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Korpinen N. Differences in vertebral bone density between African apes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24937. [PMID: 38644542 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low-energy vertebral fractures are a common health concern, especially in elderly people. Interestingly, African apes do not seem to experience as many vertebral fractures and the low-energy ones are even rarer. One potential explanation for this difference is the lower bone density in humans. Yet, only limited research has been done on the vertebral bone density of the great apes and these have mainly included only single vertebrae. Hence the study aim is to expand our understanding of the vertebral microstructure of African apes in multiple spinal segments. MATERIALS Bone density in the vertebral body of C7, T12, and L3 was measured from 32 Pan troglodytes and 26 Gorilla gorilla using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). RESULTS There was a clear difference between the three individual vertebrae and consequently the spinal segments in terms of trabecular density and cortical density and thickness. The variation of these bone parameters between the vertebrae differed between the apes but was also different from those reported for humans. The chimpanzees were observed to have overall higher trabecular density, but gorillas had higher cortical density and thickness. Cortical thickness had a relatively strong association with the vertebral size. DISCUSSION Despite the similarity in locomotion and posture, the results show slight differences in the bone parameters and their variation between spinal segments in African apes. This variation also differs from humans and appears to indicate a complex influence of locomotion, posture, and body size on the different spinal segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Korpinen
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Stott B, Driscoll M. Development and evaluation of sex-specific thoracolumbar spine finite element models to study spine biomechanics. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:1191-1199. [PMID: 38157201 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-03003-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders and low back pain (LBP) are common global afflictions, with a higher prevalence observed in females. However, the cause of many LBP cases continues to elude researchers. Current approaches seldom consider differences in male and female spines. Thus, this study aimed to compare the load distribution between male and female spines through finite element modeling. Two finite element models of the spine, one male and one female, were developed, inclusive of sex-specific geometry and material properties. The models consisted of the vertebrae, intervertebral discs (IVD), tendons, surrounding spinal muscles, and thoracolumbar fascia and were subjected to loading conditions simulating flexion and extension. Following extensive validation against published literature, intersegmental rotation, IVD stress, and vertebral body stress were evaluated. The female model demonstrated increased magnitudes for rotation and stresses when compared to the male model. Results suggest that the augmented stresses in the female model indicate an increased load distribution throughout the spine compared to the male model. These findings may corroborate the higher prevalence of LBP in females. This study highlights the importance of using patient- and sex-specific models for patient analyses and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Stott
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St W Qc, H3A 0C3, Macdonald Engineering Building, Office #153, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Research Institute MUHC, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Driscoll
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St W Qc, H3A 0C3, Macdonald Engineering Building, Office #153, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Research Institute MUHC, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Engineering a semi-interpenetrating constructed xylan-based hydrogel with superior compressive strength, resilience, and creep recovery abilities. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Ouyang Y, Zhang R, Chen H, Chen L, Xi W, Li X, Zhang Q, Yan Y. Novel, degradable, and cytoactive bone cements based on magnesium polyphosphate and calcium citrate. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01706g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ideal bone-filling materials should be degradable and efficient for fast bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Lichao Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Xi
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiyi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Yan
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, No. 24, Section 1, South First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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Righi FA, Jenkins S, Lin PT. Nonskeletal injuries related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An autopsy study. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2299-2306. [PMID: 34250595 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current standard technique for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), initially described in the early 1960s, has quickly become the expected response for all persons found without a pulse or respiration. Despite the potentially lifesaving properties of external cardiac massage, the mainstay of resuscitation, it consists of repeated blunt force trauma to the chest, which can lead to extensive traumatic skeletal and nonskeletal injuries. Numerous autopsy-based studies have documented the incidence and patterns of rib and sternal fractures associated with attempted CPR, but there is relatively little data on the incidence and severity of nonskeletal CPR-related injuries. We reviewed reports from 1878 autopsies performed between September 2017 and December 2019 (inclusive), for documentation of CPR-related injuries. Among these cases, there were 93 cases with resuscitation-related nonskeletal injuries. The most common type of injury identified were visceral contusions, documented in 57.0% of cases. These contusions predominantly involved the heart, lungs, neck soft tissue, and surrounding structures. Resuscitation-related lacerations were seen in 17.2% of the cases, most predominantly involving the pericardium, heart, and liver. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that lacerations were more likely to be seen in females and with associated sternal fractures. Additionally, hemothoraces were present in 34.4% of cases and hemopericardium was seen in 8.6% of cases. This study provides additional documentation of the range, severity, and incidence of various types of resuscitation-related visceral injuries to better assist autopsy pathologists in distinguishing these injuries from other antecedent traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Righi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter T Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Southern Minnesota Regional Medical Examiner Office, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kaiser J, Allaire B, Fein PM, Lu D, Adams A, Kiel DP, Jarraya M, Guermazi A, Demissie S, Samelson EJ, Bouxsein ML, Morgan EF. Heterogeneity and Spatial Distribution of Intravertebral Trabecular Bone Mineral Density in the Lumbar Spine Is Associated With Prevalent Vertebral Fracture. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:641-648. [PMID: 31886907 PMCID: PMC7145746 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The spatial heterogeneity in trabecular bone density within the vertebral centrum is associated with vertebral strength and could explain why volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) exhibits low sensitivity in identifying fracture risk. This study evaluated whether the heterogeneity and spatial distribution of trabecular vBMD are associated with prevalent vertebral fracture. We examined the volumetric quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans of the L3 vertebra in 148 participants in the Framingham Heart Study Multidetector CT study. Of these individuals, 37 were identified as cases of prevalent fracture, and 111 were controls, matched on sex and age with three controls per case. vBMD was calculated within 5-mm contiguous cubic regions of the centrum. Two measures of heterogeneity were calculated: (i) interquartile range (IQR); and (ii) quartile coefficient of variation (QCV). Ratios in the spatial distributions of the trabecular vBMD were also calculated: anterior/posterior, central/outer, superior/mid-transverse, and inferior/mid-transverse. Heterogeneity and spatial distributions were compared between cases and controls using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and t tests and tested for association with prevalent fractures with conditional logistic regressions independent of integral vBMD. Prevalent fracture cases had lower mean ± SD integral vBMD (134 ± 38 versus165 ± 42 mg/cm3 , p < .001), higher QCV (0.22 ± 0.13 versus 0.17 ± 0.09, p = .003), and lower anterior/posterior rBMD (0.65 ± 0.13 versus 0.78 ± 0.16, p < .001) than controls. QCV was positively associated with increased odds of prevalent fracture (OR 1.61; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.49; p = .034), but this association was not independent of integral vBMD (p = .598). Increased anterior/posterior trabecular vBMD ratio was associated with decreased odds of prevalent fracture independent of integral vBMD (OR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.71; p = .003). In conclusion, increased trabecular vBMD in the anterior versus posterior centrum, but not trabecular vBMD heterogeneity, was associated with decreased risk of prevalent fracture independent of integral vBMD. Regional measurements of trabecular vBMD could aid in determining the risk and underlying mechanisms of vertebral fracture. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred Kaiser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett Allaire
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Fein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darlene Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Adams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA
| | - Mohamed Jarraya
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth J Samelson
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Nouri F, Ghasemi SH, Lee JY. System reliability analysis of the scoliosis disorder. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:199. [PMID: 32234029 PMCID: PMC7110658 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scoliosis is a spine abnormal deviation, which is an idiopathic disorder among children and adolescents. As a matter of the fact, distribution of loads on the patient's spine and load-carrying capacity of the vertebral column are both random variables. Therefore, the probabilistic approach may consider as a sophisticated method to deal with this problem. METHOD Reliability analysis is a probabilistic-based approach to consider the uncertainties of load and resistance of the vertebral column. The main contribution of this paper is to compare the reliability level of a normal and scoliosis spinal. To do so, the numerical analyses associated with the inherent random parameters of bones and applied load are performed. Then, the reliability indices for all vertebrae and discs are determined. Accordingly, as the main innovation of this paper, the system reliability indices of the spinal column for both normal and damaged backbone systems are represented. RESULTS Based on the required reliability index for normal spinal curvature the target system reliability level for scoliosis disorder is proposed. CONCLUSION Since the proposed target reliability index is based on the strength limit state of the vertebral column, it can be considered as a reliability level for any proposed treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, 14778-93855, Iran
| | - S Hooman Ghasemi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, 14778-93855, Iran. .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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Dirkes RK, Winn NC, Jurrissen TJ, Lubahn DB, Vieira-Potter VJ, Padilla J, Hinton PS. Global estrogen receptor-α knockout has differential effects on cortical and cancellous bone in aged male mice. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-α knockout (ERKO) in female rodents results in bone loss associated with increased osteocyte sclerostin expression; whether this also occurs in males is unknown. Here, we examined the effects of ERKO on femoral cortical geometry, trabecular microarchitecture, and osteocyte sclerostin expression of the femur and lumbar vertebrae. At 14 months of age, male ERKO and wild-type (WT) littermates ( n = 6 per group) were sacrificed, and femora and vertebra were collected. Cortical geometry and trabecular microarchitecture were assessed via micro-computed tomography; osteocyte sclerostin expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry. ANCOVA with body weight was used to compare ERKO and WT for cortical geometry; t-tests were used for all other outcomes. Regardless of skeletal site, ERKO mice had greater trabecular bone volume and trabecular number and decreased trabecular separation compared with WT. In the femoral diaphysis, ERKO had lower total area, cortical area, and cortical thickness compared with WT. The percentage of sclerostin+ osteocytes was increased in ERKO animals in cortical bone but not in cancellous bone of the femur or the lumbar vertebrae. In conclusion, ERKO improved trabecular microarchitecture in aged male mice, but negatively altered femoral cortical geometry associated with a trend towards increased cortical sclerostin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Dirkes
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nathan C. Winn
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Thomas J. Jurrissen
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dennis B. Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Child Health, University of Missouri, 400 N. Keene Street, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Child Health, University of Missouri, 400 N. Keene Street, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Pamela S. Hinton
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Somovilla-Gómez F, Lostado-Lorza R, Corral-Bobadilla M, Escribano-García R. Improvement in determining the risk of damage to the human lumbar functional spinal unit considering age, height, weight and sex using a combination of FEM and RSM. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:351-387. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Lim K, Choi W. Soft tissue stiffness over the hip increases with age and its implication in hip fracture risk in older adults. J Biomech 2019; 93:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Die „Revidierten Dortmunder Richtwerte“. ZENTRALBLATT FÜR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40664-019-0356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhou Y, Deng T, Zhang H, Guan Q, Zhao H, Yu C, Shao S, Zhao M, Xu J. Hypercholesterolaemia increases the risk of high‑turnover osteoporosis in men. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4603-4612. [PMID: 30957178 PMCID: PMC6522796 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of osteoporosis (OP) and hypercholesterolaemia in men has increased, male OP has drawn more attention from clinicians worldwide. The present study sought to investigate the effects of cholesterol on male bone. Between July 2015 and October 2015, 216 men (aged ≥18 years) were recruited for this cross‑sectional study. To test our clinical hypothesis, we designed two male animal models: Exogenous hypercholesterolaemia induced by a high‑cholesterol diet (HCD) and endogenous hypercholesterolaemia induced by apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout. Finally, the direct effects of cholesterol on osteoblasts were observed in cell experiments. In our clinical studies, men with hypercholesterolaemia displayed a lower bone mineral density (BMD) and increased beta collagen cross‑linking (beta‑CTX) and type I anterior collagen amino terminal peptide (PINP) levels compared to those of the control subjects. Serum cholesterol levels were a significant independent predictor of BMD, beta‑CTX and PINP and were negatively correlated with BMD and positively correlated with beta‑CTX and PINP levels. Our animal experimental results validated our clinical results, as they also indicated that hypercholesterolaemia damages bone microstructure and reduces bone strength. Cholesterol directly increased osteoblast functional gene expression in vitro. Hypercholesterolaemia increases the risk of high‑turnover osteoporosis in men at least in part by excessively promoting the activity of the remodelling pathway. In addition, hypercholesterolaemia damages the bone microstructure, resulting in osteopenia or OP and reduced bone strength, leading to a higher risk of fracture in men. We emphasize the importance of preventing and treating hypercholesterolaemia as well as monitoring bone metabolic markers and BMD in men with hypercholesterolemia for the effective prevention of bone loss and subsequent fracture. In addition, our findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of treatments for high cholesterol‑induced osteoporosis in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanman Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laiwu People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Silva MJ, Eekhoff JD, Patel T, Kenney-Hunt JP, Brodt MD, Steger-May K, Scheller EL, Cheverud JM. Effects of High-Fat Diet and Body Mass on Bone Morphology and Mechanical Properties in 1100 Advanced Intercross Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:711-725. [PMID: 30615803 PMCID: PMC6879418 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is generally protective against osteoporosis and bone fracture. However, recent studies indicate that the influence of obesity on the skeleton is complex and can be detrimental. We evaluated the effects of a high-fat, obesogenic diet on the femur and radius of 1100 mice (males and females) from the Large-by-Small advanced intercross line (F34 generation). At age 5 months, bone morphology was assessed by microCT and mechanical properties by three-point bending. Mice raised on a high-fat diet had modestly greater cortical area, bending stiffness, and strength. Size-independent material properties were unaffected by a high-fat diet, indicating that diet influenced bone quantity but not quality. Bone size and mechanical properties were strongly correlated with body mass. However, the increases in many bone traits per unit increase in body mass were less in high-fat diet mice than low-fat diet mice. Thus, although mice raised on a high-fat diet have, on average, bigger and stronger bones than low-fat-fed mice, a high-fat diet diminished the positive relationship between body mass and bone size and whole-bone strength. The findings support the concept that there are diminishing benefits to skeletal health with increasing obesity. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy D Eekhoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tarpit Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane P Kenney-Hunt
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Brodt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karen Steger-May
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James M Cheverud
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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MODARRESS-SADEGHI MAHSA, OURA PETTERI, JUNNO JUHOANTTI, NIEMELÄ MAISA, NIINIMÄKI JAAKKO, JÄMSÄ TIMO, KORPELAINEN RAIJA, KARPPINEN JARO. Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated with Vertebral Size in Midlife. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1606-1612. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kaiser J, Allaire B, Fein PM, Lu D, Jarraya M, Guermazi A, Demissie S, Samelson EJ, Bouxsein ML, Morgan EF. Correspondence between bone mineral density and intervertebral disc degeneration across age and sex. Arch Osteoporos 2018; 13:123. [PMID: 30421154 PMCID: PMC6291246 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-018-0538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of bone tissue within the vertebra can modulate vertebral strength independently of average density and may change with age and disc degeneration. Our results show that the age-associated decrease in bone density is spatially non-uniform and associated with disc health, suggesting a mechanistic interplay between disc and vertebra. PURPOSE While the decline of bone mineral density (BMD) in the aging spine is well established, the extent to which age influences BMD distribution within the vertebra is less clear. Measures of regional BMD (rBMD) may improve predictions of vertebral strength and suggest how vertebrae might adapt with intervertebral disc degeneration. Thus, we aimed to assess how rBMD values were associated with age, sex, and disc height loss (DHL). METHODS We measured rBMD in the L3 vertebra of 377 participants from the Framingham Heart Study (41-83 years, 181 M/196 F). Integral (Int.BMD) and trabecular BMD (Tb.BMD) were measured from QCT images. rBMD ratios (anterior/posterior, superior/mid-transverse, inferior/mid-transverse, and central/outer) were calculated from the centrum. A radiologist assigned a DHL severity score to adjacent intervertebral discs (L2-L3 and L3-L4). RESULTS Int.BMD and Tb.BMD were both associated with age, though the decrease across age was greater in women (Int.BMD, - 2.6 mg/cm3 per year; Tb.BMD, - 2.6 mg/cm3 per year) than men (Int.BMD, - 0.5 mg/cm3 per year; Tb.BMD, - 1.2 mg/cm3 per year). The central/outer (- 0.027/decade) and superior/mid-transverse (- 0.018/decade) rBMD ratios were negatively associated with age, with similar trends in men and women. Higher Int.BMD or Tb.BMD was associated with increased odds of DHL after adjusting for age and sex. Low central/outer ratio and high anterior/poster and superior/mid-transverse ratios were also associated with increased odds of DHL. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the distribution of bone within the L3 vertebra is different across age, but not between sexes, and is associated with disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred Kaiser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Brett Allaire
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Fein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Darlene Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohamed Jarraya
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mercy Catholic Medical Center, Darby, PA, USA
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth J Samelson
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Dept of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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17
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Daghighi A, Tropp H, Dahlström N, Klarbring A. F.E.M. Stress-Investigation of Scolios Apex. Open Biomed Eng J 2018; 12:51-71. [PMID: 30258499 PMCID: PMC6128020 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701812010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In scoliosis, kypholordos and wedge properties of the vertebrae should be involved in determining how stress is distributed in the vertebral column. The impact is logically expected to be maximal at the apex. AIM To introduce an algorithm for constructing artificial geometric models of the vertebral column from DICOM stacks, with the ultimate aim to obtain a formalized way to create simplistic models, which enhance and focus on wedge properties and relative tilting. MATERIAL/METHODS Our procedure requires parameter extraction from DICOM image-stacks (with PACS,IDS-7), mechanical FEM-modelling (with Matlab and Comsol). As a test implementation, models were constructed for five patients with thoracal idiopathic scoliosis with varying apex rotation. For a selection of load states, we calculated a response variable which is based upon distortion energy. RESULTS For the test implementation, pairwise t-tests show that our response variable is non-trivial and that it is chiefly sensitive to the transversal stresses (transversal stresses where of main interest to us, as opposed to the case of additional shear stresses, due to the lack of explicit surrounding tissue and ligaments in our model). Also, a pairwise t-test did not show a difference (n = 25, p-value≈0.084) between the cases of isotropic and orthotropic material modeling. CONCLUSION A step-by-step description is given for a procedure of constructing artificial geometric models from chest CT DICOM-stacks, such that the models are appropriate for semi-global stress-analysis, where the focus is on the wedge properties and relative tilting. The method is inappropriate for analyses where the local roughness and irregularities of surfaces are wanted features. A test application hints that one particular load state possibly has a high correlation to a certain response variable (based upon distortion energy distribution on a surface of the apex), however, the number of patients is too small to draw any statistical conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Daghighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - H. Tropp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine & Division of Surgery Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - N. Dahlström
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - A. Klarbring
- Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Solid Mechanics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Vertebral Compression Fractures in Elderly: How to Recognize and Report. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-018-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Effects of reproduction on sexual dimorphisms in rat bone mechanics. J Biomech 2018; 77:40-47. [PMID: 29961584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis most commonly affects postmenopausal women. Although men are also affected, women over 65 are 6 times more likely to develop osteoporosis than men of the same age. This is largely due to accelerated bone remodeling after menopause; however, the peak bone mass attained during young adulthood also plays an important role in osteoporosis risk. Multiple studies have demonstrated sexual dimorphisms in peak bone mass, and additionally, the female skeleton is significantly altered during pregnancy/lactation. Although clinical studies suggest that a reproductive history does not increase the risk of developing postmenopausal osteoporosis, reproduction has been shown to induce long-lasting alterations in maternal bone structure and mechanics, and the effects of pregnancy and lactation on maternal peak bone quality are not well understood. This study compared the structural and mechanical properties of male, virgin female, and post-reproductive female rat bone at multiple skeletal sites and at three different ages. We found that virgin females had a larger quantity of trabecular bone with greater trabecular number and more plate-like morphology, and, relative to their body weight, had a greater cortical bone size and greater bone strength than males. Post-reproductive females had altered trabecular microarchitecture relative to virgins, which was highly similar to that of male rats, and showed similar cortical bone size and bone mechanics to virgin females. This suggests that, to compensate for future reproductive bone losses, females may start off with more trabecular bone than is mechanically necessary, which may explain the paradox that reproduction induces long-lasting changes in maternal bone without increasing postmenopausal fracture risk.
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20
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Choi W, Robinovitch S. Effect of pelvis impact angle on stresses at the femoral neck during falls. J Biomech 2018; 74:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Jäger M. Extended compilation of autopsy-material measurements on lumbar ultimate compressive strength for deriving reference values in ergonomic work design: The Revised Dortmund Recommendations. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:362-385. [PMID: 29805345 PMCID: PMC5962898 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Measures of human physical capacity are required in ergonomic work design. To avoid biomechanical low-back overload, criteria are needed to differentiate load and overload. With respect to the evaluation of manual materials handling and similar physical exposures regarding potential overload, the compression component of the forces transferred via lumbar discs or vertebrae are compared with the ultimate compressive strength of lumbar-spine segments in a common biomechanical approach. As mechanical load-bearing capacity cannot be quantified directly in vivo, forces are applied to dissected spinal elements up to failure, which is interpreted as a measure of ultimate strength or tolerance to compression. Corresponding autopsy-material measurements were collected from literature and examined regarding several conditions: At the very minimum, a specimen consists of a complete vertebra or a disc including the adjacent endplates; failure is identified definitely as lumbar; compressive-force application is quasi-static; results are given as single values etc. This study continues previous collations, the latest is dated on 2001 including 25 usable out of 47 investigations totally. Currently, 66 newly discovered seemingly appropriate studies were collected via a systematic literature search, 11 of them were added for subsequent analysis. Nearly 4,000 values were compiled, 1,192 remained for analysis. Human lumbar ultimate compressive strength varies between 0.6 and 15.6 kN, mean and standard deviation are 4.84 ± 2.50 kN. For data originating from donors of specified gender and aged 20 years or more, the distributions are characterised by 6.09 ± 2.69 kN for male adults (n=305) and 3.95 ± 1.79 kN for female adults (n=205). According to a linear regression model for donors aged 20 years or more, strength significantly decreases with age: 10.43 kN minus 0.923 kN per 10 years of age for males and 7.65 kN minus 0.685 kN per decade for females. Based on these gendered age relations, the "Revised Dortmund Recommendations" were derived ranging between 5.4 kN for males aged 20 years and 2.2 kN for males of 60 years or more. The corresponding recommended limits for females amount to 4.1 and 1.8 kN, respectively. A specific safety margin was implemented for young adults up to 25 years of age as skeletal strength may not be fully developed. Due to the compression-related and biomechanical nature of this approach, other influences like shear or torsion as well as psychological or psychosocial risk factors remain unconsidered despite their undoubted importance for initiating complaints, disorders and diseases at the low-back region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jäger
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Leschinger T, Engel K, Brüggemann GP, Dederer V, Neiss WF, Scheyerer MJ, Müller LP, Wegmann K. Glass -polyalkenoate cement: An alternative material for kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures - An ex vivo study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:46-51. [PMID: 29677554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adjacent vertebral body fracture is described as a risk after vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. It may be true that this phenomenon is caused precisely because of the frequently used polymethylmethacrylate cement (PMMA), which shows a higher level of stiffness than bone material and may ultimately lead to shifting stress levels within the entire spine. The goal of the present study was to evaluate and compare the pressure distribution in the endplate of human vertebrae after kyphoplasty with PMMA and aluminum-free glass-polyalkenoate cement (gpc). For the present study, 8 fresh frozen human cadaveric vertebral bodies from the thoracolumbar junction were used. All vertebrae were augmented transpedicularly on one side with gpc and on the other side with PMMA. A loading of 600 N, 800 N and 1000 N was applied. In the data processing an individual region of interest (roi) was generated for each vertebra. The following parameters were determined for each roi: maximum force [N], maximum pressure [kPa], mean pressure [kPa], roi area [cm2]. We found significantly higher mean pressure values in the areas of the vertebrae augmented with PMMA, compared to the ones after augmentation with gpc (p = 0.012) when applying 1000 N. In the groups with lower forces there were no statistical relevant differences. The pressure distribution shows an advantage for gpc. A material, which does not create load concentration onto the cranial and caudal vertebral surface, could have major advantages concerning the risk of adjacent vertebral fractures. Thus the results of the 1000 N loading protocol suggest gpc being a possible alternative to ordinary PMMA cement, regarding its influence on stiffness in kyphoplasty. These and other general aspects like incorporation should be addressed and elaborated more detailed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leschinger
- Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karsten Engel
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gert Peter Brüggemann
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktoria Dederer
- Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Max Joseph Scheyerer
- Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Peter Müller
- Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kilian Wegmann
- Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Yoganandan N, Moore J, Pintar FA, Banerjee A, DeVogel N, Zhang J. Role of disc area and trabecular bone density on lumbar spinal column fracture risk curves under vertical impact. J Biomech 2018; 72:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Vegger JB, Brüel A, Brent MB, Thomsen JS. Disuse osteopenia induced by botulinum toxin is similar in skeletally mature young and aged female C57BL/6J mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:170-179. [PMID: 28365811 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteopenia and osteoporosis predominately occur in the fully grown skeleton. However, it is unknown whether disuse osteopenia in skeletally mature, but growing, mice resembles that of fully grown mice. Twenty-four 16-week-old (young) and eighteen 44-week-old (aged) female C57BL/6J mice were investigated. Twelve young and nine aged mice were injected with botulinum toxin in one hind limb; the remaining mice served as controls. The mice were euthanized after 3 weeks of disuse. The femora were scanned by micro-computed tomography (µCT) and bone strength was determined by mechanically testing the femoral mid-diaphysis and neck. At the distal femoral metaphysis, the loss of trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) differed between the young and aged mice. However, at the distal femoral epiphysis, no age-dependent differences were observed. Thinning of the trabeculae was not affected by the age of the mice at either the distal femoral metaphysis or the epiphysis. Furthermore, the aged mice lost more bone strength at the femoral mid-diaphysis, but not at the femoral neck, compared to the young mice. In general, the bone loss induced by botulinum toxin did not differ substantially between young and aged mice. Therefore, the loss of bone in young mice resembles that of aged mice, even though they are not fully grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bay Vegger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Skovhus Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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25
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McDaniels-Davidson CR, Kritz-Silverstein D, Huang MH, Laughlin GA, Johnson S, Haapalahti J, Schneider DL, Barrett-Connor E, Kado DM. The association between bone turnover markers and kyphosis in community-dwelling older adults. Bone Rep 2016; 5:57-61. [PMID: 27868084 PMCID: PMC4926834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperkyphosis, accentuated curvature of the thoracic spine, is often attributed to osteoporosis, yet its underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. Bone turnover markers (BTM) reflect the dynamic process of bone formation and resorption. This study examined the association between serum BTM levels and kyphosis in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Between 2003 and 2006, 760 men and women in the Rancho Bernardo Study age 60 and older had blood drawn and kyphosis measured. Fasting serum was assayed for N-telopeptide (NTX) and procollagen type 1 n-terminal propeptide (P1NP), markers of bone resorption and formation, respectively. Participants requiring two or more 1.7 cm blocks under their head to achieve a neutral supine position were classified as having accentuated kyphosis. Analyses were stratified by sex and use of estrogen therapy (ET). Odds of accentuated kyphosis were calculated for each standard deviation increase in log-transformed BTM. RESULTS Mean age was 75 years. Overall, 51% of 341 non-ET using women, 41% of 111 ET-using women, and 75% of 308 men had accentuated kyphosis. In adjusted models, higher P1NP and NTX were associated with decreased odds of accentuated kyphosis in non-ET using women (P1NP: OR = 0.78 [95% CI, 0.58-0.92]; NTX: OR = 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.86]), but not in men or ET-using women (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The selective association of higher bone turnover with reduced odds of accentuated kyphosis in non-ET using women suggests that elevated BTM were associated with a lower likelihood of hyperkyphosis only in the low estrogen/high BTM environment characteristic of postmenopausal women who are not using ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne R. McDaniels-Davidson
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0725, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Donna Kritz-Silverstein
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mei-Hua Huang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gail A. Laughlin
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Deborah M. Kado
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
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Bach-Gansmo FL, Brüel A, Jensen MV, Ebbesen EN, Birkedal H, Thomsen JS. Osteocyte lacunar properties and cortical microstructure in human iliac crest as a function of age and sex. Bone 2016; 91:11-9. [PMID: 27397700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are suggested to play a central role in bone remodeling. Evaluation of iliac crest biopsies is a standard procedure for evaluating bone conditions in the clinical setting. Despite the widespread use of such biopsies, little is known about the population of osteocytes in the iliac crest from normal individuals. Contradicting results have been reported on osteocyte lacunar properties in human bone. Hence, a solid understanding of the osteocyte population in healthy bone and the effect of age and sex is needed as good reference data are lacking. Furthermore, the role of cortical bone in bone quality has recently been suggested to be more important than previously realized. Therefore, the present study assesses osteocyte lacunar properties and cortical microstructure of the iliac crest as a function of age and sex. A total of 88 iliac crest bone samples from healthy individuals (46 women, aged 18.5-96.4years and 42 men, aged 22.6-94.6years) with an even age-distribution were examined using synchrotron radiation μCT and in house μCT, with >5×10(6) osteocyte lacunae measured and analyzed. The study revealed that osteocyte lacunar volumes were unaffected by both age and sex. Osteocyte lacunar density did not differ between women and men, and only showed a significant decrease with age when pooling data from both sexes. Cortical porosity and Haversian canal density increased while cortical thickness decreased with age, with cortical thinning dominating the age-related cortical bone loss. None of the cortical microstructural parameters showed any sex dependency. Only weak links between osteocyte lacunar properties and cortical microstructural properties in iliac crest bone were found. Interestingly, the Haversian canal diameters were significantly but weakly negatively correlated with osteocyte lacunar volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Henrik Birkedal
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Cui R, Zhou L, Li Z, Li Q, Qi Z, Zhang J. Assessment risk of osteoporosis in Chinese people: relationship among body mass index, serum lipid profiles, blood glucose, and bone mineral density. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:887-95. [PMID: 27445467 PMCID: PMC4938238 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship among age, sex, body mass index (BMI), serum lipid profiles, blood glucose (BG), and bone mineral density (BMD), making an assessment of the risk of osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1,035 male and 3,953 female healthy volunteers (aged 41-95 years) were recruited by an open invitation. The basic information, including age, sex, height, weight, waistline, hipline, menstrual cycle, and medical history, were collected by a questionnaire survey and physical examination. Serum lipid profiles, BG, postprandial blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin were obtained after 12 hours fasting. BMD in lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning. RESULTS The age-adjusted BMD in females was significantly lower than in males. With aging, greater differences of BMD distribution exist in elderly females than in males (P<0.001), and the fastigium of bone mass loss was in the age range from 51 to 55 in females and from 61 to 65 years in males. After adjustment for sex, there were significant differences in BMD among BMI-stratified groups in both males and females. The subjects with a BMI of <18.5 had a higher incidence of osteoporosis than BMI ≥18.5 in both sexes. BMD in type 2 diabetes mellitus with a BG of >7.0 mmol/L was lower than in people with BG of ≤7.0 mmol/L (P<0.001). People with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of ≥1.56 mmol/L had a greater prevalence of osteoporosis compared with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤1.55 mmol/L. Logistic regression with odds ratios showed that no association was found among total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, postprandial blood glucose and BMD. CONCLUSION The present study further confirmed that factors such as age, sex, weight, BMI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes are significant predictors of osteoporosis in the Chinese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Cui
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Surgical Research, Duisburg-Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian
| | - Zuohong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian
| | - Zhiming Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian
| | - Junyong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Effects of Leisure-Time Physical Activity on Vertebral Dimensions in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27844. [PMID: 27282350 PMCID: PMC4901287 DOI: 10.1038/srep27844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebral fractures are a common burden amongst elderly and late middle aged people. Vertebral cross-sectional area (CSA) is a major determinant of vertebral strength and thus associated with vertebral fracture risk. Previous studies suggest that physical activity affects vertebral CSA. We aimed to investigate the relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) from adolescence to middle age and vertebral dimensions in adulthood. We utilized the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, of which 1188 subjects had records of LTPA at 14, 31 and 46 years, and had undergone lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the mean age of 47 years. Using MRI data, we measured eight dimensions of the L4 vertebra. Socioeconomic status, smoking habits, height and weight were also recorded at 14, 31 and 46 years. We obtained lifetime LTPA (14-46 years of age) trajectories using latent class analysis, which resulted in three categories (active, moderately active, inactive) in both genders. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the association between LTPA and vertebral CSA with adjustments for vertebral height, BMI, socioeconomic status and smoking. High lifetime LTPA was associated with larger vertebral CSA in women but not men. Further research is needed to investigate the factors behind the observed gender-related differences.
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Abstract
This manuscript will provide an overview of how the age and osteoporosis related changes in mechanical properties of bone affect the stability of osteosynthesis constructs, both from a mechanical as well as from a clinical perspective. The manuscript will also address some of the principles of fracture fixation for osteoporotic fractures and discuss applications of osteoporotic fracture fixation at sites typically affected by fragility fractures, namely the distal radius, the proximal humerus, the femur and the spine. The primary aim of operative treatment in elderly individuals is the avoidance of immobilization of the patient. In selected cases conservative treatment might be required. Generally, choice of treatment should be individualized and based on the evaluation of patient-specific, fracture-specific and surgeon-specific aspects. The orthopaedic surgeon plays an essential role in enabling functional recovery by providing good surgery but a multidisciplinary approach is essential in order to support the patient to regain his/her quality of life after fragility fracture. Overall, the therapy of fractures in osteoporotic bone in the elderly requires a multidisciplinary therapeutic acute care concept including treatment of co-morbidities and correct choice of timing, and technique of the operative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Rüden
- Institute of Biomechanics, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute of Biomechanics, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria.
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Lee SJ, Binkley N, Lubner MG, Bruce RJ, Ziemlewicz TJ, Pickhardt PJ. Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis using the sagittal reconstruction from routine abdominal CT for combined assessment of vertebral fractures and density. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1131-1136. [PMID: 26419470 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Opportunistic osteoporosis screening using abdominal CT scans obtained for other purposes has the potential to increase detection of those at increased risk for fragility fractures. We sought to combine the tasks of density measurement and vertebral fracture assessment on the sagittal view. We confirm that this represents a robust approach and recommend its implementation in clinical practice. INTRODUCTION Opportunistic osteoporosis screening at routine abdominal CT has been proposed by measuring axial (transverse) L1 trabecular attenuation and by sagittal reconstruction for vertebral fracture assessment. We sought to combine this dual evaluation on the sagittal reconstruction alone to improve efficiency. METHODS Routine contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans performed for any indication on 571 consecutive adults age 60 years or older (mean age 70.7 years) were retrospectively analyzed. These were performed at a single center over a 3-month period. L1 trabecular attenuation was measured using an ovoid region-of-interest on both the transverse and sagittal series. The sagittal reconstruction was also analyzed for moderate-to-severe vertebral compression fractures using the Genant visual semi-quantitative method. Likely osteoporosis was defined by a moderate-to-severe fracture and/or sagittal L1 trabecular attenuation of ≤110 Hounsfield units (HU) (previously found to be >90% specific for osteoporosis on our calibrated GE CT scanners at 120 kV(p)). Correlation was made with hip and spine dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Mean absolute difference in L1 trabecular attenuation between transverse and sagittal reconstructions was 6.7 HU (±5.7) or 6.2%. The transverse and sagittal HU measurements were in agreement (i.e., both measurements above or below this threshold) in 94.5% of cases at the 110-HU cutoff. A total of 243 (42.3%) patients had likely osteoporosis by CT criteria, of which only 48 (19.8%) had previous DXA screening. CONCLUSION Assessment of the sagittal view alone at routine abdominal CT for both vertebral fractures and trabecular bone mineral density provides a rapid and effective opportunistic screen for detecting individuals at increased risk for fragility fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792-3252, USA
| | - N Binkley
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Geriatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M G Lubner
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792-3252, USA
| | - R J Bruce
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792-3252, USA
| | - T J Ziemlewicz
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792-3252, USA
| | - P J Pickhardt
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792-3252, USA.
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Oxland TR. Fundamental biomechanics of the spine--What we have learned in the past 25 years and future directions. J Biomech 2015; 49:817-832. [PMID: 26706717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the publication of the 2nd edition of White and Panjabi׳s textbook, Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine in 1990, there has been considerable research on the biomechanics of the spine. The focus of this manuscript will be to review what we have learned in regards to the fundamentals of spine biomechanics. Topics addressed include the whole spine, the functional spinal unit, and the individual components of the spine (e.g. vertebra, intervertebral disc, spinal ligaments). In these broad categories, our understanding in 1990 is reviewed and the important knowledge or understanding gained through the subsequent 25 years of research is highlighted. Areas where our knowledge is lacking helps to identify promising topics for future research. In this manuscript, as in the White and Panjabi textbook, the emphasis is on experimental research using human material, either in vivo or in vitro. The insights gained from mathematical models and animal experimentation are included where other data are not available. This review is intended to celebrate the substantial gains that have been made in the field over these past 25 years and also to identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Oxland
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing age, bone mass decreases and the structure of the cancellous bone in the vertebral body changes. Especially in osteoporotic patients, but also with metastases in the vertebral body, this leads to decreased strength and, thus, to an increased risk of vertebral fractures. It is expected that this problem will increase significantly because of demographic developments. To treat or to prevent such vertebral fractures, different augmentation techniques have been developed. They can mainly be divided into vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty procedures. PURPOSE The goal of this paper is to summarize biomechanical aspects of these augmentations procedures and to present some alternative methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS With vertebroplasty, the loss of bone mass is balanced by injecting bone cement which improves the failure strength of the affected vertebral body. With kyphoplasty, cavities are created and these are filled with bone cement. RESULTS Disadvantages of vertebroplasty are uncontrollable cement extrusion and increased fracture risk in the adjacent vertebral bodies. With balloon kyphoplasty, the adjacent cancellous bone is compacted during dilation and, thus, does not allow good integration with the remaining trabeculae. In addition, this method is associated with an increased risk of fracture in the adjacent vertebrae. To counter these disadvantages, a number of new types of cement and alternative augmentation methods are being developed, with which the vertebral body may be filled or distracted. CONCLUSION The efficacy of these new methods should be tested in appropriate experimental biomechanical studies before they are used in patients.
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Valliant EM, Gagnier D, Dickey BT, Boyd D, Joseph Filiaggi M. Calcium polyphosphate as an additive to zinc-silicate glass ionomer cements. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:61-70. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328215568985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum-free glass ionomer cements (GICs) are under development for orthopedic applications, but are limited by their insufficient handling properties. Here, the addition of calcium polyphosphate (CPP) was investigated as an additive to an experimental zinc-silicate glass ionomer cement. A 50% maximum increase in working time was observed with CPP addition, though this was not clinically significant due to the short working times of the starting zinc-silicate GIC. Surprisingly, CPP also improved the mechanical properties, especially the tensile strength which increased by ∼33% after 30 days in TRIS buffer solution upon CPP addition up to 37.5 wt%. This strengthening may have been due to the formation of ionic crosslinks between the polyphosphate chains and polyacrylic acid. Thus, CPP is a potential additive to future GIC compositions as it has been shown to improve handling and mechanical properties. In addition, CPP may stimulate new bone growth and provide the ability for drug delivery, which are desirable modifications for an orthopedic cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mae Valliant
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David Gagnier
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brett Thomas Dickey
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Daniel Boyd
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Mark Joseph Filiaggi
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Thomsen JS, Jensen MV, Niklassen AS, Ebbesen EN, Brüel A. Age-related changes in vertebral and iliac crest 3D bone microstructure--differences and similarities. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:219-28. [PMID: 25164697 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Age-related changes of vertebra and iliac crest 3D microstructure were investigated, and we showed that they were in general similar. The 95th percentile of vertebral trabecular thickness distribution increased with age for women. Surprisingly, vertebral and iliac crest bone microstructure was only weakly correlated (r = 0.38 to 0.75), despite the overall similar age-related changes. INTRODUCTION The purposes of the study were to determine the age-related changes in iliac and vertebral bone microstructure for women and men over a large age range and to investigate the relationship between the bone microstructure at these skeletal sites. METHODS Matched sets of transiliac crest bone biopsies and lumbar vertebral body (L2) specimens from 41 women (19-96 years) and 39 men (23-95 years) were micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanned, and the 3D microstructure was quantified. RESULTS For both women and men, bone volume per total volume (BV/TV), connectivity density (CD), and trabecular number (Tb.N) decreased significantly, while structure model index (SMI) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) increased significantly with age at either skeletal site. Vertebral trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) was independent of age for both women and men, while iliac Tb.Th decreased significantly with age for men, but not for women. In general, the vertebral and iliac age-related changes were similar. The 95th percentile of the Tb.Th distribution increased significantly with age for women but was independent of age for men at the vertebral body, while it was independent of age for either sex at the iliac crest. The Tb.Th probability density functions at the two skeletal sites became significantly more similar with age for women, but not for men. The microstructural parameters at the iliac crest and the vertebral bodies were only moderately correlated from r = 0.38 for SMI in women to r = 0.75 for Tb.Sp in men. CONCLUSION Age-related changes in vertebral and iliac bone microstructure were in general similar. The iliac and vertebral Tb.Th distributions became more similar with age for women. Despite the overall similar age-related changes in trabecular bone microstructure, the vertebral and iliac bone microstructural measures were only weakly correlated (r = 0.38 to 0.75).
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine-Anatomy, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark,
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Choi WJ, Cripton PA, Robinovitch SN. Effects of hip abductor muscle forces and knee boundary conditions on femoral neck stresses during simulated falls. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:291-301. [PMID: 25027112 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Through experiments that simulated sideways falls with a mechanical hip impact simulator, we demonstrated the protective effect of hip abductor muscle forces in reducing peak stresses at the femoral neck and the corresponding risk for hip fracture. INTRODUCTION Over 90% of hip fractures are due to falls, and an improved understanding the factors that separate injurious and non-injurious falls (via their influence on the peak stress generated at the femoral neck) may lead to improved risk assessment and prevention strategies. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of muscle forces spanning the hip, and knee boundary conditions, on peak forces and estimated stresses at the femoral neck during simulated falls with a mechanical system. METHODS We simulated hip abductor muscle forces and knee boundary conditions with a mechanical hip impact simulator and measured forces and stresses at the femoral neck during sideways falls. RESULTS Peak compressive and tensile stresses, shear force, bending moment, and axial force are each associated with hip abductor muscle forces and knee boundary conditions (p < 0.0005). When muscle force increased from 400 to 1,200 N, peak compressive and tensile stresses decreased 24 and 56%, respectively. These effects were similar to the magnitude of decline in fracture strength associated with osteoporosis and arose from the tension-band effect of the muscle in reducing the bending moment by 37%. Furthermore, peak compressive and tensile stresses averaged 40 and 51% lower, respectively, in the free knee than fixed knee condition. CONCLUSIONS Contraction of the hip abductor muscles at the moment of impact during a fall, and landing with the knee free of constraints, substantially reduced peak compressive and tensile stresses at the femoral neck and risk for femoral fracture in a sideways fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Choi
- Injury Prevention and Mobility Laboratory, Dept of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada,
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Vegger JB, Nielsen ES, Brüel A, Thomsen JS. Additive effect of PTH (1-34) and zoledronate in the prevention of disuse osteopenia in rats. Bone 2014; 66:287-95. [PMID: 24970039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization is known to cause a rapid bone loss due to increased osteoclastic bone resorption and decreased osteoblastic bone formation. Zoledronate (Zln) is a potent anti-resorptive pharmaceutical, while intermittent PTH is a potent bone anabolic agent. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PTH or Zln alone or in combination could prevent immobilization-induced osteopenia. Immobilization was achieved by injecting 4IU Botox (BTX) into the right hind limb musculature. Seventy-two 16-week-old female Wistar rats were randomized into 6 groups; baseline (Base), control (Ctrl), BTX, BTX+PTH, BTX+Zln, and BTX+PTH+Zln. PTH (1-34) (80μg/kg) was given 5days/week and Zln (100μg/kg) was given once at study start. The animals were killed after 4weeks of treatment. The bone properties were evaluated using DEXA, μCT, dynamic bone histomorphometry, and mechanical testing. BTX resulted in lower femoral trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (-25%, p<0.05), lower tibial trabecular bone formation rate (BFR/BS) (-29%, p<0.05), and lower bone strength (Fmax) at the distal femur (-19%, p<0.001) compared with Ctrl. BTX+PTH resulted in higher femoral BV/TV (+31%, p<0.05), higher tibial trabecular BFR/BS (+297%, p<0.05), and higher Fmax at the distal femur (+11%, p<0.05) compared with BTX. BTX+Zln resulted in higher femoral BV/TV (+36%, p<0.05), lower tibial trabecular BFR/BS (-93%, p<0.05), and higher Fmax at the distal femur (+10%, p<0.05) compared with BTX. BTX+PTH+Zln resulted in higher femoral BV/TV (+70%, p<0.001), higher tibial trabecular BFR/BS (+59%, p<0.05), and higher Fmax at the distal femur (+32%, p<0.001) compared with BTX. In conclusion, BTX-induced immobilization led to lower BV/TV, BFR/BS, and Fmax. In general, PTH or Zln alone prevented the BTX-induced osteopenia, whereas PTH and Zln given in combination not only prevented, but also increased BV/TV and BFR/BS, and maintained Fmax at the distal femoral metaphysis compared with Ctrl.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diagnostic imaging
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/drug therapy
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/physiopathology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/prevention & control
- Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging
- Bone and Bones/drug effects
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Bone and Bones/physiopathology
- Diphosphonates/pharmacology
- Diphosphonates/therapeutic use
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/therapeutic use
- Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/diagnostic imaging
- Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/drug therapy
- Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/physiopathology
- Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/prevention & control
- Parathyroid Hormone/pharmacology
- Parathyroid Hormone/therapeutic use
- Rats, Wistar
- X-Ray Microtomography
- Zoledronic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bay Vegger
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Havill LM, Coan HB, Mahaney MC, Nicolella DP. Characterization of complex, co-adapted skeletal biomechanics phenotypes: a needed paradigm shift in the genetics of bone structure and function. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2014; 12:174-80. [PMID: 24756406 PMCID: PMC4010686 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-014-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genetic architecture of skeletal biomechanical performance has tremendous potential to advance our knowledge of the biological mechanisms that drive variation in skeletal fragility and osteoporosis risk. Research using traditional approaches that focus on specific gene pathways is increasing our understanding of how and to what degree those pathways may affect population-level variation in fracture susceptibility, and shows that known pathways may affect bone fragility through unsuspected mechanisms. Non-traditional approaches that incorporate a new appreciation for the degree to which bone traits co-adapt to functional loading environments, using a wide variety of redundant compensatory mechanisms to meet both physiological and mechanical demands, represent a radical departure from the dominant reductionist paradigm and have the potential to rapidly advance our understanding of bone fragility and identification of new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Havill
- Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA,
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Bauer JS, Sidorenko I, Mueller D, Baum T, Issever AS, Eckstein F, Rummeny EJ, Link TM, Raeth CW. Prediction of bone strength by μCT and MDCT-based finite-element-models: how much spatial resolution is needed? Eur J Radiol 2013; 83:e36-42. [PMID: 24274992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Finite-element-models (FEM) are a promising technology to predict bone strength and fracture risk. Usually, the highest spatial resolution technically available is used, but this requires excessive computation time and memory in numerical simulations of large volumes. Thus, FEM were compared at decreasing resolutions with respect to local strain distribution and prediction of failure load to (1) validate MDCT-based FEM and to (2) optimize spatial resolution to save computation time. MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 cylindrical trabecular bone specimens (diameter 12 mm, length 15-20mm) were harvested from elderly formalin-fixed human thoracic spines. All specimens were examined by micro-CT (isotropic resolution 30 μm) and whole-body multi-row-detector computed tomography (MDCT, 250 μm × 250 μm × 500 μm). The resolution of all datasets was lowered in eight steps to ~ 2,000 μm × 2000 μm × 500 μm and FEM were calculated at all resolutions. Failure load was determined by biomechanical testing. Probability density functions of local micro-strains were compared in all datasets and correlations between FEM-based and biomechanically measured failure loads were determined. RESULTS The distribution of local micro-strains was similar for micro-CT and MDCT at comparable resolutions and showed a shift toward higher average values with decreasing resolution, corresponding to the increasing apparent trabecular thickness. Small micro-strains (εeff<0.005) could be calculated down to 250 μm × 250 μm × 500 μm. Biomechanically determined failure load showed significant correlations with all FEM, up to r=0.85 and did not significantly change with lower resolution but decreased with high thresholds, due to loss of trabecular connectivity. CONCLUSION When choosing connectivity-preserving thresholds, both micro-CT- and MDCT-based finite-element-models well predicted failure load and still accurately revealed the distribution of local micro-strains in spatial resolutions, available in vivo (250 μm × 250 μm × 500 μm), that thus seemed to be the optimal compromise between high accuracy and low computation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany.
| | - Irina Sidorenko
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Mueller
- Department of Radiology, Universität Köln, Germany
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - Ahi Sema Issever
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Eckstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Musculoskeletal Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Department of Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Link
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christoph W Raeth
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
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Thomsen JS, Niklassen AS, Ebbesen EN, Brüel A. Age-related changes of vertical and horizontal lumbar vertebral trabecular 3D bone microstructure is different in women and men. Bone 2013; 57:47-55. [PMID: 23899636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study presents a 3D method for subdividing a trabecular network into horizontal and vertical oriented bone. This method was used to investigate the age related changes of the bone volume fraction and thickness of horizontal and vertical trabeculae in human lumbar vertebral bone estimated with unbiased 3D methods in women and men over a large age-range. The study comprised second lumbar vertebral body bone samples from 40 women (aged 21.7-96.4years, median 56.6years) and 39 men (aged 22.6-94.6years, median 55.6years). The bone samples were μCT scanned and the 3D microstructure was quantified. A voxel based algorithm inspecting the local neighborhood is presented and used to segment the trabecular network into horizontal and vertical oriented bone. For both women and men BV/TV decreased significantly with age, Tb.Th* was independent of age, while SMI increased significantly with age. Vertical (BV.vert/TV) and horizontal (BV.horz/TV) bone volume fraction decreased significantly with age for both sexes. BV.vert/TV decreased significantly faster with age for women than for men. Vertical (Tb.Th*.vert) and horizontal (Tb.Th*.horz) trabecular thickness were independent of age, while Tb.Th*.horz/Tb.Th*.vert decreased significantly with age for both sexes. Additionally, the 95th percentile of the trabecular thickness distribution increased significantly with age for vertical trabeculae in women, whereas it was independent of age in men. In conclusion, we have shown that vertical and horizontal oriented bone density decreases with age in both women and men, and that vertical oriented bone is lost more quickly in women than in men. Furthermore, vertical and horizontal trabecular thickness were independent of age, whereas the horizontal to vertical trabecular thickness ratio decreased significantly with age indicating a relatively more pronounced thinning of horizontal trabeculae. Finally, the age-related loss of trabecular elements appeared to result in a compensatory hypertrophy of vertical trabeculae in women, but not in men.
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Lv Y, Liu H, Ren J, Li X, Guo S. The positive effect of soybean protein hydrolysates-calcium complexes on bone mass of rapidly growing rats. Food Funct 2013; 4:1245-51. [PMID: 23764882 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It was previously found that soybean protein hydrolysates (SPHs) can bind with calcium to form soluble complexes and promote calcium uptake by Caco-2 cells. However, the role of SPHs-calcium complexes on bone mass still needs to be explored. Fast growing male and female rats (n = 72) were assigned to eight groups: Control, lactic acid calcium (LCa), SPHs-calcium complexes (SPHCa) and casein phosphopeptides calcium (CPPCa). After four weeks treatment, oral administration of SPHCa significantly increased femur BMD of rats compared with Control and LCa groups (P < 0.05), while there are no obvious difference on the BMD of femur and lumbar vertebrae between SPHCa and CPPCa groups. Also, SPHCa showed a tendency to improve the mechanical properties of vertebra lumber for female rats. These findings suggest that the SPHs-calcium complexes might have positive effects on bone accretion of fast growing animals. This study brings new insight for better understanding the role of soybean protein itself on bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residue, College of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, 11 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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Hartmann H, Wirth K, Klusemann M. Analysis of the Load on the Knee Joint and Vertebral Column with Changes in Squatting Depth and Weight Load. Sports Med 2013; 43:993-1008. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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Characterisation of Trabecular Bone Structure. STUDIES IN MECHANOBIOLOGY, TISSUE ENGINEERING AND BIOMATERIALS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2011_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu GM, Xu CJ, Kong N, Zhu XM, Zhang XY, Yao Y. Age-related differences in microstructure, density and biomechanics of vertebral cancellous bone of Chinese males. Aging Male 2012; 15:233-9. [PMID: 23035988 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2012.724739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional lumbar separation was performed by removing soft tissue, subsidiary structures and leaving only the vertebral body. The vertebral body was cut into two halves along the median sagittal plane, keeping the upper and lower end plates of each half, which were subsequently used for biomechanical, morphological and density experiments. From the age of 20-29 to 30-39 years, both the horizontal trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and vertical Tb.Th decreased; the horizontal and vertical Tb.Sp increased; the plate-like trabecular Tb.Th decreased; the apparent density and volume ratio decreased; and the elastic modulus and the ultimate stress decreased; with all changes being statistically significant (p < 0.01). Similar trends were obtained from ages 40-49 to 50-59, although the changes were not significant (p > 0.05), except for the reduction in ultimate stress (p < 0.05). With aging, the collagen cross-linking capacity declined; the thicknesses of the collagen fibrils were variable, ranging from almost the same to loose, sparse or disordered thickness; and the finer collagen fibrils between the thick filaments were disorganized. In males aged from 20 to 59 years old, the horizontal and vertical Tb.Th and the plate-like Tb.Th of the vertebral body decreased, while the horizontal and vertical Tb.Sp increased. Additionally, the density, elastic modulus and the ultimate stress of the cancellous bone decreased with age. Thus, the associated changes of bone microstructure, density and biomechanics with age may lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Min Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To give an overview of advanced in-vivo imaging techniques for assessing bone quality beyond bone mineral density that have considerably advanced in recent years. RECENT FINDINGS Quantitative computed tomography and finite element analysis improve fracture risk prediction at the spine, and help to better understand the pathophysiology of skeletal diseases and response to therapy by quantifying bone mineral density in different bone compartments, determining bone strength, and assessing bone geometry. With new high-resolution techniques, trabecular structure at the spine, forearm, and tibia, and cortical porosity at the forearm and tibia can be measured. Hip structure analysis and trabecular bone score have extended the usefulness of dual X-ray absorptiometry. SUMMARY New advanced three-dimensional imaging techniques to quantify bone quality are mature and have proven to be complimentary methods to dual X-ray absorptiometry enhancing our understanding of bone metabolism and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Engelke
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Shin HK, Choi JY, Lee J, Jeong HJ, Kim E, Park SJ, Jeon B, Lim JJ. Lower hip bone mass and proximal femur fractures in elderly patients: more valuable than lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density. Orthopedics 2010; 33:875. [PMID: 21162517 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20101021-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A decreased bone mineral density, such as osteoporosis, has been considered a factor closely associated with proximal femur fractures. We studied the relationship between osteoporosis and proximal femur fractures. Dual energy radiograph absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral density of 121 patients with a femur neck fracture and 134 patients with an intertrochanteric fracture. The bone density of the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and the trochanteric region were measured. Two hundred seventeen normal patients who had undergone a bone mineral density test and were found to have no proximal femur fracture were used as the control group. Comparative analysis was performed after the patients were subdivided into different groups depending on sex and fracture type. The bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebra in patients with a proximal femur fracture was not significantly different from that of the control group, but the bone mineral density of the proximal femur in patients with a proximal femur fracture was significantly less than that of the control group. The bone mineral density of the group with an intertrochanteric fracture was lower than that of the femur neck fracture group. However, the difference was statistically insignificant. In bone mineral density comparisons, no significant differences were observed between the displaced and undisplaced femur neck fracture group and between the stable and the unstable intertrochanteric fracture group. The bone mineral density of elderly patients with a proximal femur fracture was significantly less than that of normal individuals. However, femur neck fractures in elderly men were less likely to be associated with a decreased bone mineral density. Little correlation between bone mineral densities of the proximal femur and fracture location (neck vs intertrochanter) and type (nondisplaced vs displaced neck, stable vs unstable intertrochanter) was found.
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Abstract
Vertebral fractures are usually the first to occur in osteoporosis, provide indisputable evidence of reduced bone strength, and are frequently a harbinger of further vertebral and nonvertebral fracture. Radiologists are best placed to draw attention to the presence of vertebral fractures, most of which are clinically silent. Magnetic resonance imaging supplemented if necessary by computed tomography is usually sufficient to enable distinction between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic vertebral fracture, without a need for percutaneous biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Griffith
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Zhang F, Tan LJ, Lei SF, Deng HW. The differences of femoral neck geometric parameters: effects of age, gender and race. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21:1205-14. [PMID: 19802512 PMCID: PMC2921984 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-1057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aims at investigating the effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on five femoral neck geometric parameters (FNGPs): femoral neck periosteal diameter, cross-sectional area, cortical thickness, sectional modulus, and buckling ratio and found that the three factors would influence the FNGPs. INTRODUCTION Bone geometry is one of the most important predictors of bone strength and osteoporotic fractures. This study aims at investigating the effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on five femoral neck geometric parameters (FNGPs): femoral neck periosteal diameter (W), cross-sectional area (CSA), cortical thickness (CT), sectional modulus (Z), and buckling ratio (BR). METHODS In the studied 861 Caucasian subjects and 3,021 Chinese individuals, CSA, CT, and Z displayed trends of decrease with age, but W and BR showed increasing trends with age in both Chinese and Caucasian females and males (p < 0.05). W, CSA, CT, and Z were significantly higher (p <or= 0.001) in Caucasians than in Chinese and higher in males than in females except for BR between Chinese males and Chinese females. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the differences of FNGPs according to gender and ethnicity provide important implications in the different prevalence of osteoporotic fracture among different gender and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - L.-J. Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - S.-F. Lei
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, People’s Republic of China. Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Room M3-C03, Kansas City, MO 64108-2792, USA
| | - H.-W. Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, People’s Republic of China. Center of Systematic Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Room M3-C03, Kansas City, MO 64108-2792, USA
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48
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Willingham MD, Brodt MD, Lee KL, Stephens AL, Ye J, Silva MJ. Age-related changes in bone structure and strength in female and male BALB/c mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 86:470-83. [PMID: 20405109 PMCID: PMC2895262 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mice may be useful for studies of skeletal aging, but there are limited data on changes in bone structure and strength over their life span. We obtained bones from female and male BALB/c mice at ages 2, 4, 7, 12, and 20 months and evaluated their structural, densitometric, and mechanical properties. MicroCT of the mid-diaphysis of the femur and radius indicated that during skeletal growth (2-7 months) bone cross-sectional size (area, moment of inertia) increased rapidly; during aging (7-20 months) cortical area was maintained, while moment of inertia continued to increase. Bones from females were smaller than those from males at young ages but not at later ages. Changes in whole-bone stiffness and strength reflected the changes in bone size, with a rapid increase from 2 to 7 months, followed by little or no change. In contrast, energy-to-fracture declined with aging. Cortical tissue mineral density increased during growth and was maintained with aging. MicroCT of trabecular bone revealed age-related changes that were site-dependent. The proximal tibia showed a clear pattern of age-related decline in trabecular BV/TV, with progressive decreases after 4 months in both sexes; lumbar vertebra L5 had more modest age-related declines; in contrast, caudal vertebra Ca7 had increasing BV/TV with aging. Overall, we found no evidence that females had more pronounced age-related deterioration than males. We conclude that bones from aging female and male BALB/c mice exhibit many of the changes seen in humans and are therefore a clinically relevant model for studies of skeletal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Willingham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael D. Brodt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristen L. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abby L. Stephens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jiaxin Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Faber GS, Kingma I, Kuijer PPFM, van der Molen HF, Hoozemans MJM, Frings-Dresen MHW, van Dieën JH. Working height, block mass and one- vs. two-handed block handling: the contribution to low back and shoulder loading during masonry work. ERGONOMICS 2009; 52:1104-1118. [PMID: 19787512 DOI: 10.1080/00140130902915947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare the effects of the task variables block mass, working height and one- vs. two-handed block handling on low back and shoulder loading during masonry work. In a mock-up of a masonry work site, nine masonry workers performed one- and two-handed block-lifting and block-placing tasks at varying heights (ranging from floor to shoulder level) with blocks of varying mass (ranging from 6 to 16 kg). Kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured and used in a 3-D linked segment model to calculate low back and shoulder loading. Increasing lifting height appeared to be the most effective way to reduce low back loading. However, working at shoulder level resulted in relatively high shoulder loading. Therefore, it was recommended to organise masonry work in such a way that blocks are handled with the hands at about iliac crest height as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Faber
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kurutz M, Donáth J, Gálos M, Varga P, Fornet B. Age- and sex-related regional compressive strength characteristics of human lumbar vertebrae in osteoporosis. J Multidiscip Healthc 2008; 1:105-21. [PMID: 21197342 PMCID: PMC3004543 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain the compressive load bearing and energy absorption capacity of lumbar vertebrae of osteoporotic elderly for the everyday medical praxis in terms of the simple diagnostic data, like computed tomography (CT), densitometry, age, and sex. METHODS Compressive test of 54 osteoporotic cadaver vertebrae L1 and L2, 16 males and 38 females (age range 43-93, mean age 71.6 ± 13.3 years, mean bone mineral density (BMD) 0.377 ± 0.089 g/cm(2), mean T-score -5.57 ± 0.79, Z-score -4.05 ± 0.77) was investigated. Based on the load-displacement diagrams and the measured geometrical parameters of vertebral bodies, proportional, ultimate and yield stresses and strains, Young's modulus, ductility and energy absorption capacity were determined. Three vertebral regions were distinguished: superior, central and inferior regions, but certain parameters were calculated for the upper/ lower intermediate layers, as well. Cross-sectional areas, and certain bone tissue parameters were determined by image analysis of CT pictures of vertebrae. Sex- and age-related decline functions and trends of strength characteristics were determined. RESULTS Size-corrected failure load was 15%-25% smaller in women, proportional and ultimate stresses were about 30%-35% smaller for women in any region, and 20%-25% higher in central regions for both sexes. Young's moduli were about 30% smaller in women in any region, and 20%-25% smaller in the central region for both sexes. Small strains were higher in males, large strains were higher in females, namely, proportional strains were about 25% larger in men, yield and ultimate strains were quasi equal for sexes, break strains were 10% higher in women. Ultimate energy absorption capacity was 10%-20% higher in men; the final ductile energy absorption capacity was quasi equal for sexes in all levels. Age-dependence was stronger for men, mainly in central regions (ultimate load, male: r = -0.66, p < 0.01, female: r = -0.52, p < 0.005; ultimate stress, male: r = -0.69, p < 0.01, female: r = -0.50, p < 0.005; Young's modulus, male: r = -0.55, p < 0.05, female: r = -0.52, p < 0.005, ultimate stiffness, male: r = -0.58, p < 0.05, female: r = -0.35, p < 0.03, central ultimate absorbed energy density, male: r = -0.59, p < 0.015, female: r = -0.29, p < 0.08). CONCLUSIONS For the strongly osteoporotic population (BMD < 0.4 g/cm(2), T-score < -4) the statical variables (loads, stresses) showed significant correlation; mixed variables (stiffness, Young's modulus, energy) showed moderate correlation; kinematical variables (displacements, strains) showed no correlation with age. The strong correlation of men between BMD and aging (r = -0.82, p < 0.001) and betwen BMD and strength parameters (r = 0.8-0.9, p < 0.001) indicated linear trends in age-related strength loss for men; however, the moderate correlation of women between BMD and aging (r = -0.47, p < 0.005) and between BMD and strength parameters (r = 0.4-0.5, p < 0.005) suggested the need of nonlinear (quadratic) approximation that provided the better fit in age-related strength functions of females modelling postmenopausal disproportionalities.
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