1
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Xu K, Huang RQ, Wen RM, Yao TT, Cao Y, Chang B, Cheng Y, Yi XJ. Annexin A family: A new perspective on the regulation of bone metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117271. [PMID: 39121589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption are critical processes in bone metabolism. Annexin A, a calcium-phospholipid binding protein, regulates the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, and has gradually become a marker gene for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. As calcium channel proteins, the annexin A family members are closely associated with mechanical stress, which can target annexins A1, A5, and A6 to promote bone cell differentiation. Despite the significant clinical potential of annexin A family members in bone metabolism, few studies have reported on these mechanisms. Therefore, based on a review of relevant literature, this article elaborates on the specific functions and possible mechanisms of annexin A family members in bone metabolism to provide new ideas for their application in the prevention and treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- School of Sports Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, China.
| | - Rui-Qi Huang
- School of Sports Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, China.
| | - Rui-Ming Wen
- School of Sports Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Yao
- School of Sports Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heifei, Anhui 230012, China.
| | - Bo Chang
- School of Sports Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, China.
| | - Yang Cheng
- School of Sports Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, China.
| | - Xue-Jie Yi
- School of Sports Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, China.
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2
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Smirnova O, Efremov Y, Klyucherev T, Peshkova M, Senkovenko A, Svistunov A, Timashev P. Direct and cell-mediated EV-ECM interplay. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00401-X. [PMID: 39043290 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous group of lipid particles excreted by cells. They play an important role in regeneration, development, inflammation, and cancer progression, together with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which they constantly interact with. In this review, we discuss direct and indirect interactions of EVs and the ECM and their impact on different physiological processes. The ECM affects the secretion of EVs, and the properties of the ECM and EVs modulate EVs' diffusion and adhesion. On the other hand, EVs can affect the ECM both directly through enzymes and indirectly through the modulation of the ECM synthesis and remodeling by cells. This review emphasizes recently discovered types of EVs bound to the ECM and isolated by enzymatic digestion, including matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBV) and tissue-derived EV (TiEV). In addition to the experimental studies, computer models of the EV-ECM-cell interactions, from all-atom models to quantitative pharmacology models aiming to improve our understanding of the interaction mechanisms, are also considered. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Application of extracellular vesicles in tissue engineering is an actively developing area. Vesicles not only affect cells themselves but also interact with the matrix and change it. The matrix also influences both cells and vesicles. In this review, different possible types of interactions between vesicles, matrix, and cells are discussed. Furthermore, the united EV-ECM system and its regulation through the cellular activity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Smirnova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofey Klyucherev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Senkovenko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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3
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Sheikh IA, Midura‐Kiela MT, Herchuelz A, Sokolow S, Kiela PR, Ghishan FK. The Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger NCX3 mediates Ca 2+ entry into matrix vesicles to facilitate initial steps of mineralization in osteoblasts. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12450. [PMID: 38859730 PMCID: PMC11165172 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) provide the initial site for amorphous hydroxyapatite (HA) formation within mineralizing osteoblasts. Although Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform-3 (NCX3, SLC8A3) was presumed to function as major Ca2+ transporter responsible for Ca2+ extrusion out of osteoblast into the calcifying bone matrix, its presence and functional role in MVs have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NCX3 in MV-mediated mineralization process and its impact on bone formation. Using differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells, we demonstrated that NCX3 knockout in these cells resulted in a significant reduction of Ca2+ deposition due to reduced Ca2+ entry within the MVs, leading to impaired mineralization. Consequently, the capacity of MVs to promote extracellular HA formation was diminished. Moreover, primary osteoblast isolated from NCX3 deficient mice (NCX3-/-) exhibits reduced mineralization efficacy without any effect on osteoclast activity. To validate this in vitro finding, μCT analysis revealed a substantial decrease in trabecular bone mineral density in both genders of NCX3-/- mice, thus supporting the critical role of NCX3 in facilitating Ca2+ uptake into the MVs to initiate osteoblast-mediated mineralization. NCX3 expression was also found to be the target of downregulation by inflammatory mediators in vitro and in vivo. This newfound understanding of NCX3's functional role in MVs opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing bone mineralization and treating mineralization-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad A. Sheikh
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Monica T. Midura‐Kiela
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - André Herchuelz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapeutique, Faculté de MédecineUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Sophie Sokolow
- School of NursingUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pawel R. Kiela
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Fayez K. Ghishan
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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Yang J, Pei T, Su G, Duan P, Liu X. AnnexinA6: a potential therapeutic target gene for extracellular matrix mineralization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1201200. [PMID: 37727505 PMCID: PMC10506415 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential and crucial process for physiological bone formation and pathological calcification. The abnormal function of ECM mineralization contributes to the worldwide risk of developing mineralization-related diseases; for instance, vascular calcification is attributed to the hyperfunction of ECM mineralization, while osteoporosis is due to hypofunction. AnnexinA6 (AnxA6), a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, has been extensively reported as an essential target in mineralization-related diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, osteosarcoma, and calcific aortic valve disease. To date, AnxA6, as the largest member of the Annexin family, has attracted much attention due to its significant contribution to matrix vesicles (MVs) production and release, MVs-ECM interaction, cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx, and maturation of hydroxyapatite, making it an essential target in ECM mineralization. In this review, we outlined the recent advancements in the role of AnxA6 in mineralization-related diseases and the potential mechanisms of AnxA6 under normal and mineralization-related pathological conditions. AnxA6 could promote ECM mineralization for bone regeneration in the manner described previously. Therefore, AnxA6 may be a potential osteogenic target for ECM mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Wang Y, Weremiejczyk L, Strzelecka‐Kiliszek A, Maniti O, Amabile Veschi E, Bolean M, Ramos AP, Ben Trad L, Magne D, Bandorowicz‐Pikula J, Pikula S, Millán JL, Bottini M, Goekjian P, Ciancaglini P, Buchet R, Dou WT, Tian H, Mebarek S, He XP, Granjon T. Fluorescence evidence of annexin A6 translocation across membrane in model matrix vesicles during apatite formation. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e38. [PMID: 38939118 PMCID: PMC11080897 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are 100-300 nm spherical structures released by mineralization competent cells to initiate formation of apatite, the mineral component in bones. Among proteins present in MVs, annexin A6 (AnxA6) is thought to be ubiquitously distributed in the MVs' lumen, on the surface of the internal and external leaflets of the membrane and also inserted in the lipid bilayer. To determine the molecular mechanism(s) that lead to the different locations of AnxA6, we hypothesized the occurrence of a pH drop during the mineralization. Such a change would induce the AnxA6 protonation, which in turn, and because of its isoelectric point of 5.41, would change the protein hydrophobicity facilitating its insertion into the MVs' bilayer. The various distributions of AnxA6 are likely to disturb membrane phospholipid organization. To examine this possibility, we used fluorescein as pH reporter, and established that pH decreased inside MVs during apatite formation. Then, 4-(14-phenyldibenzo[a,c]phenazin-9(14H)-yl)-phenol, a vibration-induced emission fluorescent probe, was used as a reporter of changes in membrane organization occurring with the varying mode of AnxA6 binding. Proteoliposomes containing AnxA6 and 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3phosphocholine (DMPC) or 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3phosphocholine: 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (DMPC:DPPS 9:1), to mimic the external and internal MV membrane leaflet, respectively, served as biomimetic models to investigate the nature of AnxA6 binding. Addition of Anx6 to DMPC at pH 7.4 and 5.4, or DMPC:DPPS (9:1) at pH 7.4 induced a decrease in membrane fluidity, consistent with AnxA6 interactions with the bilayer surface. In contrast, AnxA6 addition to DMPC:DPPS (9:1) at pH 5.4 increased the fluidity of the membrane. This latest result was interpreted as reflecting the insertion of AnxA6 into the bilayer. Taken together, these findings point to a possible mechanism of AnxA6 translocation in MVs from the surface of the internal leaflet into the phospholipid bilayer stimulated upon acidification of the MVs' lumen during formation of apatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- Univ LyonUCBLCNRSICBMS UMR 5246IMBLLyonFrance
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringFeringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CentreEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Liliana Weremiejczyk
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of LipidsNencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsawPoland
| | | | | | - Ekeveliny Amabile Veschi
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Mayte Bolean
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - David Magne
- Univ LyonUCBLCNRSICBMS UMR 5246IMBLLyonFrance
| | | | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of LipidsNencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsawPoland
| | - Jose Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | | | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - René Buchet
- Univ LyonUCBLCNRSICBMS UMR 5246IMBLLyonFrance
| | - Wei Tao Dou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringFeringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CentreEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringFeringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CentreEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | | | - Xiao P. He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringFeringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CentreEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
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6
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Grewal T, Rentero C, Enrich C, Wahba M, Raabe CA, Rescher U. Annexin Animal Models-From Fundamental Principles to Translational Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073439. [PMID: 33810523 PMCID: PMC8037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine manipulation of the mouse genome has become a landmark in biomedical research. Traits that are only associated with advanced developmental stages can now be investigated within a living organism, and the in vivo analysis of corresponding phenotypes and functions advances the translation into the clinical setting. The annexins, a family of closely related calcium (Ca2+)- and lipid-binding proteins, are found at various intra- and extracellular locations, and interact with a broad range of membrane lipids and proteins. Their impacts on cellular functions has been extensively assessed in vitro, yet annexin-deficient mouse models generally develop normally and do not display obvious phenotypes. Only in recent years, studies examining genetically modified annexin mouse models which were exposed to stress conditions mimicking human disease often revealed striking phenotypes. This review is the first comprehensive overview of annexin-related research using animal models and their exciting future use for relevant issues in biology and experimental medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Wahba
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Carsten A. Raabe
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
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7
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Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040289. [PMID: 33805145 PMCID: PMC8064082 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix. Evidence shows that bone cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs): nano-sized bilayer vesicles, which are involved in intercellular communication by delivering their cargoes through protein–ligand interactions or fusion to the plasma membrane of the recipient cell. Osteoblasts shed a subset of EVs known as matrix vesicles (MtVs), which contain phosphatases, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. These vesicles are believed to have a major role in matrix mineralization, and they feature bone-targeting and osteo-inductive properties. Understanding their contribution in bone formation and mineralization could help to target bone pathologies or bone regeneration using novel approaches such as stimulating MtV secretion in vivo, or the administration of in vitro or biomimetically produced MtVs. This review attempts to discuss the role of MtVs in biomineralization and their potential application for bone pathologies and bone regeneration.
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8
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Holzer T, Probst K, Etich J, Auler M, Georgieva VS, Bluhm B, Frie C, Heilig J, Niehoff A, Nüchel J, Plomann M, Seeger JM, Kashkar H, Baris OR, Wiesner RJ, Brachvogel B. Respiratory chain inactivation links cartilage-mediated growth retardation to mitochondrial diseases. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1853-1870. [PMID: 31085560 PMCID: PMC6548139 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201809056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with mitochondrial diseases often present with slow growth and short stature, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, Holzer et al. provide in vivo evidence that mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction induces cartilage degeneration coincident with altered metabolism, impaired extracellular matrix formation, and cell death at the cartilage–bone junction. In childhood, skeletal growth is driven by transient expansion of cartilage in the growth plate. The common belief is that energy production in this hypoxic tissue mainly relies on anaerobic glycolysis and not on mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) activity. However, children with mitochondrial diseases causing RC dysfunction often present with short stature, which indicates that RC activity may be essential for cartilage-mediated skeletal growth. To elucidate the role of the mitochondrial RC in cartilage growth and pathology, we generated mice with impaired RC function in cartilage. These mice develop normally until birth, but their later growth is retarded. A detailed molecular analysis revealed that metabolic signaling and extracellular matrix formation is disturbed and induces cell death at the cartilage–bone junction to cause a chondrodysplasia-like phenotype. Hence, the results demonstrate the overall importance of the metabolic switch from fetal glycolysis to postnatal RC activation in growth plate cartilage and explain why RC dysfunction can cause short stature in children with mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Holzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Probst
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Etich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Auler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronika S Georgieva
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Bluhm
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Frie
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian Nüchel
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Plomann
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens M Seeger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier R Baris
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Kunitomi Y, Hara ES, Okada M, Nagaoka N, Kuboki T, Nakano T, Kamioka H, Matsumoto T. Biomimetic mineralization using matrix vesicle nanofragments. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1021-1030. [PMID: 30675987 PMCID: PMC6594056 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro synthesis of bone tissue has been paid attention in recent years; however, current methods to fabricate bone tissue are still ineffective due to some remaining gaps in the understanding of real in vivo bone formation process, and application of the knowledge in bone synthesis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were first, to perform a systematic and ultrastructural investigation of the initial mineral formation during intramembranous ossification of mouse calvaria from a material scientists' viewpoint, and to develop novel mineralization methods based on the in vivo findings. First, the very initial mineral deposition was found to occur at embryonic day E14.0 in mouse calvaria. Analysis of the initial bone formation process showed that it involved the following distinct steps: collagen secretion, matrix vesicle (MV) release, MV mineralization, MV rupture, and collagen fiber mineralization. Next, we performed in vitro mineralization experiments using MVs and hydrogel scaffolds. Intact MVs embedded in collagen gel did not mineralize, whereas, interestingly, MV nanofragments obtained by ultrasonication could promote rapid mineralization. These results indicate that mechanically ruptured MV membrane can be a promising material for in vitro bone tissue synthesis. © 2019 The Authors. journal Of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Published By Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1021-1030, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kunitomi
- Department of BiomaterialsOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
- Department of OrthodonticsOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of BiomaterialsOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of BiomaterialsOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial SciencesOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative MedicineOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing ScienceGraduate School of Engineering, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of OrthodonticsOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of BiomaterialsOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
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10
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Shimada A, Ideno H, Arai Y, Komatsu K, Wada S, Yamashita T, Amizuka N, Pöschl E, Brachvogel B, Nakamura Y, Nakashima K, Mizukami H, Ezura Y, Nifuji A. Annexin A5 Involvement in Bone Overgrowth at the Enthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1532-1543. [PMID: 29694681 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of enthesis formation in mature animals. Here, we report that annexin A5 (Anxa5) plays a critical role in the regulation of bone ridge outgrowth at the entheses. We found that Anxa5 is highly expressed in the entheses of postnatal and adult mice. In Anxa5-deficient (Anxa5-/- ) mice, the sizes of bone ridge outgrowths at the entheses of the tibias and femur were increased after age 7 weeks. Bone overgrowth was not observed at the fibrous enthesis where the fibrocartilage layer does not exist. More ALP-expressing cells were observed in the fibrocartilage layer in Anxa5-/- mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. Calcein and Alizarin Red double labeling revealed more mineralized areas in Anxa5-/- mice than WT mice. To examine the effects of mechanical forces, we performed tenotomy in which transmission of contractile forces by the tibial muscle was impaired by surgical muscle release. In tenotomized mice, bone overgrowth at the enthesis in Anxa5-/- mice was decreased to a level comparable to that in WT mice at 8 weeks after the operation. The tail-suspended mice also showed a decrease in bone overgrowth to similar levels in Anxa5-/- and WT mice at 8 weeks after hindlimb unloading. These results suggest that bone overgrowth at the enthesis requires mechanical forces. We further examined effects of Anxa5 gene knockdown (KD) in primary cultures of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and tenocytes in vitro. Anxa5 KD increased ALP expression in tenocytes and chondrocytes but not in osteoblasts, suggesting that increased ALP activity in the fibrocartilaginous tissue in Anxa5-/- mice is directly caused by Anxa5 deletion in tenocytes or fibrocartilage cells. These data indicate that Anxa5 prevents bone overgrowth at the enthesis, whose formation is mediated through mechanical forces and modulating expression of mineralization regulators. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Shimada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ideno
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Arai
- Nihon University, School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yamashita
- Division of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ernst Pöschl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nifuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Bottini M, Mebarek S, Anderson KL, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bozycki L, Simão AMS, Bolean M, Ciancaglini P, Pikula JB, Pikula S, Magne D, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Millán JL, Buchet R. Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:532-546. [PMID: 29108957 PMCID: PMC5801150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix vesicles (MVs) are released from hypertrophic chondrocytes and from mature osteoblasts, the cells responsible for endochondral and membranous ossification. Under pathological conditions, they can also be released from cells of non-skeletal tissues such as vascular smooth muscle cells. MVs are extracellular vesicles of approximately 100-300nm diameter harboring the biochemical machinery needed to induce mineralization. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW The review comprehensively delineates our current knowledge of MV biology and highlights open questions aiming to stimulate further research. The review is constructed as a series of questions addressing issues of MVs ranging from their biogenesis and functions, to biomimetic models. It critically evaluates experimental data including their isolation and characterization methods, like lipidomics, proteomics, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and proteoliposome models mimicking MVs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MVs have a relatively well-defined function as initiators of mineralization. They bind to collagen and their composition reflects the composition of lipid rafts. We call attention to the as yet unclear mechanisms leading to the biogenesis of MVs, and how minerals form and when they are formed. We discuss the prospects of employing upcoming experimental models to deepen our understanding of MV-mediated mineralization and mineralization disorders such as the use of reconstituted lipid vesicles, proteoliposomes and, native sample preparations and high-resolution technologies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MVs have been extensively investigated owing to their roles in skeletal and ectopic mineralization. MVs serve as a model system for lipid raft structures, and for the mechanisms of genesis and release of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bottini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133 Roma, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Karen L Anderson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Maria Sper Simão
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joanna Bandorowicz Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Magne
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rene Buchet
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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12
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Verma SK, Leikina E, Melikov K, Gebert C, Kram V, Young MF, Uygur B, Chernomordik LV. Cell-surface phosphatidylserine regulates osteoclast precursor fusion. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:254-270. [PMID: 29101233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-resorbing multinucleated osteoclasts that play a central role in the maintenance and repair of our bones are formed from bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells by a complex differentiation process that culminates in fusion of mononuclear osteoclast precursors. In this study, we uncoupled the cell fusion step from both pre-fusion stages of osteoclastogenic differentiation and the post-fusion expansion of the nascent fusion connections. We accumulated ready-to-fuse cells in the presence of the fusion inhibitor lysophosphatidylcholine and then removed the inhibitor to study synchronized cell fusion. We found that osteoclast fusion required the dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP)-dependent non-apoptotic exposure of phosphatidylserine at the surface of fusion-committed cells. Fusion also depended on extracellular annexins, phosphatidylserine-binding proteins, which, along with annexin-binding protein S100A4, regulated fusogenic activity of syncytin 1. Thus, in contrast to fusion processes mediated by a single protein, such as epithelial cell fusion in Caenorhabditis elegans, the cell fusion step in osteoclastogenesis is controlled by phosphatidylserine-regulated activity of several proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Verma
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Evgenia Leikina
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kamran Melikov
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Claudia Gebert
- Genomic Imprinting, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Vardit Kram
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marian F Young
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Berna Uygur
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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13
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Bluhm B, Ehlen HWA, Holzer T, Georgieva VS, Heilig J, Pitzler L, Etich J, Bortecen T, Frie C, Probst K, Niehoff A, Belluoccio D, Van den Bergen J, Brachvogel B. miR-322 stabilizes MEK1 expression to inhibit RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activation in cartilage. Development 2017; 144:3562-3577. [PMID: 28851708 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage originates from mesenchymal cell condensations that differentiate into chondrocytes of transient growth plate cartilage or permanent cartilage of the articular joint surface and trachea. MicroRNAs fine-tune the activation of entire signaling networks and thereby modulate complex cellular responses, but so far only limited data are available on miRNAs that regulate cartilage development. Here, we characterize a miRNA that promotes the biosynthesis of a key component in the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in cartilage. Specifically, by transcriptome profiling we identified miR-322 to be upregulated during chondrocyte differentiation. Among the various miR-322 target genes in the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, only Mek1 was identified as a regulated target in chondrocytes. Surprisingly, an increased concentration of miR-322 stabilizes Mek1 mRNA to raise protein levels and dampen ERK1/2 phosphorylation, while cartilage-specific inactivation of miR322 in mice linked the loss of miR-322 to decreased MEK1 levels and to increased RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activation. Such mice died perinatally due to tracheal growth restriction and respiratory failure. Hence, a single miRNA can stimulate the production of an inhibitory component of a central signaling pathway to impair cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bluhm
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Harald W A Ehlen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Tatjana Holzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Veronika S Georgieva
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Lena Pitzler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Julia Etich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Toman Bortecen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Christian Frie
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Kristina Probst
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Daniele Belluoccio
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Van den Bergen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany .,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
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14
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Ha SH, Kim HK, Anh NTT, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Time-dependent proteomic and genomic alterations in Toll-like receptor-4-activated human chondrocytes: increased expression of lamin A/C and annexins. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:531-546. [PMID: 28883757 PMCID: PMC5587603 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.5.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) in articular chondrocytes increases the catabolic compartment and leads to matrix degradation during the development of osteoarthritis. In this study, we determined the proteomic and genomic alterations in human chondrocytes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and consequences of TLR-4 activation. Human chondrocytes were cultured with LPS for 12, 24, and 36 h to induce TLR-4 activation. The TLR-4-induced inflammatory response was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis of increased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression levels. In TLR-4-activated chondrocytes, proteomic changes were determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectroscopy analysis, and genomic changes were determined by microarray and gene ontology analyses. Proteomics analysis identified 26 proteins with significantly altered expression levels; these proteins were related to the cytoskeleton and oxidative stress responses. Gene ontology analysis indicated that LPS treatment altered specific functional pathways including ‘chemotaxis’, ‘hematopoietic organ development’, ‘positive regulation of cell proliferation’, and ‘regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process’. Nine of the 26 identified proteins displayed the same increased expression patterns in both proteomics and genomics analyses. Western blot analysis confirmed the LPS-induced increases in expression levels of lamin A/C and annexins 4/5/6. In conclusion, this study identified the time-dependent genomic, proteomic, and functional pathway alterations that occur in chondrocytes during LPS-induced TLR-4 activation. These results provide valuable new insights into the underlying mechanisms that control the development and progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Ha
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea.,Department of Health Technology Development, Health Project Management Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Tuyet Anh
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
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15
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Grewal T, Wason SJ, Enrich C, Rentero C. Annexins - insights from knockout mice. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1031-53. [PMID: 27318360 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Annexins are a highly conserved protein family that bind to phospholipids in a calcium (Ca2+) - dependent manner. Studies with purified annexins, as well as overexpression and knockdown approaches identified multiple functions predominantly linked to their dynamic and reversible membrane binding behavior. However, most annexins are found at multiple locations and interact with numerous proteins. Furthermore, similar membrane binding characteristics, overlapping localizations and shared interaction partners have complicated identification of their precise functions. To gain insight into annexin function in vivo, mouse models deficient of annexin A1 (AnxA1), A2, A4, A5, A6 and A7 have been generated. Interestingly, with the exception of one study, all mice strains lacking one or even two annexins are viable and develop normally. This suggested redundancy within annexins, but examining these knockout (KO) strains under stress conditions revealed striking phenotypes, identifying underlying mechanisms specific for individual annexins, often supporting Ca2+ homeostasis and membrane transport as central for annexin biology. Conversely, mice lacking AnxA1 or A2 show extracellular functions relevant in health and disease that appear independent of membrane trafficking or Ca2+ signaling. This review will summarize the mechanistic insights gained from studies utilizing mouse models lacking members of the annexin family.
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16
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Nagaraj S, Finzel S, Stok KS, Barnabe C. High-resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Imaging in the Assessment of Periarticular Bone of Metacarpophalangeal and Wrist Joints. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:1921-1934. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To synthesize descriptions of periarticular findings at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and wrist joints in different types of arthritis and in the normal state imaged by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT); to assemble the literature reporting on the ability of HR-pQCT to detect findings relative to other imaging modalities; and to collate results on the reproducibility of image interpretation.Methods.A systematic literature review was performed using terms for HR-pQCT and MCP or wrist joints using medical literature databases and conference abstracts. Any study describing predefined pathology findings, comparison to another radiographic technique, or a measure of reproducibility was included with no limitation by disease state.Results.We identified 44 studies meeting inclusion criteria from the 1901 articles identified by our search. All 44 reported on pathology findings, including erosions (n = 31), bone microarchitecture (n = 10) and bone mineral density (n = 10) variables, joint space evaluation (n = 7), or osteophyte characterization (n = 7). Seventeen of the studies compared HR-pQCT findings to either plain radiography (n = 9), ultrasound (n = 4), magnetic resonance imaging (n = 5), or microcomputed tomography (n = 2), with HR-pQCT having high sensitivity for erosion detection. Twenty-four studies included an assessment of reproducibility with good to excellent metrics, and highlighting the critical importance of positioning when assessing joint space variables.Conclusion.Despite high sensitivity for erosion detection and good reproducibility, more research is required to determine where HR-pQCT can be applied to enhance our understanding of periarticular bone changes in a variety of arthritis conditions.
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17
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Krohn JB, Hutcheson JD, Martínez-Martínez E, Aikawa E. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular calcification: expanding current paradigms. J Physiol 2016; 594:2895-903. [PMID: 26824781 PMCID: PMC4887674 DOI: 10.1113/jp271338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a major contributor to the progression of cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries. New evidence on the mechanisms of mineralization identified calcification-competent extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells and macrophages as the mediators of calcification in diseased heart valves and atherosclerotic plaques. However, the regulation of EV release and the mechanisms of interaction between EVs and the extracellular matrix leading to the formation of destabilizing microcalcifications remain unclear. This review focuses on current limits in our understanding of EVs in cardiovascular disease and opens up new perspectives on calcific EV biogenesis, release and functions within and beyond vascular calcification. We propose that, unlike bone-derived matrix vesicles, a large population of EVs implicated in cardiovascular calcification are of exosomal origin. Moreover, the milieu-dependent loading of EVs with microRNA and calcification inhibitors fetuin-A and matrix Gla protein suggests a novel role for EVs in intercellular communication, adding a new mechanism to the pathogenesis of vascular mineralization. Similarly, the cell type-dependent enrichment of annexins 2, 5 or 6 in calcifying EVs posits one of several emerging factors implicated in the regulation of EV release and calcifying potential. This review aims to emphasize the role of EVs as essential mediators of calcification, a major determinant of cardiovascular mortality. Based on recent findings, we pinpoint potential targets for novel therapies to slow down the progression and promote the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona B Krohn
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Song X, Hu D, Zhong X, Wang N, Gu X, Wang T, Peng X, Yang G. Characterization of a Secretory Annexin in Echinococcus granulosus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:626-33. [PMID: 26787154 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a widespread parasitic zoonosis causing economic loss and public health problems. Annexins are important proteins usually present in the plasma membrane, but previous studies have shown that an annexin B33 protein of E. granulosus (Eg-ANX) could be detected in the excretory/secretory products and cyst fluid. In this study, we cloned and characterized Eg-ANX. In silico analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of Eg-ANX was conserved and lacked any signal peptides. The phospholipid-binding activity of recombinant Eg-ANX (rEg-ANX) was tested; liposomes could bind to rEg-ANX only in the presence of Ca(2+). In addition, we performed western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses to further validate the secretory properties of Eg-ANX. The protein could be detected in the cyst fluid of E. granulosus and was also present in the intermediate host tissues, which suggested that Eg-ANX might play an important role in parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Etich J, Holzer T, Pitzler L, Bluhm B, Brachvogel B. MiR-26a modulates extracellular matrix homeostasis in cartilage. Matrix Biol 2015; 43:27-34. [PMID: 25766405 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may represent new therapeutic targets for bone and joint diseases. We hypothesized that several cartilage-specific proteins are targeted by a single miRNA and used bioinformatics to identify a miRNA that can modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis in cartilage. Bioinformatic analysis of miRNA binding sequences in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target genes was performed to identify a miRNA that could bind to the 3'-UTR of cartilage matrix-related genes. MiRNA expression was studied by quantitative PCR of microdissected growth plate cartilage and binding to the 3'-UTR sequences was analyzed by luciferase interaction studies. Levels of proteins encoded by target genes in cultures of miR-26a mimic- or inhibitor-transfected chondrocytes were determined by FACS or immunoblot analysis. The complementary binding sequence of miR-26a and miR-26b was found in the 3'-UTR of the prehypertrophic/hypertrophic-specific genes Cd200, Col10a1 as well as Col9a1 and Ctgf. Both miRNAs were expressed in cartilage and only miR-26a was downregulated in hypertrophic growth plate cartilage. MiR-26a could interact with the 3'-UTR of Cd200 and Col10a1 in luciferase binding studies, but not with Col9a1 and Ctgf. However, protein expression of target genes and the ECM adaptor genes matrilin-3 and COMP was significantly altered in miR-26a mimic- or inhibitor-transfected chondrocytes, whereas the abundance of the cell surface receptor for insulin was not changed. In conclusion, miR-26a suppresses hypertrophic and ECM adaptor protein production. Dysregulation of miR-26a expression could contribute to ECM changes in cartilage diseases and this miRNA may therefore act as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Etich
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatjana Holzer
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Pitzler
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Bluhm
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Genetos DC, Wong A, Weber TJ, Karin NJ, Yellowley CE. Impaired osteoblast differentiation in annexin A2- and -A5-deficient cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107482. [PMID: 25222280 PMCID: PMC4164658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a class of calcium-binding proteins with diverse functions in the regulation of lipid rafts, inflammation, fibrinolysis, transcriptional programming and ion transport. Within bone, they are well-characterized as components of mineralizing matrix vesicles, although little else is known as to their function during osteogenesis. We employed shRNA to generate annexin A2 (AnxA2)- or annexin A5 (AnxA5)-knockdown pre-osteoblasts, and determined whether proliferation or osteogenic differentiation was altered in knockdown cells, compared to pSiren (Si) controls. We report that DNA content, a marker of proliferation, was significantly reduced in both AnxA2 and AnxA5 knockdown cells. Alkaline phosphatase expression and activity were also suppressed in AnxA2- or AnxA5-knockdown after 14 days of culture. The pattern of osteogenic gene expression was altered in knockdown cells, with Col1a1 expressed more rapidly in knock-down cells, compared to pSiren. In contrast, Runx2, Ibsp, and Bglap all revealed decreased expression after 14 days of culture. In both AnxA2- and AnxA5-knockdown, interleukin-induced STAT6 signaling was markedly attenuated compared to pSiren controls. These data suggest that AnxA2 and AnxA5 can influence bone formation via regulation of osteoprogenitor proliferation, differentiation, and responsiveness to cytokines in addition to their well-studied function in matrix vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Alice Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Weber
- Systems Toxicology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Karin
- Systems Toxicology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Clare E. Yellowley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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He L, Ren M, Chen X, Wang X, Li S, Lin J, Liang C, Liang P, Hu Y, Lei H, Bian M, Huang Y, Wu Z, Li X, Yu X. Biochemical and immunological characterization of annexin B30 from Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2743-55. [PMID: 24861011 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis has been classified as group I biological carcinogen for cholangiocarcinoma by the World Health Organization. Biological studies on excretory/secretory products (ESPs) enabled us to understand the pathogenesis mechanism of C. sinensis and develop new strategies for the prevention of clonorchiasis. In this study, sequence analysis showed that annexin B30 from C. sinensis (CsANXB30) is composed of four annexin repeats which were characterized by type II and III Ca(2+)-binding sites or KGD motif with the capability of Ca(2+)-binding. In addition, immunoblot assay revealed that recombinant CsANXB30 (rCsANXB30) could be recognized by the sera from rats infected with C. sinensis and the sera from rats immunized by CsESPs. Real-time PCR showed that its transcriptional level was the highest at the stage of metacercaria. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to confirm that CsANXB30 was distributed in the tegument, intestine, and egg of adult worms, as well as the tegument and vitellarium of metacercaria. rCsANXB30 was able to bind phospholipid in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and human plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cytokine and antibody measurements indicated that rats subcutaneously immunized with rCsANXB30 developed a strong IL-10 production in spleen cells and a high level of IgG1 isotype, indicating that rCsANXB30 could trigger specific humoral and cellular immune response in rats. The present results implied that CsANXB30 might be involved in a host-parasite interaction and affected the immune response of the host during C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China,
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22
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Cox RF, Morgan MP. Microcalcifications in breast cancer: Lessons from physiological mineralization. Bone 2013; 53:437-50. [PMID: 23334083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mammographic mammary microcalcifications are routinely used for the early detection of breast cancer, however the mechanisms by which they form remain unclear. Two species of mammary microcalcifications have been identified; calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite. Calcium oxalate is mostly associated with benign lesions of the breast, whereas hydroxyapatite is associated with both benign and malignant tumors. The way in which hydroxyapatite forms within mammary tissue remains largely unexplored, however lessons can be learned from the process of physiological mineralization. Normal physiological mineralization by osteoblasts results in hydroxyapatite deposition in bone. This review brings together existing knowledge from the field of physiological mineralization and juxtaposes it with our current understanding of the genesis of mammary microcalcifications. As an increasing number of breast cancers are being detected in their non-palpable stage through mammographic microcalcifications, it is important that future studies investigate the underlying mechanisms of their formation in order to fully understand the significance of this unique early marker of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Cox
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Ehlen HWA, Chinenkova M, Moser M, Munter HM, Krause Y, Gross S, Brachvogel B, Wuelling M, Kornak U, Vortkamp A. Inactivation of anoctamin-6/Tmem16f, a regulator of phosphatidylserine scrambling in osteoblasts, leads to decreased mineral deposition in skeletal tissues. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:246-59. [PMID: 22936354 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate skeletal development, osteoblasts produce a mineralized bone matrix by deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the extracellular matrix. Anoctamin6/Tmem16F (Ano6) belongs to a conserved family of transmembrane proteins with chloride channel properties. In addition, Ano6 has been linked to phosphatidylserine (PS) scrambling in the plasma membrane. During skeletogenesis, Ano6 mRNA is expressed in differentiating and mature osteoblasts. Deletion of Ano6 in mice results in reduced skeleton size and skeletal deformities. Molecular analysis revealed that chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation are not disturbed. However, mutant mice display increased regions of nonmineralized, Ibsp-expressing osteoblasts in the periosteum during embryonic development and increased areas of uncalcified osteoid postnatally. In primary Ano6(-/-) osteoblasts, mineralization is delayed, indicating a cell autonomous function of Ano6. Furthermore, we demonstrate that calcium-dependent PS scrambling is impaired in osteoblasts. Our study is the first to our knowledge to reveal the requirement of Ano6 in PS scrambling in osteoblasts, supporting a function of PS exposure in the deposition of hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald W A Ehlen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Leikina E, Melikov K, Sanyal S, Verma SK, Eun B, Gebert C, Pfeifer K, Lizunov VA, Kozlov MM, Chernomordik LV. Extracellular annexins and dynamin are important for sequential steps in myoblast fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 200:109-23. [PMID: 23277424 PMCID: PMC3542790 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201207012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Annexins A1 and A5 are important for initial lipid mixing, whereas subsequent stages of myoblast fusion depend on dynamin, phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate, and cellular metabolism. Myoblast fusion into multinucleated myotubes is a crucial step in skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Here, we accumulated murine myoblasts at the ready-to-fuse stage by blocking formation of early fusion intermediates with lysophosphatidylcholine. Lifting the block allowed us to explore a largely synchronized fusion. We found that initial merger of two cell membranes detected as lipid mixing involved extracellular annexins A1 and A5 acting in a functionally redundant manner. Subsequent stages of myoblast fusion depended on dynamin activity, phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate content, and cell metabolism. Uncoupling fusion from preceding stages of myogenesis will help in the analysis of the interplay between protein machines that initiate and complete cell unification and in the identification of additional protein players controlling different fusion stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Program of Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Biomineralization is a multifactorial and complex process, which results in the deposition of mineral crystals in the extracellular matrix of various tissues. Physiological mineralization is restricted to tissues, such as bones, teeth, and certain areas of cartilage. Pathological or ectopic mineralization can occur in many soft tissues, including articular cartilage, cardiovascular tissues, kidney, ligaments, and tendons, and can lead to serious problems. Therefore, the understanding of factors and mechanisms that regulate the mineralization process is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or inhibit ectopic mineralization. This review will discuss some of the mechanisms and factors that regulate physiological mineralization and their potential roles in ectopic mineralization. Finally, potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ectopic mineralization are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kirsch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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26
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Grskovic I, Kutsch A, Frie C, Groma G, Stermann J, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Niehoff A, Moss SE, Rosenbaum S, Pöschl E, Chmielewski M, Rappl G, Abken H, Bateman JF, Cheah KS, Paulsson M, Brachvogel B. Depletion of annexin A5, annexin A6, and collagen X causes no gross changes in matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization, but lack of collagen X affects hematopoiesis and the Th1/Th2 response. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:2399-412. [PMID: 22692895 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biochemical studies have pointed to an essential role of annexin A5 (AnxA5), annexin A6 (AnxA6), and collagen X in matrix vesicle-mediated biomineralization during endochondral ossification and in osteoarthritis. By binding to the extracellular matrix protein collagen X and matrix vesicles, annexins were proposed to anchor matrix vesicles in the extracellular space of hypertrophic chondrocytes to initiate the calcification of cartilage. However, mineralization appears to be normal in mice lacking AnxA5 and AnxA6, whereas collagen X-deficient mice show only subtle alterations in the growth plate organization. We hypothesized that the simultaneous lack of AnxA5, AnxA6, and collagen X in vivo induces more pronounced changes in the growth plate development and the initiation of mineralization. In this study, we generated and analyzed mice deficient for AnxA5, AnxA6, and collagen X. Surprisingly, mice were viable, fertile, and showed no obvious abnormalities. Assessment of growth plate development indicated that the hypertrophic zone was expanded in Col10a1(-/-) and AnxA5(-/-) AnxA6(-/-) Col10a1(-/-) newborns, whereas endochondral ossification and mineralization were not affected in 13-day- and 1-month-old mutants. In peripheral quantitative computed tomography, no changes in the degree of biomineralization were found in femora of 1-month- and 1-year-old mutants even though the diaphyseal circumference was reduced in Col10a1(-/-) and AnxA5(-/-) AnxA6(-/-) Col10a1(-/-) mice. The percentage of naive immature IgM(+) /IgM(+) B cells and peripheral T-helper cells were increased in Col10a1(-/-) and AnxA5(-/-) AnxA6(-/-) Col10a1(-/-) mutants, and activated splenic T cells isolated from Col10a1(-/-) mice secreted elevated levels of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Hence, collagen X is needed for hematopoiesis during endochondral ossification and for the immune response, but the interaction of annexin A5, annexin A6, and collagen X is not essential for physiological calcification of growth plate cartilage. Therefore, annexins and collagen X may rather fulfill functions in growth plate cartilage not directly linked to the mineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Grskovic
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Minashima T, Small W, Moss SE, Kirsch T. Intracellular modulation of signaling pathways by annexin A6 regulates terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14803-15. [PMID: 22399299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.297861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) is highly expressed in hypertrophic and terminally differentiated growth plate chondrocytes. Rib chondrocytes isolated from newborn AnxA6-/- mice showed delayed terminal differentiation as indicated by reduced terminal differentiation markers, including alkaline phosphatase, matrix metalloproteases-13, osteocalcin, and runx2, and reduced mineralization. Lack of AnxA6 in chondrocytes led to a decreased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and protein kinase C α (PKCα) activity, ultimately resulting in reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities. The 45 C-terminal amino acids of AnxA6 (AnxA6(1-627)) were responsible for the direct binding of AnxA6 to PKCα. Consequently, transfection of AnxA6-/- chondrocytes with full-length AnxA6 rescued the reduced expression of terminal differentiation markers, whereas transfection of AnxA6-/- chondrocytes with AnxA6(1-627) did not or only partially rescued the decreased mRNA levels of terminal differentiation markers. In addition, lack of AnxA6 in matrix vesicles, which initiate the mineralization process in growth plate cartilage, resulted in reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca(2+) and inorganic phosphate (P(i)) content and the inability to form hydroxyapatite-like crystals in vitro. Histological analysis of femoral, tibial, and rib growth plates from newborn mice revealed that the hypertrophic zone of growth plates from newborn AnxA6-/- mice was reduced in size. In addition, reduced mineralization was evident in the hypertrophic zone of AnxA6-/- growth plate cartilage, although apoptosis was not altered compared with wild type growth plates. In conclusion, AnxA6 via its stimulatory actions on PKCα and its role in mediating Ca(2+) flux across membranes regulates terminal differentiation and mineralization events of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Minashima
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Mackie EJ, Tatarczuch L, Mirams M. The skeleton: a multi-functional complex organ: the growth plate chondrocyte and endochondral ossification. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:109-21. [PMID: 21642379 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is the process that results in both the replacement of the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton during organogenesis and the growth of long bones until adult height is achieved. Chondrocytes play a central role in this process, contributing to longitudinal growth through a combination of proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and hypertrophy. Terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes then die, allowing the invasion of a mixture of cells that collectively replace the cartilage tissue with bone tissue. The behaviour of growth plate chondrocytes is tightly regulated at all stages of endochondral ossification by a complex network of interactions between circulating hormones (including GH and thyroid hormone), locally produced growth factors (including Indian hedgehog, WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins and fibroblast growth factors) and the components of the ECM secreted by the chondrocytes (including collagens, proteoglycans, thrombospondins and matrilins). In turn, chondrocytes secrete factors that regulate the behaviour of the invading bone cells, including vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor activator of NFκB ligand. This review discusses how the growth plate chondrocyte contributes to endochondral ossification, with some emphasis on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mackie
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Cmoch A, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Palczewska M, Groves P, Pikula S. Matrix vesicles isolated from mineralization-competent Saos-2 cells are selectively enriched with annexins and S100 proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:683-7. [PMID: 21867690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are cell-derived membranous entities crucial for mineral formation in the extracellular matrix. One of the dominant groups of constitutive proteins present in MVs, recognised as regulators of mineralization in norm and pathology, are annexins. In this report, besides the annexins already described (AnxA2 and AnxA6), we identified AnxA1 and AnxA7, but not AnxA4, to become selectively enriched in MVs of Saos-2 cells upon stimulation for mineralization. Among them, AnxA6 was found to be almost EGTA-non extractable from matrix vesicles. Moreover, our report provides the first evidence of annexin-binding S100 proteins to be present in MVs of mineralizing cells. We observed that S100A10 and S100A6, but not S100A11, were selectively translocated to the MVs of Saos-2 cells upon mineralization. This observation provides the rationale for more detailed studies on the role of annexin-S100 interactions in MV-mediated mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cmoch
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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