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Adhikari S, Spaeth P, Kar A, Baaske MD, Khatua S, Orrit M. Photothermal Microscopy: Imaging the Optical Absorption of Single Nanoparticles and Single Molecules. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16414-16445. [PMID: 33216527 PMCID: PMC7760091 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal (PT) signal arises from slight changes of the index of refraction in a sample due to absorption of a heating light beam. Refractive index changes are measured with a second probing beam, usually of a different color. In the past two decades, this all-optical detection method has reached the sensitivity of single particles and single molecules, which gave birth to original applications in material science and biology. PT microscopy enables shot-noise-limited detection of individual nanoabsorbers among strong scatterers and circumvents many of the limitations of fluorescence-based detection. This review describes the theoretical basis of PT microscopy, the methodological developments that improved its sensitivity toward single-nanoparticle and single-molecule imaging, and a vast number of applications to single-nanoparticle imaging and tracking in material science and in cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Spaeth
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashish Kar
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Martin Dieter Baaske
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saumyakanti Khatua
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Voiculescu I, Toda M, Inomata N, Ono T, Li F. Nano and Microsensors for Mammalian Cell Studies. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E439. [PMID: 30424372 PMCID: PMC6187600 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review presents several sensors with dimensions at the nano- and micro-scale used for biological applications. Two types of cantilever beams employed as highly sensitive temperature sensors with biological applications will be presented. One type of cantilever beam is fabricated from composite materials and is operated in the deflection mode. In order to achieve the high sensitivity required for detection of heat generated by a single mammalian cell, the cantilever beam temperature sensor presented in this review was microprocessed with a length at the microscale and a thickness in the nanoscale dimension. The second type of cantilever beam presented in this review was operated in the resonant frequency regime. The working principle of the vibrating cantilever beam temperature sensor is based on shifts in resonant frequency in response to temperature variations generated by mammalian cells. Besides the cantilever beam biosensors, two biosensors based on the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) used to monitor mammalian cells attachment and viability will be presented in this review. These ECIS sensors have dimensions at the microscale, with the gold films used for electrodes having thickness at the nanoscale. These micro/nano biosensors and their mammalian cell applications presented in the review demonstrates the diversity of the biosensor technology and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Voiculescu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Masaya Toda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Naoki Inomata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takahito Ono
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Fang Li
- Mechanical Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 11568, USA.
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Yamada S, Schmid S, Larsen T, Hansen O, Boisen A. Photothermal infrared spectroscopy of airborne samples with mechanical string resonators. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10531-5. [PMID: 24083320 DOI: 10.1021/ac402585e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Micromechanical photothermal infrared spectroscopy is a promising technique, where absorption-related heating is detected by frequency detuning of microstring resonators. We present photothermal infrared spectroscopy with mechanical string resonators providing rapid identification of femtogram-scale airborne samples. Airborne sample material is directly collected on the microstring with an efficient nondiffusion limited sampling method based on inertial impaction. Resonance frequency shifts, proportional to the absorbed heat in the microstring, are recorded as monochromatic IR light is scanned over the mid-infrared range. As a proof-of-concept, we sample and analyze polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and the IR spectrum measured by photothermal spectroscopy matches the reference IR spectrum measured by an FTIR spectrometer. We further identify the organic surface coating of airborne TiO2 nanoparticles with a total mass of 4 pg. With an estimated detection limit of 44 fg, the presented sensor demonstrates a new paradigm in ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy for identification of airborne species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Yamada
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Persichetti G, Testa G, Bernini R. High sensitivity UV fluorescence spectroscopy based on an optofluidic jet waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:24219-24230. [PMID: 24104332 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.024219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel spectroscopic sensor based on an optofluidic liquid jet waveguide is presented. In this device, a liquid jet waveguide is generated with the solution under analysis. This stream, exploiting total internal reflection, acts as an optical waveguide confining the autofluorescence light produced by chemical or biological samples when opportunely excited. Using a self-aligned configuration, the liquid jet is directly coupled with a multimode optical fiber collecting the fluorescence towards the detection system. Experimental measurements have been performed using an UV excitation source on water solutions containing representative water pollutants as aromatic hydrocarbons or bacteria showing very low limit of detection.
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Shabani A, Marquette CA, Mandeville R, Lawrence MF. Carbon microarrays for the direct impedimetric detection of Bacillus anthracis using Gamma phages as probes. Analyst 2013; 138:1434-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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B. Murphy S, D. Holmes M, M. Wright S. <i>Bacillus pumilus</i>: Possible Model for the Bioweapon <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Greenberg DL, Busch JD, Keim P, Wagner DM. Identifying experimental surrogates for Bacillus anthracis spores: a review. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2010; 1:4. [PMID: 21092338 PMCID: PMC2988482 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a proven biological weapon. In order to study this threat, a number of experimental surrogates have been used over the past 70 years. However, not all surrogates are appropriate for B. anthracis, especially when investigating transport, fate and survival. Although B. atrophaeus has been widely used as a B. anthracis surrogate, the two species do not always behave identically in transport and survival models. Therefore, we devised a scheme to identify a more appropriate surrogate for B. anthracis. Our selection criteria included risk of use (pathogenicity), phylogenetic relationship, morphology and comparative survivability when challenged with biocides. Although our knowledge of certain parameters remains incomplete, especially with regards to comparisons of spore longevity under natural conditions, we found that B. thuringiensis provided the best overall fit as a non-pathogenic surrogate for B. anthracis. Thus, we suggest focusing on this surrogate in future experiments of spore fate and transport modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Greenberg
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
| | - Joseph D Busch
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
| | | | - David M Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
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Brooke H, Perkins DL, Setlow B, Setlow P, Bronk BV, Myrick ML. Sampling and quantitative analysis of clean B. subtilis spores at sub-monolayer coverage by reflectance fourier transform infrared microscopy using gold-coated filter substrates. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:881-888. [PMID: 18702861 DOI: 10.1366/000370208785284358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the concentration dependency of the mid-infrared (MIR) absorbance of bacterial spores. A range of concentrations of Bacillus subtilis endospores filtered across gold-coated filter membranes were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) reflectance microscopy. Calibration curves were derived from the peak absorbances associated with Amide A, Amide I, and Amide II vibrational frequencies by automatic baseline fitting to remove most of the scattering contribution. Linear relationships (R2 >or= 0.99) were observed between the concentrations of spores and the baseline-corrected peak absorbance for each frequency studied. Detection limits for our sampled area of 100 x100 microm2 were determined to be 79, 39, and 184 spores (or 7.92 x 10(5), 3.92 x 10(5), and 1.84 x 10(6) spores/cm2) for the Amide A, Amide I, and Amide II peaks, respectively. Absorbance increased linearly above the scattering baseline with particle surface concentration up to 0.9 monolayer (ML) coverage, with the monolayer density calculated to be approximately 1.17 x 10(8) spores/cm2. Scattering as a function of surface concentration, as estimated from extinction values at wavelengths exhibiting low absorbance, becomes nonlinear at a much lower surface concentration. The apparent scattering cross-section per spore decreased monotonically as concentrations increased toward 1.2 ML, while the absolute scattering decreased between 0.9 ML and 1.2 ML coverage. Calculations suggest that transverse spatial coherence effects are the origin of this nonlinearity, while the onset of nonlinearity in the baseline-corrected absorption is probably due to multiple scattering effects, which appear at a high surface concentration. Absorption cross-sections at peaks of the three bands were measured to be (2.15 +/- 0.05) x 10(-9), (1.48 +/- 0.03) x 10(-9), and (0.805 +/- 0.023) x 10(-9) cm2, respectively. These values are smaller by a factor of 2-4 than expected from the literature. The origin of the reduced cross-section is hypothesized to be an electric field effect related to the surface selection rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Brooke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Wavelength Dependence of Photoinduced Microcantilever Bending in the UV-VIS Range. SENSORS 2008; 8:23-34. [PMID: 27879694 PMCID: PMC3681129 DOI: 10.3390/s8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Micromechanical devices such as microcantilevers (MC) respond to irradiation with light by at least two different, photon-mediated processes, which induce MC bending as a consequence of differential surface stress. The first and slow bending is due to the absorption of photons, whose energy is transformed into heat and causes bending of bimetallic microcantilevers due to thermal expansion. The second type of deflection is fast and caused by photons of sufficient energy to promote electrons across the Schottky barrier and thus create charge carriers, resulting in photoinduced stress that causes MC bending. In this study, the MC bending response to irradiation with light of wavelengths ranging from 250 to 700 nm was investigated. Measurements of the immediate mechanical response to photoinduced stress as a function of the wavelength of incident light provide an avenue to the determination of the cut-off wavelength/energy of the Schottky barrier in the MC devices under investigation. For a gold coated Si3Ni4 microcantilever we measured a cutoff wavelength of 1206 nm, which lies in the range of the literature value of 1100 nm.
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Krebs MD, Mansfield B, Yip P, Cohen SJ, Sonenshein AL, Hitt BA, Davis CE. Novel technology for rapid species-specific detection of Bacillus spores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:119-27. [PMID: 16542873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a small, inexpensive sensor that can rapidly detect bio-warfare agents with high specificity. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, would be a perilous disease-causing organism in the event of a release. Currently, most anthrax detection research is based on nucleic acid detection, immunoassays and mass spectrometry, with few detection levels reported below 10(5) spores. Here, we show the ability to distinguish Bacillus spores to a level approaching 10(3) spores, below the reported median infectious dose of B. anthracis, using pyrolysis--micromachined differential mobility spectrometry and novel pattern recognition algorithms that combine lead cluster mapping with genetic algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Krebs
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Mechanical and Instruments Division, Bioengineering Group, USA
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