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Lee JJ, Wedow R, Okbay A, Kong E, Maghzian O, Zacher M, Nguyen-Viet TA, Bowers P, Sidorenko J, Karlsson Linnér R, Fontana MA, Kundu T, Lee C, Li H, Li R, Royer R, Timshel PN, Walters RK, Willoughby EA, Yengo L, Alver M, Bao Y, Clark DW, Day FR, Furlotte NA, Joshi PK, Kemper KE, Kleinman A, Langenberg C, Mägi R, Trampush JW, Verma SS, Wu Y, Lam M, Zhao JH, Zheng Z, Boardman JD, Campbell H, Freese J, Harris KM, Hayward C, Herd P, Kumari M, Lencz T, Luan J, Malhotra AK, Metspalu A, Milani L, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Porteous DJ, Ritchie MD, Smart MC, Smith BH, Tung JY, Wareham NJ, Wilson JF, Beauchamp JP, Conley DC, Esko T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PKE, Oskarsson S, Pers TH, Robinson MR, Thom K, Watson C, Chabris CF, Meyer MN, Laibson DI, Yang J, Johannesson M, Koellinger PD, Turley P, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1112-1121. [PMID: 30038396 PMCID: PMC6393768 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edward Kong
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omeed Maghzian
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Zacher
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Bowers
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tushar Kundu
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chanwook Lee
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Royer
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - David W Clark
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn E Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joey W Trampush
- BrainWorkup, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shefali Setia Verma
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela Herd
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Todd Lencz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Melissa C Smart
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steven F Lehrer
- School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Economics, New York University Shanghai, Pudong, Shanghai, China
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew R Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Thom
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chelsea Watson
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher F Chabris
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Okbay A, Beauchamp JP, Fontana MA, Lee JJ, Pers TH, Rietveld CA, Turley P, Chen GB, Emilsson V, Meddens SFW, Oskarsson S, Pickrell JK, Thom K, Timshel P, de Vlaming R, Abdellaoui A, Ahluwalia TS, Bacelis J, Baumbach C, Bjornsdottir G, Brandsma JH, Pina Concas M, Derringer J, Furlotte NA, Galesloot TE, Girotto G, Gupta R, Hall LM, Harris SE, Hofer E, Horikoshi M, Huffman JE, Kaasik K, Kalafati IP, Karlsson R, Kong A, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, deLeeuw C, Lind PA, Lindgren KO, Liu T, Mangino M, Marten J, Mihailov E, Miller MB, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Payton A, Pervjakova N, Peyrot WJ, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rueedi R, Salvi E, Schmidt B, Schraut KE, Shi J, Smith AV, Poot RA, St Pourcain B, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, Verweij N, Vuckovic D, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Yang J, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Alizadeh BZ, Amin N, Bakshi A, Baumeister SE, Biino G, Bønnelykke K, Boyle PA, Campbell H, Cappuccio FP, Davies G, De Neve JE, Deloukas P, Demuth I, Ding J, Eibich P, Eisele L, Eklund N, Evans DM, Faul JD, Feitosa MF, Forstner AJ, Gandin I, Gunnarsson B, Halldórsson BV, Harris TB, Heath AC, Hocking LJ, Holliday EG, Homuth G, Horan MA, Hottenga JJ, de Jager PL, Joshi PK, Jugessur A, Kaakinen MA, Kähönen M, Kanoni S, Keltigangas-Järvinen L, Kiemeney LALM, Kolcic I, Koskinen S, Kraja AT, Kroh M, Kutalik Z, Latvala A, Launer LJ, Lebreton MP, Levinson DF, Lichtenstein P, Lichtner P, Liewald DCM, Loukola A, Madden PA, Mägi R, Mäki-Opas T, Marioni RE, Marques-Vidal P, Meddens GA, McMahon G, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Myhre R, Nelson CP, Nyholt DR, Ollier WER, Palotie A, Paternoster L, Pedersen NL, Petrovic KE, Porteous DJ, Räikkönen K, Ring SM, Robino A, Rostapshova O, Rudan I, Rustichini A, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarin AP, Schmidt H, Scott RJ, Smith BH, Smith JA, Staessen JA, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Strauch K, Terracciano A, Tobin MD, Ulivi S, Vaccargiu S, Quaye L, van Rooij FJA, Venturini C, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Völker U, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Vozzi D, Waage J, Ware EB, Willemsen G, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Bisgaard H, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bültmann U, Chabris CF, Cucca F, Cusi D, Deary IJ, Dedoussis GV, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Franke B, Franke L, Gasparini P, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Grabe HJ, Gratten J, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Hinds DA, Hoffmann W, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Jacobsson B, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Lehtimäki T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Pendleton N, Penninx BWJH, Perola M, Pirastu N, Pirastu M, Polasek O, Posthuma D, Power C, Province MA, Samani NJ, Schlessinger D, Schmidt R, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Tung JY, Uitterlinden AG, Vitart V, Vollenweider P, Weir DR, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Conley DC, Krueger RF, Davey Smith G, Hofman A, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Yang J, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Esko T, Koellinger PD, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 2016; 533:539-42. [PMID: 27225129 PMCID: PMC4883595 DOI: 10.1038/nature17671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Guo-Bo Chen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | | | - Kevin Thom
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Pascal Timshel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | | | - Johannes H Brandsma
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | | | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kadri Kaasik
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ioanna P Kalafati
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan deLeeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | | | - Tian Liu
- Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | | | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Juergen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilja Demuth
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Peter Eibich
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | | | - Bjarni V Halldórsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Michael A Horan
- Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L de Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology &Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Martin Kroh
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Maël P Lebreton
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tomi Mäki-Opas
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Yusplitri Milaneschi
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - William E R Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Katja E Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Olga Rostapshova
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Blair H Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - John R Attia
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Bertram
- Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
- Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Steven F Lehrer
- Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122 Pudong, China
- Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
- Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - A Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34080, France
- Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm 10215, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
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