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Fraemke D, Willems YE, Okbay A, Wagner G, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP, Hertwig R, Koellinger P, Raffington L. Differences in polygenic associations with educational attainment between West and East Germany before and after reunification. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.21.585839. [PMID: 38585898 PMCID: PMC10996480 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.585839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Here we examine geographical and historical differences in polygenic associations with educational attainment in East and West Germany around reunification. We test this in n = 1902 25-85-year-olds from the German SOEP-G[ene] cohort. We leverage a DNA-based measure of genetic influence, a polygenic index calculated based on a previous genome-wide association study of educational attainment in individuals living in democratic countries. We find that polygenic associations with educational attainment were significantly stronger among East, but not West, Germans after but not before reunification. Negative control analyses of a polygenic index of height with educational attainment and height indicate that this gene-by-environemt interaction is specific to the educational domain. These findings suggest that the shift from an East German state-socialist to a free-market West German system increased the importance of genetic variants previously identified as important for education.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fraemke
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development; Max Planck Institute for Human Development; Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Y E Willems
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development; Max Planck Institute for Human Development; Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Okbay
- School of Business and Economics, Economics Fellow, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - G Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
| | - E M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas, Austin
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin
| | - K P Harden
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas, Austin
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin
| | - R Hertwig
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
| | - P Koellinger
- School of Business and Economics, Economics Fellow, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - L Raffington
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development; Max Planck Institute for Human Development; Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Chen TT, Kim J, Lam M, Chuang YF, Chiu YL, Lin SC, Jung SH, Kim B, Kim S, Cho C, Shim I, Park S, Ahn Y, Okbay A, Jang H, Kim HJ, Seo SW, Park WY, Ge T, Huang H, Feng YCA, Lin YF, Myung W, Chen CY, Won HH. Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:562-575. [PMID: 38182883 PMCID: PMC10963262 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Educational attainment (EduYears), a heritable trait often used as a proxy for cognitive ability, is associated with various health and social outcomes. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on EduYears have been focused on samples of European (EUR) genetic ancestries. Here we present the first large-scale GWAS of EduYears in people of East Asian (EAS) ancestry (n = 176,400) and conduct a cross-ancestry meta-analysis with EduYears GWAS in people of EUR ancestry (n = 766,345). EduYears showed a high genetic correlation and power-adjusted transferability ratio between EAS and EUR. We also found similar functional enrichment, gene expression enrichment and cross-trait genetic correlations between two populations. Cross-ancestry fine-mapping identified refined credible sets with a higher posterior inclusion probability than single population fine-mapping. Polygenic prediction analysis in four independent EAS and EUR cohorts demonstrated transferability between populations. Our study supports the need for further research on diverse ancestries to increase our understanding of the genetic basis of educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Max Lam
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Psychiatry Research, the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Research Division Institute of Mental Health Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Fang Chuang
- Institute of Public Health and International Health Program, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chin Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beomsu Kim
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chamlee Cho
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Injeong Shim
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Park
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeeun Ahn
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tian Ge
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yen-Chen Anne Feng
- Institute of Health Data Analytics and Statistics, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Feng Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health and Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | - Hong-Hee Won
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Willems YE, deSteiguer A, Tanksley PT, Vinnik L, Fraemke D, Okbay A, Richter D, Wagner GG, Hertwig R, Koellinger P, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP, Raffington L. Self-control is associated with health-relevant disparities in buccal DNA-methylation measures of biological aging in older adults. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:22. [PMID: 38331797 PMCID: PMC10854186 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-control is a personality dimension that is associated with better physical health and a longer lifespan. Here, we examined (1) whether self-control is associated with buccal and saliva DNA-methylation (DNAm) measures of biological aging quantified in children, adolescents, and adults, and (2) whether biological aging measured in buccal DNAm is associated with self-reported health. Following preregistered analyses, we computed two DNAm measures of advanced biological age (principal-component PhenoAge and GrimAge Acceleration) and a DNAm measure of pace of aging (DunedinPACE) in buccal samples from the German Socioeconomic Panel Study (SOEP-G[ene], n = 1058, age range 0-72, Mage = 42.65) and saliva samples from the Texas Twin Project (TTP, n = 1327, age range 8-20, Mage = 13.50). We found that lower self-control was associated with advanced biological age in older adults (PhenoAge Acceleration β = - .34, [- .51, - .17], p < .001; GrimAge Acceleration β = - .34, [- .49, - .19], p < .001), but not young adults, adolescents or children. These associations remained statistically robust even after correcting for possible confounders such as socioeconomic contexts, BMI, or genetic correlates of low self-control. Moreover, a faster pace of aging and advanced biological age measured in buccal DNAm were associated with self-reported disease (PhenoAge Acceleration: β = .13 [.06, .19], p < .001; GrimAge Acceleration: β = .19 [.12, .26], p < .001; DunedinPACE: β = .09 [.02, .17], p = .01). However, effect sizes were weaker than observations in blood, suggesting that customization of DNAm aging measures to buccal and saliva tissues may be necessary. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that self-control is associated with health via pathways that accelerate biological aging in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Willems
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - A deSteiguer
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - P T Tanksley
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - L Vinnik
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Fraemke
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Okbay
- School of Business and Economics, Economics Fellow, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Richter
- SHARE Berlin Institute GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G G Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- German Socio Economic Panel Study (SOEP), Berlin, Germany
| | - R Hertwig
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Koellinger
- School of Business and Economics, Economics Fellow, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M Tucker-Drob
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - K P Harden
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Laurel Raffington
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Koellinger PD, Okbay A, Kweon H, Schweinert A, Linnér RK, Goebel J, Richter D, Reiber L, Zweck BM, Belsky DW, Biroli P, Mata R, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP, Wagner G, Hertwig R. Cohort profile: Genetic data in the German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Sample (SOEP-G). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294896. [PMID: 38019829 PMCID: PMC10686514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) serves a global research community by providing representative annual longitudinal data of respondents living in private households in Germany. The dataset offers a valuable life course panorama, encompassing living conditions, socioeconomic status, familial connections, personality traits, values, preferences, health, and well-being. To amplify research opportunities further, we have extended the SOEP Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS) by collecting genetic data from 2,598 participants, yielding the first genotyped dataset for Germany based on a representative population sample (SOEP-G). The sample includes 107 full-sibling pairs, 501 parent-offspring pairs, and 152 triads, which overlap with the parent-offspring pairs. Leveraging the results from well-powered genome-wide association studies, we created a repository comprising 66 polygenic indices (PGIs) in the SOEP-G sample. We show that the PGIs for height, BMI, and educational attainment capture 22∼24%, 12∼13%, and 9% of the variance in the respective phenotypes. Using the PGIs for height and BMI, we demonstrate that the considerable increase in average height and the decrease in average BMI in more recent birth cohorts cannot be attributed to genetic shifts within the German population or to age effects alone. These findings suggest an important role of improved environmental conditions in driving these changes. Furthermore, we show that higher values in the PGIs for educational attainment and the highest math class are associated with better self-rated health, illustrating complex relationships between genetics, cognition, behavior, socio-economic status, and health. In summary, the SOEP-G data and the PGI repository we created provide a valuable resource for studying individual differences, inequalities, life-course development, health, and interactions between genetic predispositions and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp D. Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyeokmoon Kweon
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Schweinert
- Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, Leiden Law School, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Goebel
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - David Richter
- Educational Science and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- SHARE Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Reiber
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max-Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniel W. Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology and Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- PROMENTA Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pietro Biroli
- Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rui Mata
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max-Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - K. Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gert Wagner
- Educational Science and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max-Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Ralph Hertwig
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max-Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Willems YE, deSteiguer A, Tanksley PT, Vinnik L, Främke D, Okbay A, Richter D, Wagner GG, Hertwig R, Koellinger P, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP, Raffington L. Self-control is associated with health-relevant disparities in buccal DNA-methylation measures of biological aging in older adults. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.30.23294816. [PMID: 37693450 PMCID: PMC10491374 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.23294816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-control is a personality dimension that is associated with better physical health and a longer lifespan. Here we examined (1) whether self-control is associated with buccal and saliva DNA-methylation (DNAm) measures of biological aging quantified in children, adolescents, and adults, and (2) whether biological aging measured in buccal DNAm is associated with self-reported health. Following preregistered analyses, we computed two DNAm measures of advanced biological age (PhenoAge and GrimAge Acceleration) and a DNAm measure of pace of aging (DunedinPACE) in buccal samples from the German Socioeconomic Panel Study (SOEP-G[ene], n = 1058, age range 0-72, Mage = 42.65) and saliva samples from the Texas Twin Project (TTP, n = 1327, age range 8-20, Mage = 13.50). We found that lower self-control was associated with advanced biological age in older adults (β =-.34), but not young adults, adolescents or children. This association was not accounted for by statistical correction for socioeconomic contexts, BMI, or genetic correlates of low self-control. Moreover, a faster pace of aging and advanced biological age measured in buccal DNAm were associated with worse self-reported health (β =.13 to β = .19). But, effect sizes were weaker than observations in blood, thus customization of DNAm aging measures to buccal and saliva tissues may be necessary. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that self-control is associated with health via pathways that accelerate biological aging in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Willems
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
| | - A deSteiguer
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin
| | - P T Tanksley
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin
| | - L Vinnik
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
| | - D Främke
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
| | - A Okbay
- School of Business and Economics, Economics Fellow, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - D Richter
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin
- SHARE Berlin, Berlin
| | - G G Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
- German Socio Economic Panel Study (SOEP), Berlin
| | - R Hertwig
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
| | - P Koellinger
- School of Business and Economics, Economics Fellow, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | | | - K P Harden
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin
| | - L Raffington
- Max Planck Research Group Biosocial - Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin
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6
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Mallard TT, Karlsson Linnér R, Grotzinger AD, Sanchez-Roige S, Seidlitz J, Okbay A, de Vlaming R, Meddens SFW, Palmer AA, Davis LK, Tucker-Drob EM, Kendler KS, Keller MC, Koellinger PD, Harden KP. Multivariate GWAS of psychiatric disorders and their cardinal symptoms reveal two dimensions of cross-cutting genetic liabilities. Cell Genom 2022; 2:S2666-979X(22)00073-8. [PMID: 35812988 PMCID: PMC9264403 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which biological pathways are specific versus general across diagnostic categories and levels of symptom severity is critical to improving nosology and treatment of psychopathology. Here, we combine transdiagnostic and dimensional approaches to genetic discovery for the first time, conducting a novel multivariate genome-wide association study of eight psychiatric symptoms and disorders broadly related to mood disturbance and psychosis. We identify two transdiagnostic genetic liabilities that distinguish between common forms of psychopathology versus rarer forms of serious mental illness. Biological annotation revealed divergent genetic architectures that differentially implicated prenatal neurodevelopment and neuronal function and regulation. These findings inform psychiatric nosology and biological models of psychopathology, as they suggest that the severity of mood and psychotic symptoms present in serious mental illness may reflect a difference in kind rather than merely in degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis T. Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | | | - Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S. Fleur W. Meddens
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K. Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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7
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Okbay A, Wu Y, Wang N, Jayashankar H, Bennett M, Nehzati SM, Sidorenko J, Kweon H, Goldman G, Gjorgjieva T, Jiang Y, Hicks B, Tian C, Hinds DA, Ahlskog R, Magnusson PKE, Oskarsson S, Hayward C, Campbell A, Porteous DJ, Freese J, Herd P, Watson C, Jala J, Conley D, Koellinger PD, Johannesson M, Laibson D, Meyer MN, Lee JJ, Kong A, Yengo L, Cesarini D, Turley P, Visscher PM, Beauchamp JP, Benjamin DJ, Young AI. Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals. Nat Genet 2022; 54:437-449. [PMID: 35361970 PMCID: PMC9005349 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12-16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI's magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Yeda Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hyeokmoon Kweon
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant Goldman
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Ahlskog
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Swedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Herd
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chelsea Watson
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Jala
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dalton Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Augustine Kong
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Loic Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander I Young
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Box-Steffensmeier JM, Burgess J, Corbetta M, Crawford K, Duflo E, Fogarty L, Gopnik A, Hanafi S, Herrero M, Hong YY, Kameyama Y, Lee TMC, Leung GM, Nagin DS, Nobre AC, Nordentoft M, Okbay A, Perfors A, Rival LM, Sugimoto CR, Tungodden B, Wagner C. The future of human behaviour research. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:15-24. [PMID: 35087189 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Burgess
- School of Communication and Digital Media Research Centre (DMRC), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society (ADM+S), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy.
| | - Kate Crawford
- Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Microsoft Research New York, New York, NY, USA. .,École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
| | - Esther Duflo
- Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Laurel Fogarty
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alison Gopnik
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Sari Hanafi
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mario Herrero
- Department of Global Development, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Ying-Yi Hong
- Department of Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Yasuko Kameyama
- Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Daniel S Nagin
- Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrew Perfors
- Complex Human Data Hub, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Cassidy R Sugimoto
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bertil Tungodden
- Centre of Excellence FAIR, NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Claudia Wagner
- GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Köln, Germany. .,RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Dawes CT, Okbay A, Oskarsson S, Rustichini A. A polygenic score for educational attainment partially predicts voter turnout. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022715118. [PMID: 34873032 PMCID: PMC8685665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022715118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin and adoption studies have shown that individual differences in political participation can be explained, in part, by genetic variation. However, these research designs cannot identify which genes are related to voting or the pathways through which they exert influence, and their conclusions rely on possibly restrictive assumptions. In this study, we use three different US samples and a Swedish sample to test whether genes that have been identified as associated with educational attainment, one of the strongest correlates of political participation, predict self-reported and validated voter turnout. We find that a polygenic score capturing individuals' genetic propensity to acquire education is significantly related to turnout. The strongest associations we observe are in second-order midterm elections in the United States and European Parliament elections in Sweden, which tend to be viewed as less important by voters, parties, and the media and thus present a more information-poor electoral environment for citizens to navigate. A within-family analysis suggests that individuals' education-linked genes directly affect their voting behavior, but, for second-order elections, it also reveals evidence of genetic nurture. Finally, a mediation analysis suggests that educational attainment and cognitive ability combine to account for between 41% and 63% of the relationship between the genetic propensity to acquire education and voter turnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Dawes
- Wilf Family Department of Politics, New York University, New York, NY 10012;
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala Universitet, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0462
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11
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Becker J, Burik CAP, Goldman G, Wang N, Jayashankar H, Bennett M, Belsky DW, Karlsson Linnér R, Ahlskog R, Kleinman A, Hinds DA, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Sugden K, Williams BS, Harris KM, Steptoe A, Ajnakina O, Milani L, Esko T, Iacono WG, McGue M, Magnusson PKE, Mallard TT, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM, Herd P, Freese J, Young A, Beauchamp JP, Koellinger PD, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Meyer MN, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ, Turley P, Okbay A. Resource profile and user guide of the Polygenic Index Repository. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1744-1758. [PMID: 34140656 PMCID: PMC8678380 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polygenic indexes (PGIs) are DNA-based predictors. Their value for research in many scientific disciplines is growing rapidly. As a resource for researchers, we used a consistent methodology to construct PGIs for 47 phenotypes in 11 datasets. To maximize the PGIs' prediction accuracies, we constructed them using genome-wide association studies-some not previously published-from multiple data sources, including 23andMe and UK Biobank. We present a theoretical framework to help interpret analyses involving PGIs. A key insight is that a PGI can be understood as an unbiased but noisy measure of a latent variable we call the 'additive SNP factor'. Regressions in which the true regressor is this factor but the PGI is used as its proxy therefore suffer from errors-in-variables bias. We derive an estimator that corrects for the bias, illustrate the correction, and make a Python tool for implementing it publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Becker
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Casper A P Burik
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant Goldman
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel W Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rafael Ahlskog
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David L Corcoran
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karen Sugden
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Swedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Travis T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Pamela Herd
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Young
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - David Laibson
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Patrick Turley
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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12
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Meddens SFW, de Vlaming R, Bowers P, Burik CAP, Linnér RK, Lee C, Okbay A, Turley P, Rietveld CA, Fontana MA, Ghanbari M, Imamura F, McMahon G, van der Most PJ, Voortman T, Wade KH, Anderson EL, Braun KVE, Emmett PM, Esko T, Gonzalez JR, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Langenberg C, Luan J, Muka T, Ring S, Rivadeneira F, Snieder H, van Rooij FJA, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Smith GD, Franco OH, Forouhi NG, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wareham NJ, Cesarini D, Harden KP, Lee JJ, Benjamin DJ, Chow CC, Koellinger PD. Genomic analysis of diet composition finds novel loci and associations with health and lifestyle. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2056-2069. [PMID: 32393786 PMCID: PMC7767645 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of relative intake from the macronutrients fat, protein, carbohydrates, and sugar in over 235,000 individuals of European ancestries. We identified 21 unique, approximately independent lead SNPs. Fourteen lead SNPs are uniquely associated with one macronutrient at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), while five of the 21 lead SNPs reach suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10-5) for at least one other macronutrient. While the phenotypes are genetically correlated, each phenotype carries a partially unique genetic architecture. Relative protein intake exhibits the strongest relationships with poor health, including positive genetic associations with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease (rg ≈ 0.15-0.5). In contrast, relative carbohydrate and sugar intake have negative genetic correlations with waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and neighborhood deprivation (|rg| ≈ 0.1-0.3) and positive genetic correlations with physical activity (rg ≈ 0.1 and 0.2). Relative fat intake has no consistent pattern of genetic correlations with poor health but has a negative genetic correlation with educational attainment (rg ≈-0.1). Although our analyses do not allow us to draw causal conclusions, we find no evidence of negative health consequences associated with relative carbohydrate, sugar, or fat intake. However, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that relative protein intake plays a role in the etiology of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fleur W. Meddens
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester, Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bowers
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Economics, Harvard University, 1805 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Casper A. P. Burik
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chanwook Lee
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Economics, Harvard University, 1805 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Richard B. Simches Research building, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN-6818, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genomics, The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern, California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Cornelius A. Rietveld
- grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester, Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus, University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 402 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, University Campus, 9177948564 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - George McMahon
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kaitlin H. Wade
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L. Anderson
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Kim V. E. Braun
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline M. Emmett
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8, 2BN, Bristol, UK
| | - Tonũ Esko
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Juan R. Gonzalez
- grid.434607.20000 0004 1763 3517Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 8003 Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona, 8005 Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pabellón 11, Calle Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, 280229 Spain
| | - Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Leiden University College, Anna van Buerenplein 301, 2595 DG Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Taulant Muka
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Ring
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. A. van Rooij
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - George Davey Smith
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - David Cesarini
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Economics, New York University, 19 W. 4th Street, New York, NY 10012 USA
| | - K. Paige Harden
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop #A8000, Austin, TX 78704 USA
| | - James J. Lee
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Daniel J. Benjamin
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern, California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ,grid.250279.b0000 0001 0940 3170National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Economics, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Carson C. Chow
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Mitchell BL, Cuéllar-Partida G, Grasby KL, Campos AI, Strike LT, Hwang LD, Okbay A, Thompson PM, Medland SE, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Rentería ME. Educational attainment polygenic scores are associated with cortical total surface area and regions important for language and memory. Neuroimage 2020; 212:116691. [PMID: 32126298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that higher cognitive ability is associated with larger brain size. However, individual variation in intelligence exists despite brain size and recent studies have shown that a simple unifactorial view of the neurobiology underpinning cognitive ability is probably unrealistic. Educational attainment (EA) is often used as a proxy for cognitive ability since it is easily measured, resulting in large sample sizes and, consequently, sufficient statistical power to detect small associations. This study investigates the association between three global (total surface area (TSA), intra-cranial volume (ICV) and average cortical thickness) and 34 regional cortical measures with educational attainment using a polygenic scoring (PGS) approach. Analyses were conducted on two independent target samples of young twin adults with neuroimaging data, from Australia (N = 1097) and the USA (N = 723), and found that higher EA-PGS were significantly associated with larger global brain size measures, ICV and TSA (R2 = 0.006 and 0.016 respectively, p < 0.001) but not average thickness. At the regional level, we identified seven cortical regions-in the frontal and temporal lobes-that showed variation in surface area and average cortical thickness over-and-above the global effect. These regions have been robustly implicated in language, memory, visual recognition and cognitive processing. Additionally, we demonstrate that these identified brain regions partly mediate the association between EA-PGS and cognitive test performance. Altogether, these findings advance our understanding of the neurobiology that underpins educational attainment and cognitive ability, providing focus points for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Mitchell
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Gabriel Cuéllar-Partida
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katrina L Grasby
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian I Campos
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, Okbay A, Lee JJ, Fontana MA, Nguyen-Viet TA, Wedow R, Zacher M, Furlotte NA, Magnusson P, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Neale BM, Benjamin DJ. Author Correction: Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1295. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, Okbay A, Lee JJ, Fontana MA, Nguyen-Viet TA, Wedow R, Zacher M, Furlotte NA, Magnusson P, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Neale BM, Benjamin DJ. Publisher Correction: Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1190. [PMID: 31147634 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Turley
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omeed Maghzian
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Meghan Zacher
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Patrik Magnusson
- Institutionen för Medicinsk Epidemiologi och Biostatistik, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Economics and Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. .,Institutet för Näringslivsforskning, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Karlsson Linnér R, Biroli P, Kong E, Meddens SFW, Wedow R, Fontana MA, Lebreton M, Tino SP, Abdellaoui A, Hammerschlag AR, Nivard MG, Okbay A, Rietveld CA, Timshel PN, Trzaskowski M, Vlaming RD, Zünd CL, Bao Y, Buzdugan L, Caplin AH, Chen CY, Eibich P, Fontanillas P, Gonzalez JR, Joshi PK, Karhunen V, Kleinman A, Levin RZ, Lill CM, Meddens GA, Muntané G, Sanchez-Roige S, Rooij FJV, Taskesen E, Wu Y, Zhang F, Auton A, Boardman JD, Clark DW, Conlin A, Dolan CC, Fischbacher U, Groenen PJF, Harris KM, Hasler G, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Jain S, Karlsson R, Kessler RC, Kooyman M, MacKillop J, Männikkö M, Morcillo-Suarez C, McQueen MB, Schmidt KM, Smart MC, Sutter M, Thurik AR, Uitterlinden AG, White J, Wit HD, Yang J, Bertram L, Boomsma DI, Esko T, Fehr E, Hinds DA, Johannesson M, Kumari M, Laibson D, Magnusson PKE, Meyer MN, Navarro A, Palmer AA, Pers TH, Posthuma D, Schunk D, Stein MB, Svento R, Tiemeier H, Timmers PRHJ, Turley P, Ursano RJ, Wagner GG, Wilson JF, Gratten J, Lee JJ, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ, Koellinger PD, Beauchamp JP. Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences. Nat Genet 2019; 51:245-257. [PMID: 30643258 PMCID: PMC6713272 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over 1 million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. Across all GWAS, we identified hundreds of associated loci, including 99 loci associated with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across risk tolerance and the risky behaviors: 46 of the 99 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is genetically correlated ([Formula: see text] ~ 0.25 to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near SNPs associated with general risk tolerance are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We found no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pietro Biroli
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward Kong
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maël Lebreton
- Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen P Tino
- Department of Economics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian L Zünd
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Laura Buzdugan
- Seminar for Statistics, Department of Mathematics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Eibich
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Remy Z Levin
- Department of Economics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christina M Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Gerard Muntané
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Reus, Spain
| | | | - Frank J van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erdogan Taskesen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Futao Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam Auton
- Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David W Clark
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Conlin
- Department of Economics and Finance, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Conor C Dolan
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Urs Fischbacher
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Thurgau Institute of Economics, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Econometrics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonia Jain
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Carlos Morcillo-Suarez
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew B McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Klaus M Schmidt
- Department of Economics, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa C Smart
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Matthias Sutter
- Department of Economics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Experimental Economics Group, Max Planck Institute for Research into Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Roy Thurik
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jon White
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Bertram
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Dept of Psychology, University of Olso, Oslo, Norway
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ernst Fehr
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Schunk
- Department of Economics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rauli Svento
- Department of Economics and Finance, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul R H J Timmers
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Patrick Turley
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gert G Wagner
- Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- German Institute for Economic Research, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Verhoef E, Demontis D, Burgess S, Shapland CY, Dale PS, Okbay A, Neale BM, Faraone SV, Stergiakouli E, Davey Smith G, Fisher SE, Børglum AD, St Pourcain B. Disentangling polygenic associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, educational attainment, literacy and language. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:35. [PMID: 30679418 PMCID: PMC6345874 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpreting polygenic overlap between ADHD and both literacy-related and language-related impairments is challenging as genetic associations might be influenced by indirectly shared genetic factors. Here, we investigate genetic overlap between polygenic ADHD risk and multiple literacy-related and/or language-related abilities (LRAs), as assessed in UK children (N ≤ 5919), accounting for genetically predictable educational attainment (EA). Genome-wide summary statistics on clinical ADHD and years of schooling were obtained from large consortia (N ≤ 326,041). Our findings show that ADHD-polygenic scores (ADHD-PGS) were inversely associated with LRAs in ALSPAC, most consistently with reading-related abilities, and explained ≤1.6% phenotypic variation. These polygenic links were then dissected into both ADHD effects shared with and independent of EA, using multivariable regressions (MVR). Conditional on EA, polygenic ADHD risk remained associated with multiple reading and/or spelling abilities, phonemic awareness and verbal intelligence, but not listening comprehension and non-word repetition. Using conservative ADHD-instruments (P-threshold < 5 × 10-8), this corresponded, for example, to a 0.35 SD decrease in pooled reading performance per log-odds in ADHD-liability (P = 9.2 × 10-5). Using subthreshold ADHD-instruments (P-threshold < 0.0015), these effects became smaller, with a 0.03 SD decrease per log-odds in ADHD risk (P = 1.4 × 10-6), although the predictive accuracy increased. However, polygenic ADHD-effects shared with EA were of equal strength and at least equal magnitude compared to those independent of EA, for all LRAs studied, and detectable using subthreshold instruments. Thus, ADHD-related polygenic links with LRAs are to a large extent due to shared genetic effects with EA, although there is evidence for an ADHD-specific association profile, independent of EA, that primarily involves literacy-related impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Verhoef
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chin Yang Shapland
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip S Dale
- Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Bansal V, Mitjans M, Burik CAP, Linnér RK, Okbay A, Rietveld CA, Begemann M, Bonn S, Ripke S, de Vlaming R, Nivard MG, Ehrenreich H, Koellinger PD. Genome-wide association study results for educational attainment aid in identifying genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3078. [PMID: 30082721 PMCID: PMC6079028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher educational attainment (EA) is negatively associated with schizophrenia (SZ). However, recent studies found a positive genetic correlation between EA and SZ. We investigate possible causes of this counterintuitive finding using genome-wide association study results for EA and SZ (N = 443,581) and a replication cohort (1169 controls; 1067 cases) with deeply phenotyped SZ patients. We find strong genetic dependence between EA and SZ that cannot be explained by chance, linkage disequilibrium, or assortative mating. Instead, several genes seem to have pleiotropic effects on EA and SZ, but without a clear pattern of sign concordance. Using EA as a proxy phenotype, we isolate FOXO6 and SLITRK1 as novel candidate genes for SZ. Our results reveal that current SZ diagnoses aggregate over at least two disease subtypes: one part resembles high intelligence and bipolar disorder (BIP), while the other part is a cognitive disorder that is independent of BIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bansal
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Research Group for Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Humboldtallee 23, 30703, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C A P Burik
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R K Linnér
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Okbay
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C A Rietveld
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Bonn
- Research Group for Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114 MA, Boston, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 02142 MA, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - R de Vlaming
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Humboldtallee 23, 30703, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P D Koellinger
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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19
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Lee JJ, Wedow R, Okbay A, Kong E, Maghzian O, Zacher M, Nguyen-Viet TA, Bowers P, Sidorenko J, Karlsson Linnér R, Fontana MA, Kundu T, Lee C, Li H, Li R, Royer R, Timshel PN, Walters RK, Willoughby EA, Yengo L, Alver M, Bao Y, Clark DW, Day FR, Furlotte NA, Joshi PK, Kemper KE, Kleinman A, Langenberg C, Mägi R, Trampush JW, Verma SS, Wu Y, Lam M, Zhao JH, Zheng Z, Boardman JD, Campbell H, Freese J, Harris KM, Hayward C, Herd P, Kumari M, Lencz T, Luan J, Malhotra AK, Metspalu A, Milani L, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Porteous DJ, Ritchie MD, Smart MC, Smith BH, Tung JY, Wareham NJ, Wilson JF, Beauchamp JP, Conley DC, Esko T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PKE, Oskarsson S, Pers TH, Robinson MR, Thom K, Watson C, Chabris CF, Meyer MN, Laibson DI, Yang J, Johannesson M, Koellinger PD, Turley P, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1112-1121. [PMID: 30038396 PMCID: PMC6393768 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edward Kong
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omeed Maghzian
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Zacher
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Bowers
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tushar Kundu
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chanwook Lee
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Royer
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - David W Clark
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn E Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joey W Trampush
- BrainWorkup, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shefali Setia Verma
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela Herd
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Todd Lencz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Melissa C Smart
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steven F Lehrer
- School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Economics, New York University Shanghai, Pudong, Shanghai, China
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew R Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Thom
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chelsea Watson
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher F Chabris
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, Okbay A, Lee JJ, Fontana MA, Nguyen-Viet TA, Wedow R, Zacher M, Furlotte NA, Magnusson P, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Neale BM, Benjamin DJ. Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet 2018; 50:229-237. [PMID: 29292387 PMCID: PMC5805593 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG), a method for joint analysis of summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of different traits, possibly from overlapping samples. We apply MTAG to summary statistics for depressive symptoms (N eff = 354,862), neuroticism (N = 168,105), and subjective well-being (N = 388,538). As compared to the 32, 9, and 13 genome-wide significant loci identified in the single-trait GWAS (most of which are themselves novel), MTAG increases the number of associated loci to 64, 37, and 49, respectively. Moreover, association statistics from MTAG yield more informative bioinformatics analyses and increase the variance explained by polygenic scores by approximately 25%, matching theoretical expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Turley
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omeed Maghzian
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Meghan Zacher
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Patrik Magnusson
- Institutionen för Medicinsk Epidemiologi och Biostatistik, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Economics and Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institutet för Näringslivsforskning, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Domingue BW, Liu H, Okbay A, Belsky DW. Genetic Heterogeneity in Depressive Symptoms Following the Death of a Spouse: Polygenic Score Analysis of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:963-970. [PMID: 28335623 PMCID: PMC5610918 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experience of stressful life events is associated with risk of depression. Yet many exposed individuals do not become depressed. A controversial hypothesis is that genetic factors influence vulnerability to depression following stress. This hypothesis is often tested with a "diathesis-stress" model, in which genes confer excess vulnerability. The authors tested an alternative formulation of this model: genes may buffer against depressogenic effects of life stress. METHOD The hypothesized genetic buffer was measured using a polygenic score derived from a published genome-wide association study of subjective well-being. The authors tested whether married older adults who had higher polygenic scores were less vulnerable to depressive symptoms following the death of their spouse compared with age-matched peers who had also lost their spouse and who had lower polygenic scores. Data were analyzed from 8,588 non-Hispanic white adults in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population-representative longitudinal study of older adults in the United States. RESULTS HRS adults with higher well-being polygenic scores experienced fewer depressive symptoms during follow-up. Those who survived the death of their spouses (N=1,647) experienced a sharp increase in depressive symptoms following the death and returned toward baseline over the following 2 years. Having a higher well-being polygenic score buffered against increased depressive symptoms following a spouse's death. CONCLUSIONS The effects were small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain, although polygenic score analyses may provide clues to behavioral pathways that can serve as therapeutic targets. Future studies of gene-environment interplay in depression may benefit from focus on genetics discovered for putative protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hexuan Liu
- School of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel W. Belsky
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Social Science Research Institute, Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development
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22
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Tillmann T, Vaucher J, Okbay A, Pikhart H, Peasey A, Kubinova R, Pajak A, Tamosiunas A, Malyutina S, Hartwig FP, Fischer K, Veronesi G, Palmer T, Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Bobak M, Holmes MV. Education and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation study. BMJ 2017; 358:j3542. [PMID: 28855160 PMCID: PMC5594424 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether educational attainment is a causal risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease.Design Mendelian randomisation study, using genetic data as proxies for education to minimise confounding.Setting The main analysis used genetic data from two large consortia (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D and SSGAC), comprising 112 studies from predominantly high income countries. Findings from mendelian randomisation analyses were then compared against results from traditional observational studies (164 170 participants). Finally, genetic data from six additional consortia were analysed to investigate whether longer education can causally alter the common cardiovascular risk factors.Participants The main analysis was of 543 733 men and women (from CARDIoGRAMplusC4D and SSGAC), predominantly of European origin.Exposure A one standard deviation increase in the genetic predisposition towards higher education (3.6 years of additional schooling), measured by 162 genetic variants that have been previously associated with education.Main outcome measure Combined fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease (63 746 events in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D).Results Genetic predisposition towards 3.6 years of additional education was associated with a one third lower risk of coronary heart disease (odds ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.59 to 0.77; P=3×10-8). This was comparable to findings from traditional observational studies (prevalence odds ratio 0.73, 0.68 to 0.78; incidence odds ratio 0.80, 0.76 to 0.83). Sensitivity analyses were consistent with a causal interpretation in which major bias from genetic pleiotropy was unlikely, although this remains an untestable possibility. Genetic predisposition towards longer education was additionally associated with less smoking, lower body mass index, and a favourable blood lipid profile.Conclusions This mendelian randomisation study found support for the hypothesis that low education is a causal risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease. Potential mechanisms could include smoking, body mass index, and blood lipids. In conjunction with the results from studies with other designs, these findings suggest that increasing education may result in substantial health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Tillmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julien Vaucher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Peasey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ruzena Kubinova
- Centre for Environmental Health Monitoring, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej Pajak
- Chair of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculrty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Abdonas Tamosiunas
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sofia Malyutina
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fernando Pires Hartwig
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Tom Palmer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jack Bowden
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin Bobak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
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23
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Weiner DJ, Wigdor EM, Ripke S, Walters RK, Kosmicki JA, Grove J, Samocha KE, Goldstein J, Okbay A, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Werge T, Hougaard DM, Taylor J, Skuse D, Devlin B, Anney R, Sanders SJ, Bishop S, Mortensen PB, Børglum AD, Smith GD, Daly MJ, Robinson EB. Polygenic transmission disequilibrium confirms that common and rare variation act additively to create risk for autism spectrum disorders. Nat Genet 2017; 49:978-985. [PMID: 28504703 PMCID: PMC5552240 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk is influenced by common polygenic and de novo variation. We aimed to clarify the influence of polygenic risk for ASD and to identify subgroups of ASD cases, including those with strongly acting de novo variants, in which polygenic risk is relevant. Using a novel approach called the polygenic transmission disequilibrium test and data from 6,454 families with a child with ASD, we show that polygenic risk for ASD, schizophrenia, and greater educational attainment is over-transmitted to children with ASD. These findings hold independent of proband IQ. We find that polygenic variation contributes additively to risk in ASD cases who carry a strongly acting de novo variant. Lastly, we show that elements of polygenic risk are independent and differ in their relationship with phenotype. These results confirm that the genetic influences on ASD are additive and suggest that they create risk through at least partially distinct etiologic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Weiner
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emilie M. Wigdor
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond K. Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack A. Kosmicki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Genetics and Genomics, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaitlin E. Samocha
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Taylor
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - David Skuse
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Anney
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Stephan J. Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Somer Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise B. Robinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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de Vlaming R, Okbay A, Rietveld CA, Johannesson M, Magnusson PKE, Uitterlinden AG, van Rooij FJA, Hofman A, Groenen PJF, Thurik AR, Koellinger PD. Meta-GWAS Accuracy and Power (MetaGAP) Calculator Shows that Hiding Heritability Is Partially Due to Imperfect Genetic Correlations across Studies. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006495. [PMID: 28095416 PMCID: PMC5240919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association results are typically obtained from a fixed-effects meta-analysis of GWAS summary statistics from multiple studies spanning different regions and/or time periods. This approach averages the estimated effects of genetic variants across studies. In case genetic effects are heterogeneous across studies, the statistical power of a GWAS and the predictive accuracy of polygenic scores are attenuated, contributing to the so-called ‘missing heritability’. Here, we describe the online Meta-GWAS Accuracy and Power (MetaGAP) calculator (available at www.devlaming.eu) which quantifies this attenuation based on a novel multi-study framework. By means of simulation studies, we show that under a wide range of genetic architectures, the statistical power and predictive accuracy provided by this calculator are accurate. We compare the predictions from the MetaGAP calculator with actual results obtained in the GWAS literature. Specifically, we use genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood to estimate the SNP heritability and cross-study genetic correlation of height, BMI, years of education, and self-rated health in three large samples. These estimates are used as input parameters for the MetaGAP calculator. Results from the calculator suggest that cross-study heterogeneity has led to attenuation of statistical power and predictive accuracy in recent large-scale GWAS efforts on these traits (e.g., for years of education, we estimate a relative loss of 51–62% in the number of genome-wide significant loci and a relative loss in polygenic score R2 of 36–38%). Hence, cross-study heterogeneity contributes to the missing heritability. Large-scale genome-wide association studies are uncovering the genetic architecture of traits which are affected by many genetic variants. In such efforts, one typically meta-analyzes association results from multiple studies spanning different regions and/or time periods. Results from such efforts do not yet capture a large share of the heritability. The origins of this so-called ‘missing heritability’ have been strongly debated. One factor exacerbating the missing heritability is heterogeneity in the effects of genetic variants across studies. The effect of this type of heterogeneity on statistical power to detect associated genetic variants and the accuracy of polygenic predictions is poorly understood. In the current study, we derive the precise effects of heterogeneity in genetic effects across studies on both the statistical power to detect associated genetic variants as well as the accuracy of polygenic predictions. We present an online calculator, available at www.devlaming.eu, which accounts for these effects. By means of this calculator, we show that imperfect genetic correlations between studies substantially decrease statistical power and predictive accuracy and, thereby, contribute to the missing heritability. The MetaGAP calculator helps researchers to gauge how sensitive their results will be to heterogeneity in genetic effects across studies. If strong heterogeneity is expected, random-effects meta-analysis methods should be used instead of fixed-effects methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald de Vlaming
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelius A. Rietveld
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. A. van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. F. Groenen
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A. Roy Thurik
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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25
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Marioni RE, Ritchie SJ, Joshi PK, Hagenaars SP, Okbay A, Fischer K, Adams MJ, Hill WD, Davies G, Nagy R, Amador C, Läll K, Metspalu A, Liewald DC, Campbell A, Wilson JF, Hayward C, Esko T, Porteous DJ, Gale CR, Deary IJ. Genetic variants linked to education predict longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13366-13371. [PMID: 27799538 PMCID: PMC5127357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605334113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational attainment is associated with many health outcomes, including longevity. It is also known to be substantially heritable. Here, we used data from three large genetic epidemiology cohort studies (Generation Scotland, n = ∼17,000; UK Biobank, n = ∼115,000; and the Estonian Biobank, n = ∼6,000) to test whether education-linked genetic variants can predict lifespan length. We did so by using cohort members' polygenic profile score for education to predict their parents' longevity. Across the three cohorts, meta-analysis showed that a 1 SD higher polygenic education score was associated with ∼2.7% lower mortality risk for both mothers (total ndeaths = 79,702) and ∼2.4% lower risk for fathers (total ndeaths = 97,630). On average, the parents of offspring in the upper third of the polygenic score distribution lived 0.55 y longer compared with those of offspring in the lower third. Overall, these results indicate that the genetic contributions to educational attainment are useful in the prediction of human longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom;
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | - W David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Reka Nagy
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Amador
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - David C Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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Okbay A, Baselmans BML, Neve JED, Turley P, Nivard MG, Fontana MA, Meddens SFW, Linnér RK, Rietveld CA, Derringer J, Gratten J, Lee JJ, Liu JZ, de Vlaming R, Ahluwalia TS, Buchwald J, Cavadino A, Frazier-Wood AC, Furlotte NA, Garfield V, Geisel MH, Gonzalez JR, Haitjema S, Karlsson R, van der Laan SW, Ladwig KH, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, Lind PA, Liu T, Matteson L, Mihailov E, Miller MB, Minica CC, Nolte IM, Mook-Kanamori D, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rawal R, Realo A, Rueedi R, Schmidt B, Smith AV, Stergiakouli E, Tanaka T, Taylor K, Thorleifsson G, Wedenoja J, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Willems SM, Zhao W, Amin N, Bakshi A, Bergmann S, Bjornsdottir G, Boyle PA, Cherney S, Cox SR, Davies G, Davis OSP, Ding J, Direk N, Eibich P, Emeny RT, Fatemifar G, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Forstner AJ, Gieger C, Gupta R, Harris TB, Harris JM, Holliday EG, Hottenga JJ, Jager PLD, Kaakinen MA, Kajantie E, Karhunen V, Kolcic I, Kumari M, Launer LJ, Franke L, Li-Gao R, Liewald DC, Koini M, Loukola A, Marques-Vidal P, Montgomery GW, Mosing MA, Paternoster L, Pattie A, Petrovic KE, Pulkki-Råback L, Quaye L, Räikkönen K, Rudan I, Scott RJ, Smith JA, Sutin AR, Trzaskowski M, Vinkhuyzen AE, Yu L, Zabaneh D, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Boomsma DI, Snieder H, Chang SC, Cucca F, Deary IJ, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Bültmann U, de Geus EJC, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, Hansen T, Hartman CA, Haworth CMA, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hinds DA, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kraft P, Kubzansky LD, Lehtimäki T, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Mills M, de Mutsert R, Oldehinkel AJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Plomin R, Polasek O, Power C, Rich SS, Rosendaal FR, den Ruijter HM, Schlessinger D, Schmidt H, Svento R, Schmidt R, Alizadeh BZ, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Starr JM, Stefansson K, Steptoe A, Terracciano A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vollenweider P, Wagner GG, Weir DR, Yang J, Conley DC, Smith GD, Hofman A, Johannesson M, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Pickrell JK, Esko T, Krueger RF, Beauchamp JP, Koellinger PD, Benjamin DJ, Bartels M, Cesarini D. Corrigendum: Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses. Nat Genet 2016; 48:970. [PMID: 27463399 DOI: 10.1038/ng0816-970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Okbay A, Baselmans BML, De Neve JE, Turley P, Nivard MG, Fontana MA, Meddens SFW, Linnér RK, Rietveld CA, Derringer J, Gratten J, Lee JJ, Liu JZ, de Vlaming R, Ahluwalia TS, Buchwald J, Cavadino A, Frazier-Wood AC, Furlotte NA, Garfield V, Geisel MH, Gonzalez JR, Haitjema S, Karlsson R, van der Laan SW, Ladwig KH, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, Lind PA, Liu T, Matteson L, Mihailov E, Miller MB, Minica CC, Nolte IM, Mook-Kanamori D, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rawal R, Realo A, Rueedi R, Schmidt B, Smith AV, Stergiakouli E, Tanaka T, Taylor K, Thorleifsson G, Wedenoja J, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Willems SM, Zhao W, Amin N, Bakshi A, Bergmann S, Bjornsdottir G, Boyle PA, Cherney S, Cox SR, Davies G, Davis OSP, Ding J, Direk N, Eibich P, Emeny RT, Fatemifar G, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Forstner AJ, Gieger C, Gupta R, Harris TB, Harris JM, Holliday EG, Hottenga JJ, De Jager PL, Kaakinen MA, Kajantie E, Karhunen V, Kolcic I, Kumari M, Launer LJ, Franke L, Li-Gao R, Liewald DC, Koini M, Loukola A, Marques-Vidal P, Montgomery GW, Mosing MA, Paternoster L, Pattie A, Petrovic KE, Pulkki-Råback L, Quaye L, Räikkönen K, Rudan I, Scott RJ, Smith JA, Sutin AR, Trzaskowski M, Vinkhuyzen AE, Yu L, Zabaneh D, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Boomsma DI, Snieder H, Chang SC, Cucca F, Deary IJ, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Bültmann U, de Geus EJC, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, Hansen T, Hartman CA, Haworth CMA, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hinds DA, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kraft P, Kubzansky LD, Lehtimäki T, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Mills M, de Mutsert R, Oldehinkel AJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Plomin R, Polasek O, Power C, Rich SS, Rosendaal FR, den Ruijter HM, Schlessinger D, Schmidt H, Svento R, Schmidt R, Alizadeh BZ, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Starr JM, Stefansson K, Steptoe A, Terracciano A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vollenweider P, Wagner GG, Weir DR, Yang J, Conley DC, Smith GD, Hofman A, Johannesson M, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Pickrell JK, Esko T, Krueger RF, Beauchamp JP, Koellinger PD, Benjamin DJ, Bartels M, Cesarini D. Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses. Nat Genet 2016; 48:624-33. [PMID: 27089181 PMCID: PMC4884152 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Very few genetic variants have been associated with depression and neuroticism, likely because of limitations on sample size in previous studies. Subjective well-being, a phenotype that is genetically correlated with both of these traits, has not yet been studied with genome-wide data. We conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (n = 298,420), depressive symptoms (n = 161,460), and neuroticism (n = 170,911). We identify 3 variants associated with subjective well-being, 2 variants associated with depressive symptoms, and 11 variants associated with neuroticism, including 2 inversion polymorphisms. The two loci associated with depressive symptoms replicate in an independent depression sample. Joint analyses that exploit the high genetic correlations between the phenotypes (|ρ^| ≈ 0.8) strengthen the overall credibility of the findings and allow us to identify additional variants. Across our phenotypes, loci regulating expression in central nervous system and adrenal or pancreas tissues are strongly enriched for association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart M L Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jimmy Z Liu
- New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jadwiga Buchwald
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Victoria Garfield
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Henrike Geisel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tian Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay Matteson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Camelia C Minica
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Mook-Kanamori
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- BESC, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kent Taylor
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrence, California, USA
| | | | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juergen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara M Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Patricia A Boyle
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oliver S P Davis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nese Direk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Eibich
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca T Emeny
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Mental Health Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Fatemifar
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juliette M Harris
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marisa Koini
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Miriam A Mosing
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katja E Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Information-Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Anna E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Delilah Zabaneh
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - John R Attia
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institute of Neurogenetics and Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shun-Chiao Chang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cittadella Universitarià di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharine A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Elina Hyppönen
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department for Health, THL (National Institute for Health and Welfare), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Melinda Mills
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division of Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Christine Power
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rauli Svento
- Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, Oulu, Finland
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | | | - A Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France
- Panteia, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gert G Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of Economics and Management, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Department of Bioethics, Clarkson University, Schenectady, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph K Pickrell
- New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
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Okbay A, Beauchamp JP, Fontana MA, Lee JJ, Pers TH, Rietveld CA, Turley P, Chen GB, Emilsson V, Meddens SFW, Oskarsson S, Pickrell JK, Thom K, Timshel P, de Vlaming R, Abdellaoui A, Ahluwalia TS, Bacelis J, Baumbach C, Bjornsdottir G, Brandsma JH, Pina Concas M, Derringer J, Furlotte NA, Galesloot TE, Girotto G, Gupta R, Hall LM, Harris SE, Hofer E, Horikoshi M, Huffman JE, Kaasik K, Kalafati IP, Karlsson R, Kong A, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, deLeeuw C, Lind PA, Lindgren KO, Liu T, Mangino M, Marten J, Mihailov E, Miller MB, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Payton A, Pervjakova N, Peyrot WJ, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rueedi R, Salvi E, Schmidt B, Schraut KE, Shi J, Smith AV, Poot RA, St Pourcain B, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, Verweij N, Vuckovic D, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Yang J, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Alizadeh BZ, Amin N, Bakshi A, Baumeister SE, Biino G, Bønnelykke K, Boyle PA, Campbell H, Cappuccio FP, Davies G, De Neve JE, Deloukas P, Demuth I, Ding J, Eibich P, Eisele L, Eklund N, Evans DM, Faul JD, Feitosa MF, Forstner AJ, Gandin I, Gunnarsson B, Halldórsson BV, Harris TB, Heath AC, Hocking LJ, Holliday EG, Homuth G, Horan MA, Hottenga JJ, de Jager PL, Joshi PK, Jugessur A, Kaakinen MA, Kähönen M, Kanoni S, Keltigangas-Järvinen L, Kiemeney LALM, Kolcic I, Koskinen S, Kraja AT, Kroh M, Kutalik Z, Latvala A, Launer LJ, Lebreton MP, Levinson DF, Lichtenstein P, Lichtner P, Liewald DCM, Loukola A, Madden PA, Mägi R, Mäki-Opas T, Marioni RE, Marques-Vidal P, Meddens GA, McMahon G, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Myhre R, Nelson CP, Nyholt DR, Ollier WER, Palotie A, Paternoster L, Pedersen NL, Petrovic KE, Porteous DJ, Räikkönen K, Ring SM, Robino A, Rostapshova O, Rudan I, Rustichini A, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarin AP, Schmidt H, Scott RJ, Smith BH, Smith JA, Staessen JA, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Strauch K, Terracciano A, Tobin MD, Ulivi S, Vaccargiu S, Quaye L, van Rooij FJA, Venturini C, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Völker U, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Vozzi D, Waage J, Ware EB, Willemsen G, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Bisgaard H, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bültmann U, Chabris CF, Cucca F, Cusi D, Deary IJ, Dedoussis GV, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Franke B, Franke L, Gasparini P, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Grabe HJ, Gratten J, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Hinds DA, Hoffmann W, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Jacobsson B, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Lehtimäki T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Pendleton N, Penninx BWJH, Perola M, Pirastu N, Pirastu M, Polasek O, Posthuma D, Power C, Province MA, Samani NJ, Schlessinger D, Schmidt R, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Tung JY, Uitterlinden AG, Vitart V, Vollenweider P, Weir DR, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Conley DC, Krueger RF, Davey Smith G, Hofman A, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Yang J, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Esko T, Koellinger PD, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 2016; 533:539-42. [PMID: 27225129 PMCID: PMC4883595 DOI: 10.1038/nature17671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Guo-Bo Chen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | | | - Kevin Thom
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Pascal Timshel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | | | - Johannes H Brandsma
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | | | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kadri Kaasik
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ioanna P Kalafati
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan deLeeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | | | - Tian Liu
- Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | | | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Juergen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilja Demuth
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Peter Eibich
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | | | - Bjarni V Halldórsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Michael A Horan
- Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L de Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology &Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Martin Kroh
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Maël P Lebreton
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tomi Mäki-Opas
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Yusplitri Milaneschi
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - William E R Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Katja E Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Olga Rostapshova
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Blair H Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - John R Attia
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Bertram
- Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
- Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Steven F Lehrer
- Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122 Pudong, China
- Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
- Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - A Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34080, France
- Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm 10215, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
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Okbay A, Rietveld CA. On improving the credibility of candidate gene studies: A review of candidate gene studies published in Emotion. Emotion 2015. [DOI: 10.1037/emo0000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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