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Absolute frequency metrology of buffer-gas-cooled molecular spectra at 1 kHz accuracy level. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7016. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBy reducing both the internal and translational temperature of any species down to a few kelvins, the buffer-gas-cooling (BGC) technique has the potential to dramatically improve the quality of ro-vibrational molecular spectra, thus offering unique opportunities for transition frequency measurements with unprecedented accuracy. However, the difficulty in integrating metrological-grade spectroscopic tools into bulky cryogenic equipment has hitherto prevented from approaching the kHz level even in the best cases. Here, we overcome this drawback by an original opto-mechanical scheme which, effectively coupling a Lamb-dip saturated-absorption cavity ring-down spectrometer to a BGC source, allows us to determine the absolute frequency of the acetylene (ν1 + ν3) R(1)e transition at 6561.0941 cm−1 with a fractional uncertainty as low as 6 × 10−12. By improving the previous record with buffer-gas-cooled molecules by one order of magnitude, our approach paves the way for a number of ultra-precise low-temperature spectroscopic studies, aimed at both fundamental Physics tests and optimized laser cooling strategies.
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2
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Dubroeucq R, Rutkowski L. Optical frequency comb Fourier transform cavity ring-down spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:13594-13602. [PMID: 35472969 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate broadband and sensitive cavity ring-down spectroscopy using a near infrared frequency comb and a time-resolved Fourier transform spectrometer. The cavity decays are measured simultaneously at each optical path difference and spectrally sorted, leading to purely exponential decays for each spectral element. The absorption spectra of atmospheric water and carbon dioxide are retrieved and demonstrate the high frequency resolution and absorption precision of the technique. The experimental apparatus, the measurement concept and the data treatment are described. The technique benefits from the advantages of cavity ring-down spectroscopy, i.e. the retrieved absorption does not depend on the cavity parameters, opening up for high accuracy absorption spectroscopy entirely calibration-free.
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3
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Bielska K, Cygan A, Konefał M, Kowzan G, Zaborowski M, Charczun D, Wójtewicz S, Wcisło P, Masłowski P, Ciuryło R, Lisak D. Frequency-based dispersion Lamb-dip spectroscopy in a high finesse optical cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39449-39460. [PMID: 34809309 DOI: 10.1364/oe.443661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-based cavity mode-dispersion spectroscopy (CMDS), previously applied for Doppler-limited molecular spectroscopy, is now employed for the first time for saturation spectroscopy. Comparison with two intensity-based, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy techniques, i.e. cavity mode-width spectroscopy (CMWS) and the well-established cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), shows the predominance of the CMDS. The method enables measurements in broader pressure range and shows high immunity of the Lamb dip position to the incomplete model of saturated cavity mode shape. Frequencies of transitions from the second overtone of CO are determined with standard uncertainty below 500 Hz which corresponds to relative uncertainty below 3 × 10-12. The pressure shift of the Lamb dips, which has not been detected for these transitions in available literature data, is observed.
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Wang Z, Du Y, Ding Y, Peng Z. A Wide-Range and Calibration-Free Spectrometer Which Combines Wavelength Modulation and Direct Absorption Spectroscopy with Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E585. [PMID: 31973109 PMCID: PMC7037845 DOI: 10.3390/s20030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A wide-range, calibration-free tunable diode laser spectrometer is established by combining wavelength modulation and direct absorption spectroscopy (WM-DAS) with continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CW-CRDS). This spectrometer combines the benefits of absolute concentration measurements, wide range, and high speed, using WM-DAS with enhanced noise reduction in CW-CRDS. The accurate baseline ringdown time, τ0, is calculated by the absorption peak (measured by WM-DAS) and the ringdown time containing gas absorption information (measured by CW-CRDS at the center wavelength of the spectral line). The gas concentration is obtained without measuring τ0 in real time, thus, greatly improving the measuring speed. A WM-DAS/CW-CRDS spectrometer at 1.57 μm for CO detection was assembled for experimental validation of the multiplexing scheme over a concentration ranging from 4 ppm to 1.09% (0.1 MPa, 298 K). The measured concentration of CO at 6374.406 cm-1 shows that the dynamic range of this tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer is extendable up to five orders of magnitude and the corresponding precision is improved. The measurement speed of this spectrometer can extend up to 10 ms, and the detection limit can reach 35 ppb within 25 s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhimin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.D.)
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Lehmann KK. Resonance enhanced two-photon cavity ring-down spectroscopy of vibrational overtone bands: A proposal. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:144201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5122988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Lehmann
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
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Yang L, Lin H, Feng XJ, Plimmer MD, Zhang JT. Saturation cavity ring-down spectrometry using a dynamical relaxation model. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:1769-1776. [PMID: 30732224 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new simple approximate solution to the two-state rate equation model for analyzing decay signals of saturation cavity ring-down spectrometry in the adiabatic and low-saturation regime. It helps obtain baseline-immune Doppler-free spectra for hyperfine transitions and linear absorption coefficients of a gas in the saturation regime. To demonstrate it, a baseline-immune Lamb dip spectrum of the R1A2 transitions in the 2v2 + v3 band of methane was recorded. The line position was determined to be 6 076.108 457 7(11) cm-1, the relative uncertainty being 1.8 × 10-10.
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Hayden J, Baumgartner B, Waclawek JP, Lendl B. Mid-infrared sensing of CO at saturated absorption conditions using intracavity quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2019; 125:159. [PMID: 31975763 PMCID: PMC6944260 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-019-7260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) can be drastically increased using the power enhancement in high-finesse cavities. Here, low noise resonant power enhancement to 6.3 W was achieved in a linear Brewster window cavity by exploiting optical feedback locking of a quantum cascade laser. The high intracavity intensity of up to 73 W mm-2 in between the prongs of a custom tuning fork resulted in strong optical saturation of CO at 4.59 µm. Saturated absorption is discussed theoretically and experimentally for photoacoustic measurements in general and intracavity QEPAS (I-QEPAS) in particular. The saturation intensity of CO's R9 transition was retrieved from power-dependent I-QEPAS signals. This allowed for sensing CO independently from varying degrees of saturation caused by absorption induced changes of intracavity power. Figures of merit of the I-QEPAS setup for sensing of CO and H2O are compared to standard wavelength modulation QEPAS without cavity enhancement. For H2O, the sensitivity was increased by a factor of 230, practically identical to the power enhancement, while the sensitivity gain for CO detection was limited to 57 by optical saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hayden
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Baumgartner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes P. Waclawek
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Yang L, Lin H, Feng XJ, Zhang JT. Temperature-scanning saturation cavity ring-down spectrometry for Doppler-free spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:10203-10210. [PMID: 29715960 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Saturation cavity ring-down spectroscopy (SCRDS) is a powerful Doppler-free spectroscopy means for measuring absolute frequencies of transitions at the ultra-low uncertainties. We report in this paper a simple way to implement it by temperature scanning the cavity length, which circumvents the need for a complex optical cavity-length stabilization system based upon a piezoelectric actuator (PZT). To demonstrate this approach, the absolute frequencies of the two transitions, R6F1 of the 2v3 and Q9A1 of the 2v2 + v3 bands, of 12CH4, are determined to be 182 185 269.362(20) MHz and 182 187 617.543(39) MHz. The accuracy of measurements is improved by about 3-4 orders of magnitude when compared to those obtained with conventional spectroscopic methods.
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Kassi S, Stoltmann T, Casado M, Daëron M, Campargue A. Lamb dip CRDS of highly saturated transitions of water near 1.4 μm. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:054201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5010957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kassi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T. Stoltmann
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
- LSCE-IPSL, UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. Casado
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
- LSCE-IPSL, UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. Daëron
- LSCE-IPSL, UMR 8212, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A. Campargue
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Sadiek I, Friedrichs G. Saturation dynamics and working limits of saturated absorption cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22978-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01966h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The decay transient dynamics and the optimum experimental conditions for reliable gas absorption measurements have been investigated using saturated CRDS (Sat-CRDS, SCAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sadiek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Gernot Friedrichs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
- KMS Kiel Marine Science – Centre for Interdisciplinary Marine Sciences
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Cancio P, Galli I, Bartalini S, Giusfredi G, Mazzotti D, De Natale P. Saturated-Absorption Cavity Ring-Down (SCAR) for High-Sensitivity and High-Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy in the Mid IR. SPRINGER SERIES IN OPTICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40003-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Aziz MSI, Orr-Ewing AJ. Development and application of an optical sensor for ethene in ambient air using near infra-red cavity ring down spectroscopy and sample preconcentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:3094-100. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30801k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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McCulloch MT, Duxbury G, Langford N. Observation of saturation and rapid passage signals in the 10.25 micron spectrum of ethylene using a frequency chirped quantum cascade laser. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970600857651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Giusfredi G, Bartalini S, Borri S, Cancio P, Galli I, Mazzotti D, De Natale P. Saturated-absorption cavity ring-down spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:110801. [PMID: 20366460 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel approach to cavity ring-down spectroscopy with the sample gas in saturated-absorption regime. This technique allows us to decouple and simultaneously retrieve the empty-cavity background and absorption signal, by means of a theoretical model that we developed and tested. The high sensitivity and frequency precision for spectroscopic applications are exploited to measure, for the first time, the hyperfine structure of an excited vibrational state of 17O12C16O in natural abundance with an accuracy of a few parts in 10{-11}.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giusfredi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO)-CNR, Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze FI, Italy
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Brown SS. Absorption Spectroscopy in High-Finesse Cavities for Atmospheric Studies. Chem Rev 2003; 103:5219-38. [PMID: 14664649 DOI: 10.1021/cr020645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Brown
- NOAA Aeronomy Lab, R/AL2, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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van Leeuwen NJ, Diettrich JC, Wilson AC. Periodically locked continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:3670-3677. [PMID: 12833973 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple periodically locked cw cavity ringdown spectroscopy technique that enables a very large number of ringdown events to be rapidly acquired. An external cavity diode laser is locked to a high-finesse cavity, and as many as 16,000 ringdown events per second are obtained by periodically switching off the light entering the high-finesse cavity. Following each ringdown event, the light to the cavity is switched back on and cavity lock is rapidly reacquired. Limited only by our relatively modest digitization rate, we obtained a minimum detectable absorption loss of 4.7 x 10(-9) cm(-1), but we show that faster digitization could provide a sensitivity of 5.9 x 10(-10) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2).
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17
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Fox RW, Oates CW, Hollberg LW. 1. Stabilizing diode lasers to high-finesse cavities. CAVITY-ENHANCED SPECTROSCOPIES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1079-4042(03)80017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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18
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Naus H, van Stokkum IH, Hogervorst W, Ubachs W. Quantitative analysis of decay transients applied to a multimode pulsed cavity ringdown experiment. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:4416-4426. [PMID: 18360482 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The intensity and noise properties of decay transients obtained in a generic pulsed cavity ringdown experiment are analyzed experimentally and theoretically. A weighted nonlinear least-squares analysis of digitized decay transients is shown that avoids baseline offset effects that induce systematic deviations in the estimation of decay rates. As follows from simulations not only is it a method that provides correct estimates for the values of the fit parameters, but moreover it also yields a correct estimate of the precision of the fit parameters. It is shown experimentally that a properly aligned stable optical resonator can effectively yield monoexponential decays under multimode excitation. An on-line method has been developed, based on a statistical analysis of the noise properties of the decay transients, to align a stable resonator toward this monoexponential decay.
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19
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Peeters R, Berden G, Ólafsson A, Laarhoven LJ, Meijer G. Cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the 10 μm region using a waveguide CO2 laser. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kleine D, Dahnke H, Urban W, Hering P, Mürtz M. Real-time detection of 13CH4 in ambient air by use of mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2000; 25:1606-1608. [PMID: 18066291 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on spectroscopic real-time detection of (13)CH(4) in ambient air. Our measurements were carried out by means of cavity leak-out absorption spectroscopy employing a tunable cw laser in the mid-infrared spectral region near lambda = 3 microm. A CO laser in combination with tunable microwave sideband generation was used as the light source. Using a 50-cm-long ringdown cell with R = 99.98% mirrors, we achieved a detection limit of 290 parts in 10(12) (ppt) (13)CH(4) in ambient air (integration time, 100 s). The corresponding noise-equivalent absorption coefficient was 5 x 10(-9)/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kleine
- Institut für Lasermedizin, Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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