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Attendu X, Bloemen PR, Kind NH, Faber DJ, de Bruin DM, Boudoux C, van Leeuwen TG. All-reflective tethered capsule endoscope for multimodal optical coherence tomography in the esophagus. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:096003. [PMID: 39301278 PMCID: PMC11412323 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.9.096003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Significance Esophageal cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent in Western countries. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment. Multimodal imaging combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) with complementary optical imaging techniques may provide enhanced diagnostic capabilities by simultaneously assessing tissue morphology and biochemical content. Aim We aim to develop a tethered capsule endoscope (TCE) that can accommodate a variety of point-scanning techniques in addition to OCT without requiring design iterations on the optical or mechanical design. Approach We propose a TCE utilizing exclusively reflective optics to focus and steer light from and to a double-clad fiber. Specifically, we use an ellipsoidal mirror to achieve finite conjugation between the fiber tip and the imaging plane. Results We demonstrate a functional all-reflective TCE. We first detail the design, fabrication, and assembly steps required to obtain such a device. We then characterize its performance and demonstrate combined OCT at 1300 nm and visible spectroscopic imaging in the 500- to 700-nm range. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the proposed design. Conclusions An all-reflective TCE is feasible and allows for achromatic high-quality imaging. Such a device could be utilized as a platform for testing various combinations of modalities to identify the optimal candidates without requiring design iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Attendu
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Polytechnique Montréal, Centre d'Optique Photonique et Lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul R Bloemen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels H Kind
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Development and Innovation of Medical Technologies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Faber
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel M de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Polytechnique Montréal, Centre d'Optique Photonique et Lasers, Department of Engineering Physics, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Wu X, Ishrak R, Reihanisaransari R, Verma Y, Spring B, Singh K, Reddy R. High-speed forward-viewing optical coherence tomography probe based on Lissajous sampling and sparse reconstruction. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3652-3655. [PMID: 38950232 DOI: 10.1364/ol.521595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel endoscopy probe using optical coherence tomography (OCT) that combines sparse Lissajous scanning and compressed sensing (CS) for faster data collection. This compact probe is only 4 mm in diameter and achieves a large field of view (FOV) of 2.25 mm2 and a 10 mm working distance. Unlike traditional OCT systems that use bulky raster scanning, our design features a dual-axis piezoelectric mechanism for efficient Lissajous pattern scanning. It employs compressive data reconstruction algorithms that minimize data collection requirements for efficient, high-speed imaging. This approach significantly enhances imaging speed by over 40%, substantially improving miniaturization and performance for endoscopic applications.
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3
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Searles K, Shalabi N, Hohert G, Gharib N, Jayhooni SMH, Lane PM, Takahata K. Distal planar rotary scanner for endoscopic optical coherence tomography. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:583-592. [PMID: 38645593 PMCID: PMC11026329 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-024-00353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is becoming a more common endoscopic imaging modality for detecting and treating disease given its high resolution and image quality. To use OCT for 3-dimensional imaging of small lumen, embedding an optical scanner at the distal end of an endoscopic probe for circumferential scanning the probing light is a promising way to implement high-quality imaging unachievable with the conventional method of revolving an entire probe. To this end, the present work proposes a hollow and planar micro rotary actuator for its use as an endoscopic distal scanner. A miniaturized design of this ferrofluid-assisted electromagnetic actuator is prototyped to act as a full 360° optical scanner, which is integrated at the tip of a fiber-optic probe together with a gradient-index lens for use with OCT. The scanner is revealed to achieve a notably improved dynamic performance that shows a maximum speed of 6500 rpm, representing 325% of the same reported with the preceding design, while staying below the thermal limit for safe in-vivo use. The scanner is demonstrated to perform real-time OCT using human fingers as live tissue samples for the imaging tests. The acquired images display no shadows from the electrical wires to the scanner, given its hollow architecture that allows the probing light to pass through the actuator body, as well as the quality high enough to differentiate the dermis from the epidermis while resolving individual sweat glands, proving the effectiveness of the prototyped scanner design for endoscopic OCT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Searles
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Nabil Shalabi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Geoffrey Hohert
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6 Canada
| | - Nirvana Gharib
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | | | - Pierre M. Lane
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6 Canada
| | - Kenichi Takahata
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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4
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Park HC, Li D, Liang R, Adrales G, Li X. Multifunctional Ablative Gastrointestinal Imaging Capsule (MAGIC) for Esophagus Surveillance and Interventions. BME FRONTIERS 2024; 5:0041. [PMID: 38577399 PMCID: PMC10993155 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement: A clinically viable technology for comprehensive esophagus surveillance and potential treatment is lacking. Here, we report a novel multifunctional ablative gastrointestinal imaging capsule (MAGIC) technology platform to address this clinical need. The MAGIC technology could also facilitate the clinical translation and adoption of the tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) technology. Introduction: Recently developed optical coherence tomography (OCT) TCE technologies have shown a promising potential for surveillance of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer in awake patients without the need for sedation. However, it remains challenging with the current TCE technology for detecting early lesions and clinical adoption due to its suboptimal resolution, imaging contrast, and lack of visual guidance during imaging. Methods: Our technology reported here integrates dual-wavelength OCT imaging (operating at 800 and 1300 nm), an ultracompact endoscope camera, and an ablation laser, aiming to enable comprehensive surveillance, guidance, and potential ablative treatment of the esophagus. Results: The MAGIC has been successfully developed with its multimodality imaging and ablation capabilities demonstrated by imaging swine esophagus ex vivo and in vivo. The 800-nm OCT imaging offers exceptional resolution and contrast for the superficial layers, well suited for detecting subtle changes associated with early neoplasia. The 1300-nm OCT imaging provides deeper penetration, essential for assessing lesion invasion. The built-in miniature camera affords a conventional endoscopic view for assisting capsule deployment and laser ablation. Conclusion: By offering complementary and clinically viable functions in a single device, the reported technology represents an effective solution for endoscopic screening, diagnosis, and potential ablation treatment of the esophagus of a patient in an office setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Cheol Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of College of Future Technology,
Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rongguang Liang
- College of Optical Sciences,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Gina Adrales
- Department of Surgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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5
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Gunalan A, Mattos LS. Towards OCT-Guided Endoscopic Laser Surgery-A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040677. [PMID: 36832167 PMCID: PMC9955820 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging technology occupying a unique position in the resolution vs. imaging depth spectrum. It is already well established in the field of ophthalmology, and its application in other fields of medicine is growing. This is motivated by the fact that OCT is a real-time sensing technology with high sensitivity to precancerous lesions in epithelial tissues, which can be exploited to provide valuable information to clinicians. In the prospective case of OCT-guided endoscopic laser surgery, these real-time data will be used to assist surgeons in challenging endoscopic procedures in which high-power lasers are used to eradicate diseases. The combination of OCT and laser is expected to enhance the detection of tumors, the identification of tumor margins, and ensure total disease eradication while avoiding damage to healthy tissue and critical anatomical structures. Therefore, OCT-guided endoscopic laser surgery is an important nascent research area. This paper aims to contribute to this field with a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art technologies that may be exploited as the building blocks for achieving such a system. The paper begins with a review of the principles and technical details of endoscopic OCT, highlighting challenges and proposed solutions. Then, once the state of the art of the base imaging technology is outlined, the new OCT-guided endoscopic laser surgery frontier is reviewed. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on the constraints, benefits and open challenges associated with this new type of surgical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gunalan
- Department of Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Leonardo S. Mattos
- Department of Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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6
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Dong J, Grant C, Vuong B, Nishioka N, Gao AH, Beatty M, Baldwin G, Bailargeon A, Bablouzian A, Grahmann P, Bhat N, Ryan E, Barrios A, Giddings S, Ford T, Beaulieu-Ouellet E, Hosseiny SH, Lerman I, Trasischker W, Reddy R, Singh K, Gora M, Hyun D, Queneherve L, Wallace M, Wolfsen H, Sharma P, Wang KK, Leggett CL, Poneros J, Abrams JA, Lightdale C, Leeds S, Rosenberg M, Tearney G. Feasibility and Safety of Tethered Capsule Endomicroscopy in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus in a Multi-Center Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:756-765.e3. [PMID: 33549871 PMCID: PMC8715859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) involves swallowing a small tethered pill that implements optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, procuring high resolution images of the whole esophagus. Here, we demonstrate and evaluate the feasibility and safety of TCE and a portable OCT imaging system in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) in a multi-center (5-site) clinical study. METHODS Untreated patients with BE as per endoscopic biopsy diagnosis were eligible to participate in the study. TCE procedures were performed in unsedated patients by either doctors or nurses. After the capsule was swallowed, the device continuously obtained 10-μm-resolution cross-sectional images as it traversed the esophagus. Following imaging, the device was withdrawn through mouth, and disinfected for subsequent reuse. BE lengths were compared to endoscopy findings when available. OCT-TCE images were compared to volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) images from a patient who had undergone VLE on the same day as TCE. RESULTS 147 patients with BE were enrolled across all sites. 116 swallowed the capsule (79%), 95/114 (83.3%) men and 21/33 (63.6%) women (P = .01). High-quality OCT images were obtained in 104/111 swallowers (93.7%) who completed the procedure. The average imaging duration was 5.55 ± 1.92 minutes. The mean length of esophagus imaged per patient was 21.69 ± 5.90 cm. A blinded comparison of maximum extent of BE measured by OCT-TCE and EGD showed a strong correlation (r = 0.77-0.79). OCT-TCE images were of similar quality to those obtained by OCT-VLE. CONCLUSIONS The capabilities of TCE to be used across multiple sites, be administered to unsedated patients by either physicians or nurses who are not expert in OCT-TCE, and to rapidly and safely evaluate the microscopic structure of the esophagus make it an emerging tool for screening and surveillance of BE patients. Clinical trial registry website and trial number: NCT02994693 and NCT03459339.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Catriona Grant
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Barry Vuong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Norman Nishioka
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Anna Huizi Gao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Matthew Beatty
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Grace Baldwin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Aaron Bailargeon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Ara Bablouzian
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Patricia Grahmann
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Nitasha Bhat
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Emily Ryan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Amilcar Barrios
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Sarah Giddings
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Timothy Ford
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | | | | | - Irene Lerman
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Wolfgang Trasischker
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Rohith Reddy
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Kanwarpal Singh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Michalina Gora
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA,ICube Laboratory, CNRS, Strasbourg University, France
| | - Daryl Hyun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA
| | - Lucille Queneherve
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Michael Wallace
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL
| | - Herbert Wolfsen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kansas City Veterans Administration and University of Kansas School of Medicine, MO
| | - Kenneth K. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
| | - Cadman L. Leggett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | - Mireille Rosenberg
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Guillermo Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard Medical School, MA,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology (HST)
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7
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Innovations in Screening Tools for Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2021; 23:22. [PMID: 34654955 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-021-00821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a lethal disease with rapidly rising incidence. Screening for EAC and its metaplastic precursor, Barrett's esophagus (BE), followed by endoscopic surveillance and endoscopic treatment of dysplasia or early EAC are promising approaches to decreasing EAC incidence and EAC mortality. Historically, screening for EAC has been completed with a traditional per-oral esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD); however, this method has limitations including cost, tolerability, and accessibility. For this reason, much effort has been put forward to develop more effective, minimally invasive, and accessible BE and EAC screening tools. The purpose of this review is to describe recent developments of these novel tools. RECENT FINDINGS While endoscopic alternatives such as transnasal endoscopy are cheaper and well tolerated, they have not gained acceptance. Non-endoscopic modalities namely, swallowable cell collection devices coupled with biomarker analysis have been found to have excellent performance characteristics, tolerability, and cost effectiveness. In this article, we provide an update on innovative developments in EAC/BE screening modalities including transnasal endoscopy, capsule endomicroscopy, swallowable cell collection devices, and exhaled volatile organic compound analyses.
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Wartak A, Kelada AK, Leon Alarcon PA, Bablouzian AL, Ahsen OO, Gregg AL, Wei Y, Bollavaram K, Sheil CJ, Farewell E, VanTol S, Smith R, Grahmann P, Baillargeon AR, Gardecki JA, Tearney GJ. Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence tethered capsule endomicroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4308-4323. [PMID: 34457416 PMCID: PMC8367220 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OCT tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) is an emerging noninvasive diagnostic imaging technology for gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorders. OCT measures tissue reflectivity that provides morphologic image contrast, and thus is incapable of ascertaining molecular information that can be useful for improving diagnostic accuracy. Here, we introduce an extension to OCT TCE that includes a fluorescence (FL) imaging channel for attaining complementary, co-registered molecular contrast. We present the development of an OCT-FL TCE capsule and a portable, plug-and-play OCT-FL imaging system. The technology is validated in phantom experiments and feasibility is demonstrated in a methylene blue (MB)-stained swine esophageal injury model, ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wartak
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alfred K. Kelada
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paola A. Leon Alarcon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ara L. Bablouzian
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Osman O. Ahsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail L. Gregg
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yuxiao Wei
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Keval Bollavaram
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Conor J. Sheil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Farewell
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Schuyler VanTol
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel Smith
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Patricia Grahmann
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron R. Baillargeon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gardecki
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Song G, Jelly ET, Chu KK, Kendall WY, Wax A. A review of low-cost and portable optical coherence tomography. PROGRESS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:032002. [PMID: 37645660 PMCID: PMC10465117 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abfeb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful optical imaging technique capable of visualizing the internal structure of biological tissues at near cellular resolution. For years, OCT has been regarded as the standard of care in ophthalmology, acting as an invaluable tool for the assessment of retinal pathology. However, the costly nature of most current commercial OCT systems has limited its general accessibility, especially in low-resource environments. It is therefore timely to review the development of low-cost OCT systems as a route for applying this technology to population-scale disease screening. Low-cost, portable and easy to use OCT systems will be essential to facilitate widespread use at point of care settings while ensuring that they offer the necessary imaging performances needed for clinical detection of retinal pathology. The development of low-cost OCT also offers the potential to enable application in fields outside ophthalmology by lowering the barrier to entry. In this paper, we review the current development and applications of low-cost, portable and handheld OCT in both translational and research settings. Design and cost-reduction techniques are described for general low-cost OCT systems, including considerations regarding spectrometer-based detection, scanning optics, system control, signal processing, and the role of 3D printing technology. Lastly, a review of clinical applications enabled by low-cost OCT is presented, along with a detailed discussion of current limitations and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
| | | | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Wesley Y Kendall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
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10
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Otuya DO, Verma Y, Luu R, Farrrokhi H, Tearney GJ. Improved sensitivity roll-off in dual reference, buffered spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200323R. [PMID: 33569937 PMCID: PMC7874967 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.2.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE While spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a preferred form of OCT imaging, sensitivity roll-off limits its applicability for certain biomedical imaging applications. AIM The aim of this work is to extend the imaging range of conventional SD-OCT systems for imaging large luminal organs such as the gastrointestinal tract. APPROACH We present an SD-OCT system operating at a center wavelength of 1300 nm that uses two delayed reference arms to reduce sensitivity roll-off and an optical switch and a fiber optic delay line to ensure that the interference spectra are acquired from the same sample time window. RESULT The proposed system was used to image swine colon ex vivo and duodenum in vivo, demonstrating improved image quality due to a ∼14 dB increase in sensitivity at the edges of the ranging depth. CONCLUSION The proposed system requires modest hardware implementation and is compatible with catheter-based endoscopic helical scanning with enhanced sensitivity for the samples at a distance of ∼6 mm from the zero delay point.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Otuya
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yogesh Verma
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Romain Luu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hamid Farrrokhi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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11
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López-Marín A, Springeling G, Beurskens R, van Beusekom H, van der Steen AFW, Koch AD, Bouma BE, Huber R, van Soest G, Wang T. Motorized capsule for shadow-free OCT imaging and synchronous beam control. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3641-3644. [PMID: 31368932 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a tethered motorized capsule for unobstructed optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the esophagus. By using a distal reflector design, we avoided the common shadow artifact induced by the motor wires. A synchronous driving technique features three types of beam-scanning modes of the capsule, i.e., circumferential beam scanning, localized beam scanning, and accurate beam positioning. We characterized these three modes and carried out ex vivo imaging experiments using the capsule. The results show that the capsule can potentially be a useful tool for diagnostic OCT imaging and OCT-guided biopsy and therapy of the esophagus.
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