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Pragya A, Ghosh TK. Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures - Natural and Manmade: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300912. [PMID: 37031358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) are used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there is increasing interest in polymer-based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy, and adapt to changing environments. Here, the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts are discussed using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, the challenges and potential pathways are highlighted to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties toward functional FGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pragya
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Tushar K Ghosh
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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Quémener M, Grégoire N, Morency S, Côté D, Thibault S. MCVD-based GRIN-axicon for the generation of scalable Bessel-Gauss beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1333-1336. [PMID: 33720180 DOI: 10.1364/ol.415773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we introduce a graded-index (GRIN)-lens combination named GRIN-axicon, which is a versatile component capable of generating high-quality scalable Bessel-Gauss beams. To the best of our knowledge, the GRIN-axicon is the only optical component that can be introduced in both larger-scale laboratory setups and miniaturized all-fiber optical setups, while having an easy control of the dimensioning of the generated focal line. We show that a GRIN lens with a hyperbolic secant refractive index profile with a sharp central dip and no ripples generates a Bessel-Gauss beam with a high-intensity central lobe when coupled to a simple lens. Such fabrication characteristics are very suitable for the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process and enable easy manufacturing of an adaptable component that can fit in any optical setup.
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Dylla-Spears R, Yee TD, Sasan K, Nguyen DT, Dudukovic NA, Ortega JM, Johnson MA, Herrera OD, Ryerson FJ, Wong LL. 3D printed gradient index glass optics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabc7429. [PMID: 33208366 PMCID: PMC7673801 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an additive manufacturing approach to produce gradient refractive index glass optics. Using direct ink writing with an active inline micromixer, we three-dimensionally print multimaterial green bodies with compositional gradients, consisting primarily of silica nanoparticles and varying concentrations of titania as the index-modifying dopant. The green bodies are then consolidated into glass and polished, resulting in optics with tailored spatial profiles of the refractive index. We show that this approach can be used to achieve a variety of conventional and unconventional optical functions in a flat glass component with no surface curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy D Yee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Koroush Sasan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Du T Nguyen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason M Ortega
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lana L Wong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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Tudor R, Kusko M, Kusko C, Avram A. Multilevel axicon for perfect optical vortex generation. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201921502003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the fabrication of a beam shaper with 32 levels for the generation of nondiffractive optical fields representing quasi-Bessel beams of order zero. This optical element is designed for visible light (λ=633 nm) and fabricated using standard photolithography and a fine calibrated reactive ion etching process. A large number of levels approximates a continuous conical surface so that the optical quality of the element is very good. It is investigated the possibility of generating perfect optical vortices with this class of optical elements.
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Campbell SD, Nagar J, Werner DH. Multi-element, multi-frequency lens transformations enabled by optical wavefront matching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17258-17270. [PMID: 28789219 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transformation optics (TO) has brought forth a renewed interest in gradient-index (GRIN) optics due to its ability to allow arbitrary geometries to electromagnetically mimic the behaviors of more conventional structures via a spatially-inhomogeneous refractive index profile. While quasi-conformal transformation optics (qTO) has seen great success at microwave and RF frequencies, it is inherently limited to single frequency transformations: an immediate shortcoming for designs in the optical regime. Also, achieving desirable solutions from multi-element transformations is difficult for qTO. To overcome these challenges, a multi-component multi-frequency lens transformation procedure based on the wavefront-matching (WFM) design methodology is presented. Finally, the procedure is applied to a number of optical systems to advocate its efficacy as a more general transformation method.
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Nagar J, Brocker DE, Campbell SD, Easum JA, Werner DH. Modularization of gradient-index optical design using wavefront matching enabled optimization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9359-9368. [PMID: 27137552 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new design paradigm which allows for a modular approach to replacing a homogeneous optical lens system with a higher-performance GRadient-INdex (GRIN) lens system using a WaveFront Matching (WFM) method. In multi-lens GRIN systems, a full-system-optimization approach can be challenging due to the large number of design variables. The proposed WFM design paradigm enables optimization of each component independently by explicitly matching the WaveFront Error (WFE) of the original homogeneous component at the exit pupil, resulting in an efficient design procedure for complex multi-lens systems.
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Filipkowski A, Piechal B, Pysz D, Stepien R, Waddie A, Taghizadeh MR, Buczynski R. Nanostructured gradient index microaxicons made by a modified stack and draw method. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:5200-5203. [PMID: 26565834 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and fabrication of nanostructured gradient index microaxicons suitable for integration with optical fibers. A structure with the effective refractive index decreasing linearly from the center to the edges (i.e., an axicon) was designed using a combination of a simulated annealing method and the effective medium theory. The design was verified numerically with beam propagation method simulations. The axicons were made by the modified stack and draw method and integrated with optical fibers. The optical properties of the fabricated elements were measured and showed good agreement with the numerical simulations. The fabricated axicons produced an extended line focus at a distance from about 70 to 160 μm from the lens facet with a minimum FWHM diameter of 8 μm at 90 μm. At smaller distances, an interference pattern is observed both in the experiment and in simulations, which is attributed to the uneven effective refractive index profile at the structure.
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Algorri JF, Urruchi V, García-Cámara B, Sánchez-Pena JM. Liquid Crystal Lensacons, Logarithmic and Linear Axicons. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 7:2593-2604. [PMID: 28788585 PMCID: PMC5453336 DOI: 10.3390/ma7042593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Until now, several attempts have been made to obtain axicons by using liquid crystals. Previous results had always a considerable deviation from the linear response and the resulting aperture is square. In addition, classical fabrications methods are expensive and only produce fixed phase profiles. In this study, a novel structure to obtain tunable axicons with a perfect conical shape and a circular aperture is proposed and theoretically studied. The proposed optical device is based on nematic liquid crystal and phase shifted electrical signals. A simulation program consisted of Finite Elements Method to solve the voltage distribution combined with the Frank-Oseen equation to solve the molecular position of the nematic liquid crystal is employed. This device is totally reconfigurable by using low voltage signals. The focus depth and the position of this one can be controlled electrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Butarque 15, E28911, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Virginia Urruchi
- Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Butarque 15, E28911, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Braulio García-Cámara
- Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Butarque 15, E28911, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Pena
- Electronic Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Butarque 15, E28911, Madrid, Spain.
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Karpiouk AB, Wang B, Emelianov SY. Development of a catheter for combined intravascular ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:014901. [PMID: 20113121 PMCID: PMC2814830 DOI: 10.1063/1.3274197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by formation and development of the plaques in the inner layer of the vessel wall. To detect and characterize atherosclerotic plaques, we previously introduced the combined intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging capable of assessing plaque morphology and composition. The utility of IVUS/IVPA imaging has been demonstrated by imaging tissue-mimicking phantoms and ex vivo arterial samples using laboratory prototype of the imaging system. However, the clinical realization of a IVUS/IVPA imaging requires an integrated intravascular imaging catheter. In this paper, two designs of IVUS/IVPA imaging catheters--side fire fiber-based and mirror-based catheters--are reported. A commercially available IVUS imaging catheter was utilized for both pulse-echo ultrasound imaging and detection of photoacoustic transients. Laser pulses were delivered by custom-designed fiber-based optical systems. The optical fiber and IVUS imaging catheter were combined into a single device. Both designs were tested and compared using point targets and tissue-mimicking phantoms. The results indicate applicability of the proposed catheters for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei B Karpiouk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Lin J, Tan J, Liu J, Liu S. Rigorous electromagnetic analysis of two dimensional micro-axicon by boundary integral equations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:1466-1471. [PMID: 19188975 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The focal performance of the micro-axicon and the Fresnel axicon (fraxicon) are investigated, for the first time, by the rigorous electromagnetic theory and boundary element method. The micro-axicon with different angle of apex and the fraxicon with various period and angle of apex are investigated. The dark segments of the fraxicon are explored numerically. Rigorous results of focal performance of the micro-axicon and the fraxicon are different from the results given by the approximation of geometrical optics and the scalar diffraction theory. The scattering effects are dominant in the fraxicon with small size of feature. It is expected that our study can provides very useful information in analyzing the axicon in optical trapping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument, Harbin, China.
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Clerici M, Faccio D, Lotti A, Rubino E, Jedrkiewicz O, Biegert J, Di Trapani P. Finite-energy, accelerating Bessel pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:19807-19811. [PMID: 19030066 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.019807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the possibility to generate freely accelerating or decelerating pulses. In particular it is shown that acceleration along the propagation direction z may be obtained by a purely spatial modulation of an input Gaussian pulse in the form of finite-energy Bessel pulses with a cone angle that varies along the radial coordinate.We discuss simple practical implementations of such accelerating Bessel beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clerici
- CNISM and Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, IT-22100 Como, Italy
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Grunwald R, Griebner U, Nibbering ET, Kummrow A, Rini M, Elsaesser T, Kebbel V, Hartmann HJ, Jüptner W. Spatially resolved small-angle noncollinear interferometric autocorrelation of ultrashort pulses with microaxicon arrays. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2001; 18:2923-2931. [PMID: 11688883 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.18.002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small-angle, noncollinear, first- and second-order interferometric autocorrelation experiments with Ti:sapphire laser pulses of 9-80-fs duration have been performed with microaxicon arrays. Predictions of short-pulse spatial frequency effects were verified by comparison of interference patterns of single elements and matrices. An angular spectrum of Gaussian-shaped axicons was analyzed on the basis of linear refraction. Experimental data indicate contributions to autocorrelation by nonlinear refraction and travel-time differences. The influence of the spectral bandwidth was separated from the pulse-duration-dependent effects. Spatially resolved information about the coherence time was delivered by the multichannel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grunwald
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin, Germany.
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