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Warrington NM, Richmond R, Fenstra B, Myhre R, Gaillard R, Paternoster L, Wang CA, Beaumont RN, Das S, Murcia M, Barton SJ, Espinosa A, Thiering E, Atalay M, Pitkänen N, Ntalla I, Jonsson AE, Freathy R, Karhunen V, Tiesler CMT, Allard C, Crawford A, Ring SM, Melbye M, Magnus P, Rivadeneira F, Skotte L, Hansen T, Marsh J, Guxens M, Holloway JW, Grallert H, Jaddoe VWV, Lowe Jr WL, Roumeliotaki T, Hattersley AT, Lindi V, Pahkala K, Panoutsopoulou K, Standl M, Flexeder C, Bouchard L, Aagaard Nohr E, Marina LS, Kogevinas M, Niinikoski H, Dedoussis G, Heinrich J, Reynolds RM, Lakka T, Zeggini E, Raitakari OT, Chatzi L, Inskip HM, Bustamante M, Hivert MF, Jarvelin MR, Sørensen TIA, Pennell C, Felix JF, Jacobsson B, Geller F, Evans DM, Lawlor DA. Maternal and fetal genetic contribution to gestational weight gain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:775-784. [PMID: 28990592 PMCID: PMC5784805 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical recommendations to limit gestational weight gain (GWG) imply high GWG is causally related to adverse outcomes in mother or offspring, but GWG is the sum of several inter-related complex phenotypes (maternal fat deposition and vascular expansion, placenta, amniotic fluid and fetal growth). Understanding the genetic contribution to GWG could help clarify the potential effect of its different components on maternal and offspring health. Here we explore the genetic contribution to total, early and late GWG. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A genome-wide association study was used to identify maternal and fetal variants contributing to GWG in up to 10 543 mothers and 16 317 offspring of European origin, with replication in 10 660 mothers and 7561 offspring. Additional analyses determined the proportion of variability in GWG from maternal and fetal common genetic variants and the overlap of established genome-wide significant variants for phenotypes relevant to GWG (for example, maternal body mass index (BMI) and glucose, birth weight). RESULTS Approximately 20% of the variability in GWG was tagged by common maternal genetic variants, and the fetal genome made a surprisingly minor contribution to explain variation in GWG. Variants near the pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein 5 (PSG5) gene reached genome-wide significance (P=1.71 × 10-8) for total GWG in the offspring genome, but did not replicate. Some established variants associated with increased BMI, fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes were associated with lower early, and higher later GWG. Maternal variants related to higher systolic blood pressure were related to lower late GWG. Established maternal and fetal birth weight variants were largely unrelated to GWG. CONCLUSIONS We found a modest contribution of maternal common variants to GWG and some overlap of maternal BMI, glucose and type 2 diabetes variants with GWG. These findings suggest that associations between GWG and later offspring/maternal outcomes may be due to the relationship of maternal BMI and diabetes with GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - B Fenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Myhre
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C A Wang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - S Das
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Murcia
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO–Universitat Jaume I–Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - S J Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faulty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Espinosa
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - M Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - N Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - I Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - A E Jonsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Freathy
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - V Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - C M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - C Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - A Crawford
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- ALSPAC (Children of the 90s), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P Magnus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Marsh
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Guxens
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - H Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - V W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W L Lowe Jr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - A T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - V Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity, Turku, Finland
| | - K Panoutsopoulou
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - M Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of medicine and life sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - E Aagaard Nohr
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - L Santa Marina
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - M Kogevinas
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - G Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - J Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R M Reynolds
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - O T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - L Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H M Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Faulty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M Bustamante
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M-F Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine at Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M-R Jarvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formally the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalization, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Jarick I, Volckmar AL, Pütter C, Pechlivanis S, Nguyen TT, Dauvermann MR, Beck S, Albayrak Ö, Scherag S, Gilsbach S, Cichon S, Hoffmann P, Degenhardt F, Nöthen MM, Schreiber S, Wichmann HE, Jöckel KH, Heinrich J, Tiesler CMT, Faraone SV, Walitza S, Sinzig J, Freitag C, Meyer J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Lehmkuhl G, Renner TJ, Warnke A, Romanos M, Lesch KP, Reif A, Schimmelmann BG, Hebebrand J, Scherag A, Hinney A. Genome-wide analysis of rare copy number variations reveals PARK2 as a candidate gene for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:115-21. [PMID: 23164820 PMCID: PMC3873032 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic loci have not yet been identified by genome-wide association studies. Rare copy number variations (CNVs), such as chromosomal deletions or duplications, have been implicated in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. To identify rare (frequency ≤1%) CNVs that increase the risk of ADHD, we performed a whole-genome CNV analysis based on 489 young ADHD patients and 1285 adult population-based controls and identified one significantly associated CNV region. In tests for a global burden of large (>500 kb) rare CNVs, we observed a nonsignificant (P=0.271) 1.126-fold enriched rate of subjects carrying at least one such CNV in the group of ADHD cases. Locus-specific tests of association were used to assess if there were more rare CNVs in cases compared with controls. Detected CNVs, which were significantly enriched in the ADHD group, were validated by quantitative (q)PCR. Findings were replicated in an independent sample of 386 young patients with ADHD and 781 young population-based healthy controls. We identified rare CNVs within the parkinson protein 2 gene (PARK2) with a significantly higher prevalence in ADHD patients than in controls (P=2.8 × 10(-4) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In total, the PARK2 locus (chr 6: 162 659 756-162 767 019) harboured three deletions and nine duplications in the ADHD patients and two deletions and two duplications in the controls. By qPCR analysis, we validated 11 of the 12 CNVs in ADHD patients (P=1.2 × 10(-3) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In the replication sample, CNVs at the PARK2 locus were found in four additional ADHD patients and one additional control (P=4.3 × 10(-2)). Our results suggest that copy number variants at the PARK2 locus contribute to the genetic susceptibility of ADHD. Mutations and CNVs in PARK2 are known to be associated with Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jarick
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - A-L Volckmar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C Pütter
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - T T Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M R Dauvermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Beck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ö Albayrak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Scherag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Gilsbach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University Clinics, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Brain, Genomic Imaging, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Deptartment of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Deptartment of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Deptartment of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Deptartment of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - S Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - H-E Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K-H Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany,Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - S Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Sinzig
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR—clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Meyer
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - B Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University Clinics, Aachen, Germany
| | - G Lehmkuhl
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T J Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Warnke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - M Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K-P Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, ADHD Clinical Research Network, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany,Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - B G Schimmelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A Scherag
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Dusiburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, D-45147 Essen, Germany. E-mail:
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