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Dudiki T, Nascimento DW, Childs LS, Kareti S, Androjna C, Zhevlakova I, Byzova TV. Progressive skeletal defects caused by Kindlin3 deficiency, a model of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis in humans. Bone 2022; 160:116397. [PMID: 35342016 PMCID: PMC9133165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone development and homeostasis are clinically important, but not fully understood. Mutations in integrins and Kindlin3 in humans known as Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies (LAD) cause a wide spectrum of complications, including osteopetrosis. Yet, the rarity, frequent misdiagnosis, and lethality of LAD preclude mechanistic analysis of skeletal abnormalities in these patients. Here, using inducible and constitutive tissue-specific Kindlin3 knockout (K3KO) mice, we show that the constitutive lack of embryonic-Kindlin3 in myeloid lineage cells causes growth retardation, edentulism, and skull deformity indicative of hydrocephaly. Micro-CT analysis revealed craniosynostosis, choanal stenosis, and micrognathia along with other skeletal abnormalities characteristic of osteopetrosis. A marked progression of osteosclerosis occurs in mature to middle-aged adults, resulting in the narrowing of cranial nerve foramina and bone marrow cavities of long bones. However, postnatal-Kindlin3 is less critical for bone remodeling and architecture. Thus, myeloid Kindlin3 is essential for skeletal development and its deficiency leads to autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO). The study will aid in the diagnosis, management, and treatment choices for patients with LAD-III and ARO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejasvi Dudiki
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel W Nascimento
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lauren S Childs
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Swetha Kareti
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Charlie Androjna
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Irina Zhevlakova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Silva M, Vasconcelos D, Marques M, Barros S. Parathyroid hormone intermittent administration promotes delay on rat incisor eruption. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 69:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Vasconcelos DFP, Vasconcelos ACCG. PTH intermittent administration may be a useful therapeutic agent to avoid premature eruption of the tooth. Med Hypotheses 2016; 88:27-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Bargman R, Posham R, Boskey A, Carter E, DiCarlo E, Verdelis K, Raggio C, Pleshko N. High- and low-dose OPG-Fc cause osteopetrosis-like changes in infant mice. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:495-501. [PMID: 22926546 PMCID: PMC3888234 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) inhibitors are being considered for use in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). We sought to assess efficacy of two doses of a RANKL inhibitor, osteoprotegerin-immunoglobulin Fc segment complex (OPG-Fc), in a growing animal model of OI, the col1α2-deficient mouse (oim/oim) and its wild-type controls (+/+). METHODS Treated mice showed runting and radiographic evidence of osteopetrosis with either high- (20 mg/kg twice weekly) or low-dose (1 mg/kg/week) OPG-Fc. Because of this adverse event, OPG-Fc treatment was halted, and the mice were killed or monitored for recovery with monthly radiographs and assessment of serum osteoclast activity (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, TRACP-5b) until 25 wk of age. RESULTS Twelve weeks of OPG-Fc treatment resulted in radiographic and histologic osteopetrosis with no evidence of bone modeling and negative tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, root dentin abnormalities, and TRACP-5b activity suppression. Signs of recovery appeared 4-8 wk post-treatment. CONCLUSION Both high- and low-dose OPG-Fc treatment resulted in osteopetrotic changes in infant mice, an outcome that was not seen in studies with the RANKL inhibitor RANK-immunoglobulin Fc segment complex (RANK-Fc) or in studies with older animals. Further investigations of RANKL inhibitors are necessary before their consideration for use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Bargman
- NYPH-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA 10021,Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY, USA 11554
| | - Ram Posham
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA 10021
| | - Adele Boskey
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA 10021,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA 10021
| | - Erin Carter
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA 10021
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Pleshko
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA 10021,Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19122,Address for Correspondence: Temple University Dept. of Bioengineering 1947 N. 12th St. Philadelphia, PA 19122 Tel number (215) 204-4280, Fax number (215) 204-4956
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Yamaguchi T, Hosomichi K, Narita A, Shirota T, Tomoyasu Y, Maki K, Inoue I. Exome resequencing combined with linkage analysis identifies novel PTH1R variants in primary failure of tooth eruption in Japanese. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1655-61. [PMID: 21404329 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing of target regions, exomes, and complete genomes has begun to increase the opportunities for identifying genetic variants underlying rare and common diseases dramatically. Here we applied exome resequencing to primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE) to identify the genetic causality of the disease. Two Japanese families having PFE were recruited and examined by genome-wide linkage study and subsequently exome analyses. Linkage analyses of these two families comprising eight affected individuals and two unaffected individuals revealed linkage signals at 10 loci with a maximum LOD score of 1.5. Four affected individuals in one family were pooled and further processed for exome analysis, followed by massive parallel sequencing. After three-step filtering including annotation and functional expectation, three variants were found to be candidates for PFE. Among the three variants, only a novel variant of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor gene (PTH1R), R383Q, was cosegregated in the first PFE family. Accordingly, we screened the gene for variants at all coding exons and the respective intron-exon boundaries in the second family and two sporadic individuals with PFE. We also identified a novel missense variant, P119L, cosegregating in the second family and missense variants P132L and R147C in the sporadic cases. These variants all were in the highly conserved region across zebrafish to chimpanzee and not observed in 192 unrelated controls, supporting the pathogenicity of the variants. The combination of linkage and exome analyses employed in this study provides a powerful strategy for identifying genes responsible for Mendelian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Osteoclasts are cells essential for physiologic remodeling of bone and also play important physiologic and pathologic roles in the dentofacial complex. Osteoclasts and odontoclasts are necessary for tooth eruption yet result in dental compromise when associated with permanent tooth internal or external resorption. The determinants that separate their physiologic and pathologic roles are not well delineated. Clinical cases of primary eruption failure and root resorption are challenging to treat. Mineralized tissue resorbing cells undergo a fairly well characterized series of differentiation stages driven by transcriptional mediators. Signal transduction via cytokines and integrin-mediated events comprise the detailed pathways operative in osteo/odontoclastic cells and may provide insights to their targeted regulation. A better understanding of the unique aspects of osteoclastogenesis and osteo/odontoclast function will facilitate effective development of new therapeutic approaches. This review presents the clinical challenges and delves into the cellular and biochemical aspects of the unique cells responsible for resorption of mineralized tissues of the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Berdal A, Castaneda B, Aïoub M, Néfussi JR, Mueller C, Descroix V, Lézot F. Osteoclasts in the dental microenvironment: a delicate balance controls dental histogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:238-43. [PMID: 21576913 DOI: 10.1159/000324787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of osteoclast activity on dental development has been previously analyzed but in the context of severe osteopetrosis. The present study sought to investigate the effects of osteoclast hypofunction,present in Msx2 gene knockin mutant mice (Msx2-/-), and hyperfunction, in transgenic mice driving RANK over-expression in osteoclast precursors (RANK(Tg)), on tooth development. In Msx2-/- mice, moderate osteopetrosis was observed, occurring exclusively in the periodontal region. Microradiographical and histological analyses revealed an abnormal dental epithelium histogenesis that gave rise to odontogenic tumor-like structures. This led to impaired tooth eruption, especially of the third mandibular molars. In RANK(Tg) mice, root histogenesis showed site-specific upregulation of dental cell proliferation and differentiation rates. This culminated in roots with a reduced diameter and pulp size albeit of normal length. These two reverse experimental systems will enable the investigation of distinctive dental cell and osteoclast communication in normal growth and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berdal
- INSERM, UMR 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 5, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Physiopathology, Universities Paris-Diderot, Pierre and Marie Curie and Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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Tsuneto M, Yamane T, Hayashi SI. Methods for investigation of osteoclastogenesis using mouse embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 690:239-253. [PMID: 21042997 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-962-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of osteoclastogenesis in vivo, especially in early development, has proven difficult because of the accessibility of these early embryonic stages. Our ability to culture embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro has overcome this difficulty as these versatile cells can be expanded endlessly. Thus, the whole process of osteoclastogenesis can be monitored in these cultures through the microscope and with the help of molecular biology techniques. We have developed two methods to induce osteoclasts, the bone matrix remodeling cells, from murine ESCs. Surprisingly, one of these induction methods produces osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and also endothelial cells in the same culture dish. Hence, it is likely that ESCs in culture mimic the in vivo development of osteoclasts.
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9
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Lu X, Rios HF, Jiang B, Xing L, Kadlcek R, Greenfield EM, Luo G, Feng JQ. A new osteopetrosis mutant mouse strain (ntl) with odontoma-like proliferations and lack of tooth roots. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 117:625-35. [PMID: 20121924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new spontaneous mouse mutant (ntl) with autosomal-recessive osteopetrosis was characterized. These mice formed tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts but their osteoclasts had no ruffled border and did not resorb bone. These mice displayed no tooth eruption or tooth root formation. Adult mutant mice developed odontoma-like proliferations near the proximal ends of the incisors. Intraperitoneal injection of progenitor cells from the liver of 16.5 days postcoitum wild-type embryos into newborn mutants rescued the osteopetrosis phenotype, indicating that the defects were intrinsic to the osteoclasts. Our findings not only provide further support for a critical role of osteoclasts in tooth eruption and tooth root development, but also suggest that the perturbation of the homeostasis of the odontogenic precursors of the incisors is primarily responsible for the development of the odontoma-like proliferations in this osteopetrosis mutant. Genetic mapping has narrowed down the location of the mutant allele to a genetic interval of 3.2 cM on mouse chromosome 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Lu
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Miyamoto K, Ninomiya K, Sonoda KH, Miyauchi Y, Hoshi H, Iwasaki R, Miyamoto H, Yoshida S, Sato Y, Morioka H, Chiba K, Egashira K, Suda T, Toyama Y, Miyamoto T. MCP-1 expressed by osteoclasts stimulates osteoclastogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:373-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Johansson M, Jansson L, Ehinger M, Fasth A, Karlsson S, Richter J. Neonatal hematopoietic stem cell transplantation cures oc/oc mice from osteopetrosis. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:242-9. [PMID: 16459192 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infantile malignant osteopetrosis (IMO) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting osteoclast function. Fifty percent of the patients have a mutation in the TCIRG1 gene coding for one subunit of an osteoclast proton pump. The only curative treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). The oc/oc mouse has a mutation in the gene homologous to TCIRG1 and its expected lifespan is only 3 to 4 weeks. Previous attempts to cure these mice with SCT have been unsuccessful. We wanted to determine if early hematopoietic SCT using enriched and MHC-matched stem cells can cure oc/oc mice from osteopetrosis. METHODS One- and 8-day-old oc/oc and control mice were radiated with 200, 400, or 600 cGy and transplanted intraperitoneally with 1 or 5 x 10(6) normal lineage-depleted bone marrow cells. Blood, x-ray, and pathology analyses were performed on transplanted mice. RESULTS All 1-day-old mice irradiated with 400 cGy and transplanted with 5 x 10(6) cells survived long term. An engraftment level of 20% is sufficient to correct most features of the disease. X-ray and histopathology examination of transplanted animals showed normalization of bone structure. However, although a correction of bone structure occurred, the transplanted oc/oc mice were smaller in size than their littermates. In contrast to untreated animals, oc/oc mice developed teeth after transplantation, but with abnormal structure and shape making them unusable. CONCLUSION We have shown that this murine form of IMO is curable with neonatal SCT using enriched stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Johansson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Wei S, Lightwood D, Ladyman H, Cross S, Neale H, Griffiths M, Adams R, Marshall D, Lawson A, McKnight AJ, Stanley ER. Modulation of CSF-1-regulated post-natal development with anti-CSF-1 antibody. Immunobiology 2005; 210:109-19. [PMID: 16164017 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) regulates the survival, proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. CSF-1-deficient mice are osteopetrotic due to a lack of osteoclasts, while their tissue macrophage deficiencies and an absence of CSF-1 regulation of CSF-1 receptor-expressing cells in the female reproductive tract contribute to their pleiotropic phenotype. To further understand CSF-1 regulation of macrophages in vivo, we developed a neutralizing anti-mouse CSF-1 antibody which was expressed as a recombinant Fab' fragment and coupled to 40 kDa polyethylene glycol. As developmental regulation by CSF-1 is highest during the early post-natal period, the ability of this anti-CSF-1 reagent to inhibit development was tested by regular subcutaneous injection of mice from post-natal days 0.5-57.5. Antibody treatment decreased growth rate, decreased osteoclast number, induced osteopetrosis, decreased macrophage density in bone marrow, liver, dermis, synovium and kidney and decreased adipocyte size in adipose tissue, thereby inducing phenotypes shared by CSF-1- and CSF-1 receptor-deficient mice. While the antibody blocked macrophage development in some tissues, macrophage densities in other tissues were initially high and were reduced by treatment, proving that the antibody also blocked macrophage maintenance. Since cell surface CSF-1 is sufficient for the maintenance of normal synovial macrophage densities, these studies suggest that anti-CSF-1 Fab'-PEG efficiently neutralizes all three CSF-1 isoforms in vivo, namely the secreted proteoglycan, secreted glycoprotein and cell surface glycoprotein. Since CSF-1 has been shown to enhance chronic disease development in a number of mouse model systems, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of neutralizing CSF-1 effects in these models with an anti-CSF-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Wei
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Helfrich MH. Osteoclast diseases and dental abnormalities. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:115-22. [PMID: 15721137 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tooth eruption depends on the presence of osteoclasts to create an eruption pathway through the alveolar bone. In diseases where osteoclast formation, or function is reduced, such as the various types of osteopetrosis, tooth eruption is affected. Diseases in which osteoclast formation or activity is increased, such as familiar expansile osteolysis and Paget's disease, are associated with dental abnormalities such as root resorption and premature tooth loss. Less is known about the origin of the dental problems in these conditions as there are no rodent models of these diseases as yet. In this short review, the genes currently known to be mutated in human osteoclast diseases will be reviewed and, where known, the effect of osteoclast dysfunction on dental development described. It will focus on human conditions and only mention rodent disease where no clear data in the human are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miep H Helfrich
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Hayashi SI, Yamada T, Tsuneto M, Yamane T, Takahashi M, Shultz LD, Yamazaki H. Distinct osteoclast precursors in the bone marrow and extramedullary organs characterized by responsiveness to Toll-like receptor ligands and TNF-alpha. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5130-9. [PMID: 14607912 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are derived from hemopoietic stem cells and play critical roles in bone resorption and remodeling. Multinucleated osteoclasts are attached tightly to bone matrix, whereas precursor cells with the potential to differentiate into osteoclasts in culture are widely distributed. In this study, we assessed the characteristics of osteoclast precursors in bone marrow (BM) and in extramedullary organs as indicated by their responsiveness to ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and to TNF-alpha. Development of osteoclasts from precursor cells in the BM was inhibited by CpG oligonucleotides, a ligand for TLR9, but not by LPS, a ligand for TLR4. BM osteoclasts were induced by TNF-alpha as well as receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand in the presence of M-CSF. Splenic osteoclast precursors, even in osteoclast-deficient osteopetrotic mice, differentiated into mature osteoclasts following exposure to TNF-alpha or receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. However, splenic osteoclastogenesis was inhibited by both LPS and CpG. Osteoclastogenesis from peritoneal precursors was inhibited by not only these TLR ligands but also TNF-alpha. The effects of peptidoglycan, a ligand for TLR2, were similar to those of LPS. BM cells precultured with M-CSF were characterized with intermediate characteristics between those of splenic and peritoneal cavity precursors. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that osteoclast precursors are not identical in the tissues examined. To address the question of why mature osteoclasts occur only in association with bone, we may characterize not only the microenvironment for osteoclastogenesis, but also the osteoclast precursor itself in intramedullary and extramedullary tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ascitic Fluid/cytology
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/cytology
- Osteoclasts/immunology
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Osteopetrosis/genetics
- Osteopetrosis/pathology
- Osteoprotegerin
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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