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Chen F, Yang T, Lin J, Li T, Liu P, Zhang Z, Tang Z, Tang P. Polarization state tomography technique based on coherent synthesis of polarization state and orthogonal polarization state separation method for comprehensive optical imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:1231-1245. [PMID: 38297679 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive optical imaging of the intensity, phase, and birefringent information of the biological sample is important because important physical or pathological changes always accompany the changes in multiple optical parameters. Current studies lack such a metric that can present the comprehensive optical property of the sample in one figure. In this paper, a polarization state synthesis tomography (PoST) method, which is based on the principle of polarization state coherent synthesis and demodulation, is proposed to achieve full-field tomographic imaging of the comprehensive information (i.e., intensity, phase, and birefringence) of the biological sample. In this method, the synthesis of the polarization state is achieved by the time-domain full-field low coherence interferometer, where the polarization states of the sample beam and the reference beam are set to be orthogonal for the synthesis of the polarization state. The synthesis of the polarization state enables two functions of the PoST system: (1) Depth information of the sample can be encoded by the synthesized polarization state because only when the optical path length difference between the two arms is within the coherence length, a new polarization state can be synthesized; (2) Since the scattering coefficient, refractive index and the birefringent property of the sample can modulate the intensity and phase of the sample beam, the synthesized polarization state is sensitive to all these three parameters and can provide the comprehensive optical information of the sample. In this work, the depth-resolved ability and the comprehensive optical imaging metric have been demonstrated by the standard samples and the onion cells, demonstrating the potential application value of this method for further investigation of the important physical or pathological process of the biological tissues.
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Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Guo Z. Fractal-based aberration-corrected full-field OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3775-3797. [PMID: 37497484 PMCID: PMC10368032 DOI: 10.1364/boe.485090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The Kolmogorov turbulence model has been validated as a quantitative 3D light scattering model of the inhomogeneous refraction index of biological tissue using full-field OCT (FF-OCT). A fractal-based computational compensation approach was proposed for correcting of depth-resolved aberrations with volumetric FF-OCT. First, the power-spectral density spectrum of the index inhomogeneities was measured by radial Fourier transformation of volumetric data. The spectrum's shape indicates the spatial correlation function and can be quantified as the fractal dimension of tissue. The defocusing correction matrix was built by applying fractal-based analysis as an image quality metric. For comparison, tissue-induced in-depth aberration models were built by phase compensation. After digital aberration correction of FF-OCT images, it enables extracting the temporal contrast indicating the sample dynamics in onion in mitosis and ex vivo mouse heart during delayed neuronal death. The proposed fractal-based contrast augmented images show subcellular resolution recording of dynamic scatters of the growing-up onion cell wall and some micro activities. In addition, low-frequency chamber and high-frequency cardiac muscle fibers from ex vivo mouse heart tissue. Therefore, the depth-resolved changes in fractal parameters may be regarded as a quantitative indicator of defocus aberration compensation. Also the enhanced temporal contrast in FF-OCT has the potential to be a label-free, non-invasive, and three-dimensional imaging tool to investigate sub-cellular activities in metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Zhenyan Guo
- Department of Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Xue W, Ogien J, Bulkin P, Coutrot AL, Dubois A. Mirau-based line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for three-dimensional high-resolution skin imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:086002. [PMID: 35962466 PMCID: PMC9374567 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.086002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a recently introduced high-resolution imaging modality based on a combination of low-coherence optical interferometry and reflectance confocal optical microscopy with line illumination and line detection. Capable of producing three-dimensional (3D) images of the skin with cellular resolution, in vivo, LC-OCT has been mainly applied in dermatology and dermo-cosmetology. The LC-OCT devices capable of acquiring 3D images reported so far are based on a Linnik interferometer using two identical microscope objectives. In this configuration, LC-OCT cannot be designed to be a very compact and light device, and the image acquisition speed is limited. AIM The objective of this work was to develop a more compact and lighter LC-OCT device that is capable of acquiring images faster without significant degradation of the resolution and with optimized detection sensitivity. APPROACH We developed an LC-OCT device based on a Mirau interferometer using a single objective. Dynamic adjustment of the camera frequency during the depth scan is implemented, using a faster camera and a more powerful light source. The reflectivity of the beam-splitter in the Mirau interferometer was optimized to maximize the detection sensitivity. A galvanometer scanner was incorporated into the device for scanning the illumination line laterally. A stack of adjacent B-scans, constituting a 3D image, can thus be acquired. RESULTS The device is able to acquire and display B-scans at 17 fps. 3D images with a quasi-isotropic resolution of ∼1.5 μm (1.3, 1.9, and 1.1 μm in the x , y, and z directions, respectively) over a field of 940 μm × 600 μm × 350 μm (x × y × z) can be obtained. 3D imaging of human skin at cellular resolution, in vivo, is reported. CONCLUSIONS The acquisition rate of the B-scans, at 17 fps, is unprecedented in LC-OCT. Compared with the conventional LC-OCT devices based on a Linnik interferometer, the reported Mirau-based LC-OCT device can acquire B-scans ∼2 times faster. With potential advantages in terms of compactness and weight, a Mirau-based device could easily be integrated into a smaller and lighter handheld probe for use by dermatologists in their daily medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Xue
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Pavel Bulkin
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anne-Lise Coutrot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | - Arnaud Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
- DAMAE Medical, Paris, France
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Wang L, Fu R, Xu C, Xu M. Methods and applications of full-field optical coherence tomography: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220007VR. [PMID: 35596250 PMCID: PMC9122094 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.5.050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) enables en face views of scattering samples at a given depth with subcellular resolution, similar to biopsy without the need of sample slicing or other complex preparation. This noninvasive, high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) imaging method has the potential to become a powerful tool in biomedical research, clinical applications, and other microscopic detection. AIM Our review provides an overview of the disruptive innovations and key technologies to further improve FF-OCT performance, promoting FF-OCT technology in biomedical and other application scenarios. APPROACH A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art accomplishments in OCT has been performed. Methods to improve performance of FF-OCT systems are reviewed, including advanced phase-shift approaches for imaging speed improvement, methods of denoising, artifact reduction, and aberration correction for imaging quality optimization, innovations for imaging flux expansion (field-of-view enlargement and imaging-depth-limit extension), new implementations for multimodality systems, and deep learning enhanced FF-OCT for information mining, etc. Finally, we summarize the application status and prospects of FF-OCT in the fields of biomedicine, materials science, security, and identification. RESULTS The most worth-expecting FF-OCT innovations include combining the technique of spatial modulation of optical field and computational optical imaging technology to obtain greater penetration depth, as well as exploiting endogenous contrast for functional imaging, e.g., dynamic FF-OCT, which enables noninvasive visualization of tissue dynamic properties or intracellular motility. Different dynamic imaging algorithms are compared using the same OCT data of the colorectal cancer organoid, which helps to understand the disadvantages and advantages of each. In addition, deep learning enhanced FF-OCT provides more valuable characteristic information, which is of great significance for auxiliary diagnosis and organoid detection. CONCLUSIONS FF-OCT has not been completely exploited and has substantial growth potential. By elaborating the key technologies, performance optimization methods, and application status of FF-OCT, we expect to accelerate the development of FF-OCT in both academic and industry fields. This renewed perspective on FF-OCT may also serve as a road map for future development of invasive 3D super-resolution imaging techniques to solve the problems of microscopic visualization detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Biological of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongzhen Fu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingen Xu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Biological of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Waszczuk L, Ogien J, Perrot JL, Dubois A. Co-localized line-field confocal optical coherence tomography and confocal Raman microspectroscopy for three-dimensional high-resolution morphological and molecular characterization of skin tissues ex vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2467-2487. [PMID: 35519243 PMCID: PMC9045904 DOI: 10.1364/boe.450993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is an optical modality that provides three-dimensional (3D) images of the skin at cellular resolution. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) is a label-free optical technique that can provide point measurement of the molecular content of the skin. This work presents a method to co-localize LC-OCT and CRM acquisitions for morpho-molecular analysis of ex vivo skin tissues at cellular level. The co-localization method allows acquisition of Raman spectra at specific locations in a sample identified from a 3D LC-OCT image, with an accuracy of ± 20 µm. The method was applied to the characterization of tattooed skin biopsies with adverse tattoo reactions. LC-OCT images allowed to target specific regions in the biopsies where the presence of tattoo ink was revealed by detection of the Raman signature of ink pigments. Micrometer-sized foreign bodies of various materials as well as inflammatory cells were also identified within the biopsies. From these results, we demonstrate the value of the LC-OCT-CRM co-localization method and its potential for future ex vivo analysis of suspicious skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Waszczuk
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau 91127, France
- DAMAE Medical, Paris 75013, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Perrot
- University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Department of Dermatology, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Arnaud Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau 91127, France
- DAMAE Medical, Paris 75013, France
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Ho TS, Tsai MR, Lu CW, Chang HS, Huang SL. Mirau-type full-field optical coherence tomography with switchable partially spatially coherent illumination modes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2670-2683. [PMID: 34123496 PMCID: PMC8176809 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A crystalline-fiber-based Mirau-type full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) system utilizing two partially coherent illumination modes is presented. Using a diode-pumped Ti:sapphire crystalline fiber with a high numerical aperture, spatially-incoherent broadband emission can be generated with high radiance. With two modes of different spatial coherence settings, either deeper penetration depth or higher B-scan rate can be achieved. In a wide-field illumination mode, the system functions like FF-OCT with partially coherent illumination to improve the penetration depth. In a strip-field illumination mode, a compressed field is generated on the sample, and a low-speckle B-scan can be acquired by compounding pixel lines within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Shu Ho
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence regarding OCT system design questions should be sent to
| | | | - Chih-Wei Lu
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | | | - Sheng-Lung Huang
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence regarding light source questions should be sent to
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Auksorius E, Borycki D, Stremplewski P, Liżewski K, Tomczewski S, Niedźwiedziuk P, Sikorski BL, Wojtkowski M. In vivo imaging of the human cornea with high-speed and high-resolution Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2849-2865. [PMID: 32499965 PMCID: PMC7249809 DOI: 10.1364/boe.393801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Corneal evaluation in ophthalmology necessitates cellular-resolution and fast imaging techniques that allow for accurate diagnoses. Currently, the fastest volumetric imaging technique is Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (FD-FF-OCT), which uses a fast camera and a rapidly tunable laser source. Here, we demonstrate high-resolution, high-speed, non-contact corneal volumetric imaging in vivo with FD-FF-OCT that can acquire a single 3D volume with a voxel rate of 7.8 GHz. The spatial coherence of the laser source was suppressed to prevent it from focusing on a spot on the retina, and therefore, exceeding the maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The inherently volumetric nature of FD-FF-OCT data enabled flattening of curved corneal layers. The acquired FD-FF-OCT images revealed corneal cellular structures, such as epithelium, stroma and endothelium, as well as subbasal and mid-stromal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidijus Auksorius
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Equal contribution
| | - Dawid Borycki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Equal contribution
| | - Patrycjusz Stremplewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Liżewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Tomczewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedziuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz L. Sikorski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie St., Bydgoszcz 85-309, Poland
- Oculomedica Eye Research & Development Center, 9 Broniewskiego St, 85-391 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Dubois A, Xue W, Levecq O, Bulkin P, Coutrot AL, Ogien J. Mirau-based line-field confocal optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7918-7927. [PMID: 32225427 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is an imaging technique in which A-scans are acquired in parallel through line illumination with a broadband laser and line detection with a line-scan camera. B-scan imaging at high spatial resolution is achieved by dynamic focusing in a Linnik interferometer. This paper presents an LC-OCT device based on a custom-designed Mirau interferometer that offers similar spatial resolution and detection sensitivity. The device has the advantage of being more compact and lighter. In vivo imaging of human skin with a resolution of 1.3 µm × 1.1 µm (lateral × axial) is demonstrated over a field of 0.9 mm × 0.4 mm (lateral × axial) at 12 frames per second.
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Davis A, Levecq O, Azimani H, Siret D, Dubois A. Simultaneous dual-band line-field confocal optical coherence tomography: application to skin imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:694-706. [PMID: 30800509 PMCID: PMC6377879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) operating in two distinct spectral bands centered at 770 nm and 1250 nm is reported, using a single supercontinuum light source and two different line-scan cameras. B-scans are acquired simultaneously in the two bands at 4 frames per second. Greyscale representation and color fusion of the images are performed to either produce a single image with both high resolution (1.3 µm × 1.2 µm, lateral × axial, measured at the surface) in the superficial part of the image and deep penetration, or to highlight the spectroscopic properties of the sample. In vivo images of fair and dark skin are presented with a penetration depth of ∼700 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Davis
- DAMAE Medical, 28 rue de Turbigo, 75003 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | | | - David Siret
- DAMAE Medical, 28 rue de Turbigo, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Dubois
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Dubois A, Levecq O, Azimani H, Davis A, Ogien J, Siret D, Barut A. Line-field confocal time-domain optical coherence tomography with dynamic focusing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33534-33542. [PMID: 30650800 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A time-domain optical coherence tomography technique is introduced for high-resolution B-scan imaging in real-time. The technique is based on a two-beam interference microscope with line illumination and line detection using a broadband spatially coherent light source and a line-scan camera. Multiple (2048) A-scans are acquired in parallel by scanning the sample depth while adjusting the focus. Quasi-isotropic spatial resolution of 1.3 µm × 1.1 µm (lateral × axial) is achieved. In vivo cellular-level resolution imaging of human skin is demonstrated at 10 frames per second with a penetration depth of ∼500 µm.
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Dubois A, Levecq O, Azimani H, Siret D, Barut A, Suppa M, Del Marmol V, Malvehy J, Cinotti E, Rubegni P, Perrot JL. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for high-resolution noninvasive imaging of skin tumors. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30353716 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.10.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An optical technique called line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is introduced for high-resolution, noninvasive imaging of human skin in vivo. LC-OCT combines the principles of time-domain optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy with line illumination and detection using a broadband laser and a line-scan camera. LC-OCT measures the echo-time delay and amplitude of light backscattered from cutaneous microstructures through low-coherence interferometry associated with confocal spatial filtering. Multiple A-scans are acquired simultaneously while dynamically adjusting the focus. The resulting cross-sectional B-scan image is produced in real time at 10 frame / s. With an isotropic spatial resolution of ∼1 μm, the LC-OCT images reveal a comprehensive structural mapping of skin at the cellular level down to a depth of ∼500 μm. LC-OCT has been applied to the imaging of various skin lesions, in vivo, including carcinomas and melanomas. LC-OCT images are found to strongly correlate with conventional histopathological images. The use of LC-OCT as an adjunct tool in medical practice could significantly improve clinical diagnostic accuracy while reducing the number of biopsies of benign lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariano Suppa
- Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josep Malvehy
- University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Cinotti
- University of Siena, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Dermatology Unit, Si, Italy
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- University of Siena, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Dermatology Unit, Si, Italy
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Yang Q, Miao Y, Huo T, Li Y, Heidari E, Zhu J, Chen Z. Deep imaging in highly scattering media by combining reflection matrix measurement with Bessel-like beam based optical coherence tomography. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2018; 113:011106. [PMID: 30034015 PMCID: PMC6029932 DOI: 10.1063/1.5036661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple scattering in biomedical tissue limits the imaging depth within a range of 1-2 mm for conventional optical imaging techniques. To extend the imaging depth into the scattering medium, a computational method based on the reflection matrix measurement has been developed to retrieve the singly back-scattered signal light from the dominant detrimental multiple-scattered background. After applying singular value decomposition on the measured matrix in the post-process, the target image underneath the turbid media is clearly recovered. To increase the depth of focus of the incident light by elongating the focal spot along the optical axis, a digital grating pattern is specially designed and displayed on a phase-only spatial light modulator to generate the Bessel-like beam for lateral point scanning. According to the results, the depth of focus is increased up to 2.4 mm which is much longer than the value of ∼50 μm obtained by using the conventional focused Gaussian beam, leading to a deeper penetration depth due to the self-healing feature of the Bessel-like beam. In addition, generation of the Bessel-like beam simplifies the axial scanning process by getting rid of the need to mechanically translate the focal zone along the optical axis of an objective with a high numerical aperture. By combining this method with an optical coherence tomography system with a low coherence light source, a depth-resolved optical image is obtained underneath a highly turbid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | | | - Tiancheng Huo
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | | | | | - Jiang Zhu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
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Catrysse PB, Irsch K, Javidi B, Preza C, Testorf M, Zalevsky Z. Modern imaging: introduction to the feature issue. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:MI1-MI2. [PMID: 28375372 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.000mi1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of Applied Optics contains selected papers reflecting the various disciplines that are needed for the design, implementation and advancement of imaging technology and systems, and it highlights the state-of-the-art research developments in the areas of modern imaging use.
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