rb Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Middeldorp CM, Hammerschlag AR, Ouwens KG, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Pourcain BS, Greven CU, Pappa I, Tiesler CMT, Ang W, Nolte IM, Vilor-Tejedor N, Bacelis J, Ebejer JL, Zhao H, Davies GE, Ehli EA, Evans DM, Fedko IO, Guxens M, Hottenga JJ, Hudziak JJ, Jugessur A, Kemp JP, Krapohl E, Martin NG, Murcia M, Myhre R, Ormel J, Ring SM, Standl M, Stergiakouli E, Stoltenberg C, Thiering E, Timpson NJ, Trzaskowski M, van der Most PJ, Wang C, Nyholt DR, Medland SE, Neale B, Jacobsson B, Sunyer J, Hartman CA, Whitehouse AJO, Pennell CE, Heinrich J, Plomin R, Smith GD, Tiemeier H, Posthuma D, Boomsma DI. A Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Population-Based Pediatric Cohorts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:896-905.e6. [PMID: 27663945 PMCID: PMC5068552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to elucidate the influence of common genetic variants on childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, to identify genetic variants that explain its high heritability, and to investigate the genetic overlap of ADHD symptom scores with ADHD diagnosis. METHOD Within the EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortium, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and ADHD symptom scores were available for 17,666 children (<13 years of age) from nine population-based cohorts. SNP-based heritability was estimated in data from the three largest cohorts. Meta-analysis based on genome-wide association (GWA) analyses with SNPs was followed by gene-based association tests, and the overlap in results with a meta-analysis in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) case-control ADHD study was investigated. RESULTS SNP-based heritability ranged from 5% to 34%, indicating that variation in common genetic variants influences ADHD symptom scores. The meta-analysis did not detect genome-wide significant SNPs, but three genes, lying close to each other with SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD), showed a gene-wide significant association (p values between 1.46 × 10(-6) and 2.66 × 10(-6)). One gene, WASL, is involved in neuronal development. Both SNP- and gene-based analyses indicated overlap with the PGC meta-analysis results with the genetic correlation estimated at 0.96. CONCLUSION The SNP-based heritability for ADHD symptom scores indicates a polygenic architecture, and genes involved in neurite outgrowth are possibly involved. Continuous and dichotomous measures of ADHD appear to assess a genetically common phenotype. A next step is to combine data from population-based and case-control cohorts in genetic association studies to increase sample size and to improve statistical power for identifying genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel M Middeldorp
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Klaasjan G Ouwens
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Corina U Greven
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Irene Pappa
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Wei Ang
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jane L Ebejer
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - David M Evans
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - James J Hudziak
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - John P Kemp
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Eva Krapohl
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Mario Murcia
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Johan Ormel
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Susan M Ring
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Marie Standl
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Camilla Stoltenberg
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Carol Wang
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Dale R Nyholt
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Robert Plomin
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - George Davey Smith
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
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Richardson TG, Shihab HA, Hemani G, Zheng J, Hannon E, Mill J, Carnero-Montoro E, Bell JT, Lyttleton O, McArdle WL, Ring SM, Rodriguez S, Campbell C, Smith GD, Relton CL, Timpson NJ, Gaunt TR. Collapsed methylation quantitative trait loci analysis for low frequency and rare variants. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4339-4349. [PMID: 27559110 PMCID: PMC5291201 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single variant approaches have been successful in identifying DNA methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL), although as with complex traits they lack the statistical power to identify the effects from rare genetic variants. We have undertaken extensive analyses to identify regions of low frequency and rare variants that are associated with DNA methylation levels. METHODS We used repeated measurements of DNA methylation from five different life stages in human blood, taken from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Variants were collapsed across CpG islands and their flanking regions to identify variants collectively associated with methylation, where no single variant was individually responsible for the observed signal. All analyses were undertaken using the sequence kernel association test. RESULTS For loci where no individual variant mQTL was observed based on a single variant analysis, we identified 95 unique regions where the combined effect of low frequency variants (MAF ≤ 5%) provided strong evidence of association with methylation. For loci where there was previous evidence of an individual variant mQTL, a further 3 regions provided evidence of association between multiple low frequency variants and methylation levels. Effects were observed consistently across 5 different time points in the lifecourse and evidence of replication in the TwinsUK and Exeter cohorts was also identified. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the potential of this novel approach to mQTL analysis by analysing the combined effect of multiple low frequency or rare variants. Future studies should benefit from applying this approach as a complementary follow up to single variant analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Carnero-Montoro
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Lyttleton
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Santiago Rodriguez
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin Campbell
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
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36
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Gormley P, Anttila V, Winsvold BS, Palta P, Esko T, Pers TH, Farh KH, Cuenca-Leon E, Muona M, Furlotte NA, Kurth T, Ingason A, McMahon G, Ligthart L, Terwindt GM, Kallela M, Freilinger TM, Ran C, Gordon SG, Stam AH, Steinberg S, Borck G, Koiranen M, Quaye L, Adams HHH, Lehtimäki T, Sarin AP, Wedenoja J, Hinds DA, Buring JE, Schürks M, Ridker PM, Hrafnsdottir MG, Stefansson H, Ring SM, Hottenga JJ, Penninx BWJH, Färkkilä M, Artto V, Kaunisto M, Vepsäläinen S, Malik R, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Kurki MI, Kals M, Mägi R, Pärn K, Hämäläinen E, Huang H, Byrnes AE, Franke L, Huang J, Stergiakouli E, Lee PH, Sandor C, Webber C, Cader Z, Muller-Myhsok B, Schreiber S, Meitinger T, Eriksson JG, Salomaa V, Heikkilä K, Loehrer E, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Cherkas L, Pedersen LM, Stubhaug A, Nielsen CS, Männikkö M, Mihailov E, Milani L, Göbel H, Esserlind AL, Christensen AF, Hansen TF, Werge T, Kaprio J, Aromaa AJ, Raitakari O, Ikram MA, Spector T, Järvelin MR, Metspalu A, Kubisch C, Strachan DP, Ferrari MD, Belin AC, Dichgans M, Wessman M, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Zwart JA, Boomsma DI, Smith GD, Stefansson K, Eriksson N, Daly MJ, Neale BM, Olesen J, Chasman DI, Nyholt DR, Palotie A. Erratum: Corrigendum: Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1296. [DOI: 10.1038/ng1016-1296c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Pappa I, St Pourcain B, Benke K, Cavadino A, Hakulinen C, Nivard MG, Nolte IM, Tiesler CMT, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Davies GE, Evans DM, Geoffroy MC, Grallert H, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Hudziak JJ, Kemp JP, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, McMahon G, Mileva-Seitz VR, Motazedi E, Power C, Raitakari OT, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Rodriguez A, Scheet PA, Seppälä I, Snieder H, Standl M, Thiering E, Timpson NJ, Veenstra R, Velders FP, Whitehouse AJO, Smith GD, Heinrich J, Hypponen E, Lehtimäki T, Middeldorp CM, Oldehinkel AJ, Pennell CE, Boomsma DI, Tiemeier H. A genome-wide approach to children's aggressive behavior: The EAGLE consortium. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:562-72. [PMID: 26087016 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in aggressive behavior emerge in early childhood and predict persisting behavioral problems and disorders. Studies of antisocial and severe aggression in adulthood indicate substantial underlying biology. However, little attention has been given to genome-wide approaches of aggressive behavior in children. We analyzed data from nine population-based studies and assessed aggressive behavior using well-validated parent-reported questionnaires. This is the largest sample exploring children's aggressive behavior to date (N = 18,988), with measures in two developmental stages (N = 15,668 early childhood and N = 16,311 middle childhood/early adolescence). First, we estimated the additive genetic variance of children's aggressive behavior based on genome-wide SNP information, using genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA). Second, genetic associations within each study were assessed using a quasi-Poisson regression approach, capturing the highly right-skewed distribution of aggressive behavior. Third, we performed meta-analyses of genome-wide associations for both the total age-mixed sample and the two developmental stages. Finally, we performed a gene-based test using the summary statistics of the total sample. GCTA quantified variance tagged by common SNPs (10-54%). The meta-analysis of the total sample identified one region in chromosome 2 (2p12) at near genome-wide significance (top SNP rs11126630, P = 5.30 × 10(-8) ). The separate meta-analyses of the two developmental stages revealed suggestive evidence of association at the same locus. The gene-based analysis indicated association of variation within AVPR1A with aggressive behavior. We conclude that common variants at 2p12 show suggestive evidence for association with childhood aggression. Replication of these initial findings is needed, and further studies should clarify its biological meaning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pappa
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Benke
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Mental Health Department, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hakulinen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Vermont
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - George McMahon
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Viara R Mileva-Seitz
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Motazedi
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Rodriguez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas/MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - René Veenstra
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur P Velders
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elina Hypponen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Population Health and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of child and adolescent psychiatry, GGZ in Geest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Gormley P, Anttila V, Winsvold BS, Palta P, Esko T, Pers TH, Farh KH, Cuenca-Leon E, Muona M, Furlotte NA, Kurth T, Ingason A, McMahon G, Ligthart L, Terwindt GM, Kallela M, Freilinger TM, Ran C, Gordon SG, Stam AH, Steinberg S, Borck G, Koiranen M, Quaye L, Adams HHH, Lehtimäki T, Sarin AP, Wedenoja J, Hinds DA, Buring JE, Schürks M, Ridker PM, Hrafnsdottir MG, Stefansson H, Ring SM, Hottenga JJ, Penninx BWJH, Färkkilä M, Artto V, Kaunisto M, Vepsäläinen S, Malik R, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Kurki MI, Kals M, Mägi R, Pärn K, Hämäläinen E, Huang H, Byrnes AE, Franke L, Huang J, Stergiakouli E, Lee PH, Sandor C, Webber C, Cader Z, Muller-Myhsok B, Schreiber S, Meitinger T, Eriksson JG, Salomaa V, Heikkilä K, Loehrer E, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Cherkas L, Pedersen LM, Stubhaug A, Nielsen CS, Männikkö M, Mihailov E, Milani L, Göbel H, Esserlind AL, Christensen AF, Hansen TF, Werge T, Kaprio J, Aromaa AJ, Raitakari O, Ikram MA, Spector T, Järvelin MR, Metspalu A, Kubisch C, Strachan DP, Ferrari MD, Belin AC, Dichgans M, Wessman M, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Zwart JA, Boomsma DI, Smith GD, Stefansson K, Eriksson N, Daly MJ, Neale BM, Olesen J, Chasman DI, Nyholt DR, Palotie A. Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine. Nat Genet 2016; 48:856-66. [PMID: 27322543 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder affecting around one in seven people worldwide, but its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. There is some debate about whether migraine is a disease of vascular dysfunction or a result of neuronal dysfunction with secondary vascular changes. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have thus far identified 13 independent loci associated with migraine. To identify new susceptibility loci, we carried out a genetic study of migraine on 59,674 affected subjects and 316,078 controls from 22 GWA studies. We identified 44 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with migraine risk (P < 5 × 10(-8)) that mapped to 38 distinct genomic loci, including 28 loci not previously reported and a locus that to our knowledge is the first to be identified on chromosome X. In subsequent computational analyses, the identified loci showed enrichment for genes expressed in vascular and smooth muscle tissues, consistent with a predominant theory of migraine that highlights vascular etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padhraig Gormley
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Verneri Anttila
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bendik S Winsvold
- FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Priit Palta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tonu Esko
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kai-How Farh
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Illumina, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ester Cuenca-Leon
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Pediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikko Muona
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tobias Kurth
- Institute of Public Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - George McMahon
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mikko Kallela
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias M Freilinger
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott G Gordon
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anine H Stam
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markku Koiranen
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Schürks
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Färkkilä
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Artto
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salli Vepsäläinen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mart Kals
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalle Pärn
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea E Byrnes
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Huang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Phil H Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cynthia Sandor
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy &Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy &Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Zameel Cader
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Headache Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Bertram Muller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elizabeth Loehrer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Audun Stubhaug
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher S Nielsen
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ageing and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Ann-Louise Esserlind
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Francke Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Folkmann Hansen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arpo J Aromaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea C Belin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Maija Wessman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- FORMI, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Mark J Daly
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Okbay A, Beauchamp JP, Fontana MA, Lee JJ, Pers TH, Rietveld CA, Turley P, Chen GB, Emilsson V, Meddens SFW, Oskarsson S, Pickrell JK, Thom K, Timshel P, de Vlaming R, Abdellaoui A, Ahluwalia TS, Bacelis J, Baumbach C, Bjornsdottir G, Brandsma JH, Pina Concas M, Derringer J, Furlotte NA, Galesloot TE, Girotto G, Gupta R, Hall LM, Harris SE, Hofer E, Horikoshi M, Huffman JE, Kaasik K, Kalafati IP, Karlsson R, Kong A, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, deLeeuw C, Lind PA, Lindgren KO, Liu T, Mangino M, Marten J, Mihailov E, Miller MB, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Payton A, Pervjakova N, Peyrot WJ, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rueedi R, Salvi E, Schmidt B, Schraut KE, Shi J, Smith AV, Poot RA, St Pourcain B, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, Verweij N, Vuckovic D, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Yang J, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Alizadeh BZ, Amin N, Bakshi A, Baumeister SE, Biino G, Bønnelykke K, Boyle PA, Campbell H, Cappuccio FP, Davies G, De Neve JE, Deloukas P, Demuth I, Ding J, Eibich P, Eisele L, Eklund N, Evans DM, Faul JD, Feitosa MF, Forstner AJ, Gandin I, Gunnarsson B, Halldórsson BV, Harris TB, Heath AC, Hocking LJ, Holliday EG, Homuth G, Horan MA, Hottenga JJ, de Jager PL, Joshi PK, Jugessur A, Kaakinen MA, Kähönen M, Kanoni S, Keltigangas-Järvinen L, Kiemeney LALM, Kolcic I, Koskinen S, Kraja AT, Kroh M, Kutalik Z, Latvala A, Launer LJ, Lebreton MP, Levinson DF, Lichtenstein P, Lichtner P, Liewald DCM, Loukola A, Madden PA, Mägi R, Mäki-Opas T, Marioni RE, Marques-Vidal P, Meddens GA, McMahon G, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Myhre R, Nelson CP, Nyholt DR, Ollier WER, Palotie A, Paternoster L, Pedersen NL, Petrovic KE, Porteous DJ, Räikkönen K, Ring SM, Robino A, Rostapshova O, Rudan I, Rustichini A, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarin AP, Schmidt H, Scott RJ, Smith BH, Smith JA, Staessen JA, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Strauch K, Terracciano A, Tobin MD, Ulivi S, Vaccargiu S, Quaye L, van Rooij FJA, Venturini C, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Völker U, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Vozzi D, Waage J, Ware EB, Willemsen G, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Bisgaard H, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bültmann U, Chabris CF, Cucca F, Cusi D, Deary IJ, Dedoussis GV, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Franke B, Franke L, Gasparini P, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Grabe HJ, Gratten J, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Hinds DA, Hoffmann W, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Jacobsson B, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Lehtimäki T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Pendleton N, Penninx BWJH, Perola M, Pirastu N, Pirastu M, Polasek O, Posthuma D, Power C, Province MA, Samani NJ, Schlessinger D, Schmidt R, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Tung JY, Uitterlinden AG, Vitart V, Vollenweider P, Weir DR, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Conley DC, Krueger RF, Davey Smith G, Hofman A, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Yang J, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Esko T, Koellinger PD, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 2016; 533:539-42. [PMID: 27225129 PMCID: PMC4883595 DOI: 10.1038/nature17671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Guo-Bo Chen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | | | - Kevin Thom
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Pascal Timshel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | | | - Johannes H Brandsma
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | | | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kadri Kaasik
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ioanna P Kalafati
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan deLeeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | | | - Tian Liu
- Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | | | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Juergen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilja Demuth
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Peter Eibich
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | | | - Bjarni V Halldórsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Michael A Horan
- Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L de Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology &Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Martin Kroh
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Maël P Lebreton
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tomi Mäki-Opas
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Yusplitri Milaneschi
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - William E R Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Katja E Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Olga Rostapshova
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Blair H Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - John R Attia
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Bertram
- Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
- Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Steven F Lehrer
- Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122 Pudong, China
- Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
- Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - A Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34080, France
- Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm 10215, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
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Richmond RC, Sharp GC, Ward ME, Fraser A, Lyttleton O, McArdle WL, Ring SM, Gaunt TR, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Relton CL. DNA Methylation and BMI: Investigating Identified Methylation Sites at HIF3A in a Causal Framework. Diabetes 2016; 65:1231-44. [PMID: 26861784 PMCID: PMC4839211 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple differentially methylated sites and regions associated with adiposity have now been identified in large-scale cross-sectional studies. We tested for replication of associations between previously identified CpG sites at HIF3A and adiposity in ∼1,000 mother-offspring pairs from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Availability of methylation and adiposity measures at multiple time points, as well as genetic data, allowed us to assess the temporal associations between adiposity and methylation and to make inferences regarding causality and directionality. Overall, our results were discordant with those expected if HIF3A methylation has a causal effect on BMI and provided more evidence for causality in the reverse direction (i.e., an effect of BMI on HIF3A methylation). These results are based on robust evidence from longitudinal analyses and were also partially supported by Mendelian randomization analysis, although this latter analysis was underpowered to detect a causal effect of BMI on HIF3A methylation. Our results also highlight an apparent long-lasting intergenerational influence of maternal BMI on offspring methylation at this locus, which may confound associations between own adiposity and HIF3A methylation. Further work is required to replicate and uncover the mechanisms underlying the direct and intergenerational effect of adiposity on DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.
| | - Mary E Ward
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Oliver Lyttleton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Gaunt TR, Shihab HA, Hemani G, Min JL, Woodward G, Lyttleton O, Zheng J, Duggirala A, McArdle WL, Ho K, Ring SM, Evans DM, Davey Smith G, Relton CL. Systematic identification of genetic influences on methylation across the human life course. Genome Biol 2016; 17:61. [PMID: 27036880 PMCID: PMC4818469 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of genetic variation on complex diseases is potentially mediated through a range of highly dynamic epigenetic processes exhibiting temporal variation during development and later life. Here we present a catalogue of the genetic influences on DNA methylation (methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL)) at five different life stages in human blood: children at birth, childhood, adolescence and their mothers during pregnancy and middle age. Results We show that genetic effects on methylation are highly stable across the life course and that developmental change in the genetic contribution to variation in methylation occurs primarily through increases in environmental or stochastic effects. Though we map a large proportion of the cis-acting genetic variation, a much larger component of genetic effects influencing methylation are acting in trans. However, only 7 % of discovered mQTL are trans-effects, suggesting that the trans component is highly polygenic. Finally, we estimate the contribution of mQTL to variation in complex traits and infer that methylation may have a causal role consistent with an infinitesimal model in which many methylation sites each have a small influence, amounting to a large overall contribution. Conclusions DNA methylation contains a significant heritable component that remains consistent across the lifespan. Our results suggest that the genetic component of methylation may have a causal role in complex traits. The database of mQTL presented here provide a rich resource for those interested in investigating the role of methylation in disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0926-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Geoff Woodward
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Oliver Lyttleton
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Aparna Duggirala
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Karen Ho
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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42
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Tyrrell J, Richmond RC, Palmer TM, Feenstra B, Rangarajan J, Metrustry S, Cavadino A, Paternoster L, Armstrong LL, De Silva NMG, Wood AR, Horikoshi M, Geller F, Myhre R, Bradfield JP, Kreiner-Møller E, Huikari V, Painter JN, Hottenga JJ, Allard C, Berry DJ, Bouchard L, Das S, Evans DM, Hakonarson H, Hayes MG, Heikkinen J, Hofman A, Knight B, Lind PA, McCarthy MI, McMahon G, Medland SE, Melbye M, Morris AP, Nodzenski M, Reichetzeder C, Ring SM, Sebert S, Sengpiel V, Sørensen TIA, Willemsen G, de Geus EJC, Martin NG, Spector TD, Power C, Järvelin MR, Bisgaard H, Grant SFA, Nohr EA, Jaddoe VW, Jacobsson B, Murray JC, Hocher B, Hattersley AT, Scholtens DM, Davey Smith G, Hivert MF, Felix JF, Hyppönen E, Lowe WL, Frayling TM, Lawlor DA, Freathy RM. Genetic Evidence for Causal Relationships Between Maternal Obesity-Related Traits and Birth Weight. JAMA 2016; 315:1129-40. [PMID: 26978208 PMCID: PMC4811305 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neonates born to overweight or obese women are larger and at higher risk of birth complications. Many maternal obesity-related traits are observationally associated with birth weight, but the causal nature of these associations is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To test for genetic evidence of causal associations of maternal body mass index (BMI) and related traits with birth weight. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Mendelian randomization to test whether maternal BMI and obesity-related traits are potentially causally related to offspring birth weight. Data from 30,487 women in 18 studies were analyzed. Participants were of European ancestry from population- or community-based studies in Europe, North America, or Australia and were part of the Early Growth Genetics Consortium. Live, term, singleton offspring born between 1929 and 2013 were included. EXPOSURES Genetic scores for BMI, fasting glucose level, type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, vitamin D status, and adiponectin level. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Offspring birth weight from 18 studies. RESULTS Among the 30,487 newborns the mean birth weight in the various cohorts ranged from 3325 g to 3679 g. The maternal genetic score for BMI was associated with a 2-g (95% CI, 0 to 3 g) higher offspring birth weight per maternal BMI-raising allele (P = .008). The maternal genetic scores for fasting glucose and SBP were also associated with birth weight with effect sizes of 8 g (95% CI, 6 to 10 g) per glucose-raising allele (P = 7 × 10(-14)) and -4 g (95% CI, -6 to -2 g) per SBP-raising allele (P = 1×10(-5)), respectively. A 1-SD ( ≈ 4 points) genetically higher maternal BMI was associated with a 55-g higher offspring birth weight (95% CI, 17 to 93 g). A 1-SD ( ≈ 7.2 mg/dL) genetically higher maternal fasting glucose concentration was associated with 114-g higher offspring birth weight (95% CI, 80 to 147 g). However, a 1-SD ( ≈ 10 mm Hg) genetically higher maternal SBP was associated with a 208-g lower offspring birth weight (95% CI, -394 to -21 g). For BMI and fasting glucose, genetic associations were consistent with the observational associations, but for systolic blood pressure, the genetic and observational associations were in opposite directions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this mendelian randomization study, genetically elevated maternal BMI and blood glucose levels were potentially causally associated with higher offspring birth weight, whereas genetically elevated maternal SBP was potentially causally related to lower birth weight. If replicated, these findings may have implications for counseling and managing pregnancies to avoid adverse weight-related birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom2European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, the Knowledge Spa, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom4The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands5Medical Research Council Inte
| | - Tom M Palmer
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom7Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janani Rangarajan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom12Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child He
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Loren L Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - N Maneka G De Silva
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom15Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jodie N Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands22Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Allard
- Department of Mathematics, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada24Centre de recherché du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diane J Berry
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de recherché du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada25ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada26Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke
| | - Shikta Das
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Evans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom28University of Queensland Diamantin
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania29Division of Human Genetics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania30Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Unive
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jani Heikkinen
- FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands54Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bridget Knight
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom15Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom33Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Researc
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark34Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom35Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christoph Reichetzeder
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Germany37Center for Cardiovascular Research/Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland38Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial Coll
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom40Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark41Novo Nordisk Foundation Center fo
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands22Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands22Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland38Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial Coll
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania29Division of Human Genetics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania30Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Unive
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands32Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands46Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medic
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway39Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Germany48The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts50Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston51Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands32Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands46Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medic
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom52Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide53South Australian He
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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43
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Felix JF, Bradfield JP, Monnereau C, van der Valk RJP, Stergiakouli E, Chesi A, Gaillard R, Feenstra B, Thiering E, Kreiner-Møller E, Mahajan A, Pitkänen N, Joro R, Cavadino A, Huikari V, Franks S, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Cousminer DL, Marsh JA, Lehtimäki T, Curtin JA, Vioque J, Ahluwalia TS, Myhre R, Price TS, Vilor-Tejedor N, Yengo L, Grarup N, Ntalla I, Ang W, Atalay M, Bisgaard H, Blakemore AI, Bonnefond A, Carstensen L, Eriksson J, Flexeder C, Franke L, Geller F, Geserick M, Hartikainen AL, Haworth CMA, Hirschhorn JN, Hofman A, Holm JC, Horikoshi M, Hottenga JJ, Huang J, Kadarmideen HN, Kähönen M, Kiess W, Lakka HM, Lakka TA, Lewin AM, Liang L, Lyytikäinen LP, Ma B, Magnus P, McCormack SE, McMahon G, Mentch FD, Middeldorp CM, Murray CS, Pahkala K, Pers TH, Pfäffle R, Postma DS, Power C, Simpson A, Sengpiel V, Tiesler CMT, Torrent M, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JB, Vinding R, Waage J, Wardle J, Zeggini E, Zemel BS, Dedoussis GV, Pedersen O, Froguel P, Sunyer J, Plomin R, Jacobsson B, Hansen T, Gonzalez JR, Custovic A, Raitakari OT, Pennell CE, Widén E, Boomsma DI, Koppelman GH, Sebert S, Järvelin MR, Hyppönen E, McCarthy MI, Lindi V, Harri N, Körner A, Bønnelykke K, Heinrich J, Melbye M, Rivadeneira F, Hakonarson H, Ring SM, Smith GD, Sørensen TIA, Timpson NJ, Grant SFA, Jaddoe VWV. Genome-wide association analysis identifies three new susceptibility loci for childhood body mass index. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:389-403. [PMID: 26604143 PMCID: PMC4854022 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of genetic loci are associated with adult body mass index. However, the genetics of childhood body mass index are largely unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of childhood body mass index, using sex- and age-adjusted standard deviation scores. We included 35 668 children from 20 studies in the discovery phase and 11 873 children from 13 studies in the replication phase. In total, 15 loci reached genome-wide significance (P-value < 5 × 10(-8)) in the joint discovery and replication analysis, of which 12 are previously identified loci in or close to ADCY3, GNPDA2, TMEM18, SEC16B, FAIM2, FTO, TFAP2B, TNNI3K, MC4R, GPR61, LMX1B and OLFM4 associated with adult body mass index or childhood obesity. We identified three novel loci: rs13253111 near ELP3, rs8092503 near RAB27B and rs13387838 near ADAM23. Per additional risk allele, body mass index increased 0.04 Standard Deviation Score (SDS) [Standard Error (SE) 0.007], 0.05 SDS (SE 0.008) and 0.14 SDS (SE 0.025), for rs13253111, rs8092503 and rs13387838, respectively. A genetic risk score combining all 15 SNPs showed that each additional average risk allele was associated with a 0.073 SDS (SE 0.011, P-value = 3.12 × 10(-10)) increase in childhood body mass index in a population of 1955 children. This risk score explained 2% of the variance in childhood body mass index. This study highlights the shared genetic background between childhood and adult body mass index and adds three novel loci. These loci likely represent age-related differences in strength of the associations with body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology,
| | | | - Claire Monnereau
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology
| | | | | | | | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | | | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology
| | - Raimo Joro
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK, Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health
| | | | - Steve Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julie A Marsh
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry
| | - John A Curtin
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jesus Vioque
- Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche-Alicante, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Envrionment, Division of Epidemiology
| | - Thomas S Price
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute Lille, France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Wei Ang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Alexandra I Blakemore
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute Lille, France, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Johan Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudia Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mandy Geserick
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health, LIFE Child (Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases)
| | | | | | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA, Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank, Denmark, Institute of Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haja N Kadarmideen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health
| | - Hanna-Maaria Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexandra M Lewin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry
| | - Baoshan Ma
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Per Magnus
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shana E McCormack
- Division of Human Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol
| | | | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clare S Murray
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health and Physical Activity, Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit
| | - Tune H Pers
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA, Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health, CrescNet, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD)
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health
| | - Angela Simpson
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Maties Torrent
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Area de Salut de Menorca, ib-salut, Menorca, Spain
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vinding
- Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark, COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Jane Wardle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Morgan Building, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute Lille, France, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Plomin
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Genes and Envrionment, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, NCA Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Centre for Life Course Epidemiology, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Centre for Life Course Epidemiology, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, School of Population Health and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niinikoski Harri
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antje Körner
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's and Child Health
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA and
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology
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Perry JRB, McMahon G, Day FR, Ring SM, Nelson SM, Lawlor DA. Genome-wide association study identifies common and low-frequency variants at the AMH gene locus that strongly predict serum AMH levels in males. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:382-8. [PMID: 26604150 PMCID: PMC4706112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is an essential messenger of sexual differentiation in the foetus and is an emerging biomarker of postnatal reproductive function in females. Due to a paucity of adequately sized studies, the genetic determinants of circulating AMH levels are poorly characterized. In samples from 2815 adolescents aged 15 from the ALSPAC study, we performed the first genome-wide association study of serum AMH levels across a set of ∼9 m '1000 Genomes Reference Panel' imputed genetic variants. Genetic variants at the AMH protein-coding gene showed considerable allelic heterogeneity, with both common variants [rs4807216 (P(Male) = 2 × 10(-49), Beta: ∼0.9 SDs per allele), rs8112524 (P(Male) = 3 × 10(-8), Beta: ∼0.25)] and low-frequency variants [rs2385821 (P(Male) = 6 × 10(-31), Beta: ∼1.2, frequency 3.6%)] independently associated with apparently large effect sizes in males, but not females. For all three SNPs, we highlight mechanistic links to AMH gene function and demonstrate highly significant sex interactions (P(Het) 0.0003-6.3 × 10(-12)), culminating in contrasting estimates of trait variance explained (24.5% in males versus 0.8% in females). Using these SNPs as a genetic proxy for AMH levels, we found no evidence in additional datasets to support a biological role for AMH in complex traits and diseases in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK and
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK and
| | - Scott M Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK and
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Powers NR, Eicher JD, Miller LL, Kong Y, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Willcutt EG, Olson RK, Ring SM, Gruen JR. The regulatory element READ1 epistatically influences reading and language, with both deleterious and protective alleles. J Med Genet 2015; 53:163-71. [PMID: 26660103 PMCID: PMC4789805 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI) are heritable learning disabilities that obstruct acquisition and use of written and spoken language, respectively. We previously reported that two risk haplotypes, each in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with an allele of READ1, a polymorphic compound short tandem repeat within intron 2 of risk gene DCDC2, are associated with RD and LI. Additionally, we showed a non-additive genetic interaction between READ1 and KIAHap, a previously reported risk haplotype in risk gene KIAA0319, and that READ1 binds the transcriptional regulator ETV6. Objective To examine the hypothesis that READ1 is a transcriptional regulator of KIAA0319. Methods We characterised associations between READ1 alleles and RD and LI in a large European cohort, and also assessed interactions between READ1 and KIAHap and their effect on performance on measures of reading, language and IQ. We also used family-based data to characterise the genetic interaction, and chromatin conformation capture (3C) to investigate the possibility of a physical interaction between READ1 and KIAHap. Results and conclusions READ1 and KIAHap show interdependence—READ1 risk alleles synergise with KIAHap, whereas READ1 protective alleles act epistatically to negate the effects of KIAHap. The family data suggest that these variants interact in trans genetically, while the 3C results show that a region of DCDC2 containing READ1 interacts physically with the region upstream of KIAA0319. These data support a model in which READ1 regulates KIAA0319 expression through KIAHap and in which the additive effects of READ1 and KIAHap alleles are responsible for the trans genetic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Powers
- Investigate Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John D Eicher
- Investigate Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura L Miller
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Departments of Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Investigate Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Investigative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Simpkin AJ, Hemani G, Suderman M, Gaunt TR, Lyttleton O, Mcardle WL, Ring SM, Sharp GC, Tilling K, Horvath S, Kunze S, Peters A, Waldenberger M, Ward-Caviness C, Nohr EA, Sørensen TIA, Relton CL, Smith GD. Prenatal and early life influences on epigenetic age in children: a study of mother-offspring pairs from two cohort studies. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:191-201. [PMID: 26546615 PMCID: PMC4690495 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation-based biomarkers of aging are highly correlated with actual age. Departures of methylation-estimated age from actual age can be used to define epigenetic measures of child development or age acceleration (AA) in adults. Very little is known about genetic or environmental determinants of these epigenetic measures of aging. We obtained DNA methylation profiles using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips across five time-points in 1018 mother–child pairs from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Using the Horvath age estimation method, we calculated epigenetic age for these samples. AA was defined as the residuals from regressing epigenetic age on actual age. AA was tested for associations with cross-sectional clinical variables in children. We identified associations between AA and sex, birth weight, birth by caesarean section and several maternal characteristics in pregnancy, namely smoking, weight, BMI, selenium and cholesterol level. Offspring of non-drinkers had higher AA on average but this difference appeared to resolve during childhood. The associations between sex, birth weight and AA found in ARIES were replicated in an independent cohort (GOYA). In children, epigenetic AA measures are associated with several clinically relevant variables, and early life exposures appear to be associated with changes in AA during adolescence. Further research into epigenetic aging, including the use of causal inference methods, is required to better our understanding of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simpkin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine,
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Oliver Lyttleton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Wendy L Mcardle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Steve Horvath
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Cavin Ward-Caviness
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
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Timpson NJ, Walter K, Min JL, Tachmazidou I, Malerba G, Shin SY, Chen L, Futema M, Southam L, Iotchkova V, Cocca M, Huang J, Memari Y, McCarthy S, Danecek P, Muddyman D, Mangino M, Menni C, Perry JRB, Ring SM, Gaye A, Dedoussis G, Farmaki AE, Burton P, Talmud PJ, Gambaro G, Spector TD, Smith GD, Durbin R, Richards JB, Humphries SE, Zeggini E, Soranzo N. Erratum: A rare variant in APOC3 is associated with plasma triglyceride and VLDL levels in Europeans. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7171. [PMID: 25962519 PMCID: PMC4462837 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Suderman M, Pappas JJ, Borghol N, Buxton JL, McArdle WL, Ring SM, Hertzman C, Power C, Szyf M, Pembrey M. Lymphoblastoid cell lines reveal associations of adult DNA methylation with childhood and current adversity that are distinct from whole blood associations. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1331-40. [PMID: 26351305 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some cohort studies bank lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) as a renewable source of participant DNA. However, although LCL DNA has proved valuable for genetic studies, its utility in epigenetic epidemiology research is unknown. METHODS To assess whether LCL DNA can be used for life-course environmental epigenomics, we carried out a pilot methylomic study (using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip) of nil-passage, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed LCLs (n = 42) and 28 matched whole-blood (WB) samples. These were from adult male participants of the British 1958 birth cohort, selected for extremes of social economic position (SEP) in childhood and adulthood, with additional information available on childhood abuse and prenatal tobacco exposure. RESULTS We identified a small number of weak associations between these exposures and methylation levels of both individual CpG sites and genomic regions in WB and LCLs. However, only one of the regional, and none of the individual CpG site associations were common to both sample types. The lack of overlap between the associations detected in LCL compared with those found in WB could either be due to the EBV-transformation process, or to the fact that, unlike WB, LCLs are essentially a single (CD19+) cell type. We provide evidence that the latter is the more potent explanation, by showing that CpG sites known to be differentially methylated between different types of blood cell have significantly lower correlations (R = 0.11) than average (R = 0.2) between WB and LCLs in our datasets, whereas sites known to be affected by EBV-transformation have significantly higher correlations (R = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS This small pilot study suggests that the DNA methylation profile of LCLs is more closely related to that of B cells than WB and, additionally, that LCLs may nevertheless be useful for life-course environmental epigenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,
| | - Jane J Pappas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nada Borghol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jessica L Buxton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clyde Hertzman
- Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and
| | - Marcus Pembrey
- Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, UK
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Simpkin AJ, Tilling K, Howe LD, Gaunt TR, Lyttleton O, McCardle WL, Ring SM, Relton CL, Smith GD. OP77 The epigenetic clock and development during childhood and adolescence: longitudinal analysis from a UK birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206256.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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McMahon G, Ring SM, Davey-Smith G, Timpson NJ. Genome-wide association study identifies SNPs in the MHC class II loci that are associated with self-reported history of whooping cough. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5930-9. [PMID: 26231221 PMCID: PMC4581602 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough is currently seeing resurgence in countries despite high vaccine coverage. There is considerable variation in subject-specific response to infection and vaccine efficacy, but little is known about the role of human genetics. We carried out a case–control genome-wide association study of adult or parent-reported history of whooping cough in two cohorts from the UK: the ALSPAC cohort and the 1958 British Birth Cohort (815/758 cases and 6341/4308 controls, respectively). We also imputed HLA alleles using dense SNP data in the MHC region and carried out gene-based and gene-set tests of association and estimated the amount of additive genetic variation explained by common SNPs. We observed a novel association at SNPs in the MHC class II region in both cohorts [lead SNP rs9271768 after meta-analysis, odds ratio [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] 1.47 (1.35, 1.6), P-value 1.21E − 18]. Multiple strong associations were also observed at alleles at the HLA class II loci. The majority of these associations were explained by the lead SNP rs9271768. Gene-based and gene-set tests and estimates of explainable common genetic variation could not establish the presence of additional associations in our sample. Genetic variation at the MHC class II region plays a role in susceptibility to whooping cough. These findings provide additional perspective on mechanisms of whooping cough infection and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey-Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- School of Social and Community Medicine and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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