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Lee S, Choi SS, Meleppat RK, Zawadzki RJ, Doble N. High-speed, phase contrast retinal and blood flow imaging using an adaptive optics partially confocal multi-line ophthalmoscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1815-1830. [PMID: 38495707 PMCID: PMC10942708 DOI: 10.1364/boe.507449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
High-speed, phase contrast retinal and blood flow imaging using an adaptive optics partially confocal multi-line ophthalmosocope (AO-pcMLO) is described. It allows for simultaneous confocal and phase contrast imaging with various directional multi-line illumination by using a single 2D camera and a digital micromirror device (DMD). Both vertical and horizontal line illumination directions were tested, for photoreceptor and vascular imaging. The phase contrast imaging provided improved visualization of retinal structures such as cone inner segments, vessel walls and red blood cells with images being acquired at frame rates up to 500 Hz. Blood flow velocities of small vessels (<40 µm in diameter) were measured using kymographs for capillaries and cross-correlation between subsequent images for arterioles or venules. Cardiac-related pulsatile patterns were observed with normal resting heart-beat rate, and instantaneous blood flow velocities from 0.7 to 20 mm/s were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Lee
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, 338 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Stacey S. Choi
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, 338 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Suite 5000, Ohio 43212, USA
| | - Ratheesh K. Meleppat
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
- UC Davis EyePod Small Animal Ocular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert J. Zawadzki
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
- UC Davis EyePod Small Animal Ocular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Nathan Doble
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, 338 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Suite 5000, Ohio 43212, USA
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2
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Krafft L, Senée P, Gofas E, Thouvenin O, Atlan M, Paques M, Meimon S, Mecê P. Multimodal high-resolution retinal imaging using a camera-based DMD-integrated adaptive optics flood-illumination ophthalmoscope. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3785-3788. [PMID: 37450750 DOI: 10.1364/ol.495515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of a multimodal adaptive optics flood-illumination ophthalmoscope, able to provide both bright-field and dark-field images (such as phase contrast). The multimodality was made possible by integrating a digital micromirror device (DMD) at the illumination path to project a sequence of complementary high-resolution patterns into the retina. Through a versatile post-processing method that digitally selects backscattered or multiply scattered photons, we were able: (1) to achieve up to four-fold contrast increase of bright-field images when imaging the photoreceptor mosaic and nerve fibers; and (2) to visualize translucent retinal features such as capillaries, red blood cells, vessel walls, ganglion cells, and photoreceptor inner segments through phase contrast.
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3
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Morgan JIW, Chui TYP, Grieve K. Twenty-five years of clinical applications using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:387-428. [PMID: 36698659 PMCID: PMC9841996 DOI: 10.1364/boe.472274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, adaptive optics (AO) was combined with fundus photography, thereby initiating a new era in the field of ophthalmic imaging. Since that time, clinical applications of AO ophthalmoscopy to investigate visual system structure and function in both health and disease abound. To date, AO ophthalmoscopy has enabled visualization of most cell types in the retina, offered insight into retinal and systemic disease pathogenesis, and been integrated into clinical trials. This article reviews clinical applications of AO ophthalmoscopy and addresses remaining challenges for AO ophthalmoscopy to become fully integrated into standard ophthalmic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. W. Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Toco Y. P. Chui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Kate Grieve
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, and CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France
- Contributed equally
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4
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Advanced Optical Wavefront Technologies to Improve Patient Quality of Vision and Meet Clinical Requests. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235321. [PMID: 36501713 PMCID: PMC9741482 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) is employed for the continuous measurement and correction of ocular aberrations. Human eye refractive errors (lower-order aberrations such as myopia and astigmatism) are corrected with contact lenses and excimer laser surgery. Under twilight vision conditions, when the pupil of the human eye dilates to 5-7 mm in diameter, higher-order aberrations affect the visual acuity. The combined use of wavefront (WF) technology and AO systems allows the pre-operative evaluation of refractive surgical procedures to compensate for the higher-order optical aberrations of the human eye, guiding the surgeon in choosing the procedure parameters. Here, we report a brief history of AO, starting from the description of the Shack-Hartmann method, which allowed the first in vivo measurement of the eye's wave aberration, the wavefront sensing technologies (WSTs), and their principles. Then, the limitations of the ocular wavefront ascribed to the IOL polymeric materials and design, as well as future perspectives on improving patient vision quality and meeting clinical requests, are described.
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5
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Krafft L, Gofas-Salas E, Lai-Tim Y, Paques M, Mugnier L, Thouvenin O, Mecê P, Meimon S. Partial-field illumination ophthalmoscope: improving the contrast of a camera-based retinal imager. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:9951-9956. [PMID: 34807185 DOI: 10.1364/ao.428048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective and accurate in vivo diagnosis of retinal pathologies requires high performance imaging devices, combining a large field of view and the ability to discriminate the ballistic signal from the diffuse background in order to provide a highly contrasted image of the retinal structures. Here, we have implemented the partial-field illumination ophthalmoscope, a patterned illumination modality, integrated to a high pixel rate adaptive optics full-field microscope. This non-invasive technique enables us to mitigate the low signal-to-noise ratio, intrinsic of full-field ophthalmoscopes, by partially illuminating the retina with complementary patterns to reconstruct a wide-field image. This new, to the best of our knowledge, modality provides an image contrast spanning from the full-field to the confocal contrast, depending on the pattern size. As a result, it offers various trade-offs in terms of contrast and acquisition speed, guiding the users towards the most efficient system for a particular clinical application.
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6
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Wynne N, Carroll J, Duncan JL. Promises and pitfalls of evaluating photoreceptor-based retinal disease with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100920. [PMID: 33161127 PMCID: PMC8639282 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) allows visualization of the living human retina with exquisite single-cell resolution. This technology has improved our understanding of normal retinal structure and revealed pathophysiological details of a number of retinal diseases. Despite the remarkable capabilities of AOSLO, it has not seen the widespread commercial adoption and mainstream clinical success of other modalities developed in a similar time frame. Nevertheless, continued advancements in AOSLO hardware and software have expanded use to a broader range of patients. Current devices enable imaging of a number of different retinal cell types, with recent improvements in stimulus and detection schemes enabling monitoring of retinal function, microscopic structural changes, and even subcellular activity. This has positioned AOSLO for use in clinical trials, primarily as exploratory outcome measures or biomarkers that can be used to monitor disease progression or therapeutic response. AOSLO metrics could facilitate patient selection for such trials, to refine inclusion criteria or to guide the choice of therapy, depending on the presence, absence, or functional viability of specific cell types. Here we explore the potential of AOSLO retinal imaging by reviewing clinical applications as well as some of the pitfalls and barriers to more widespread clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Bakker E, Dikland FA, van Bakel R, Andrade De Jesus D, Sánchez Brea L, Klein S, van Walsum T, Rossant F, Farías DC, Grieve K, Paques M. Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: a systematic review of vascular biomarkers. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:369-387. [PMID: 34090882 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinal vascular diseases are a leading cause for blindness and partial sight certifications. By applying adaptive optics (AO) to conventional imaging modalities, the microstructures of the retinal vasculature can be observed with high spatial resolution, hence offering a unique opportunity for the exploration of the human microcirculation. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the current state of retinal vascular biomarkers imaged by AO flood illumination ophthalmoscopy (FIO) and AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO). A literature research was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases on July 9, 2020. From 217 screened studies, 42 were eligible for this review. All studies underwent a quality check regarding their content. A meta-analysis was performed for the biomarkers reported for the same pathology in at least three studies using the same modality. The most frequently studied vascular biomarkers were the inner diameter (ID), outer diameter (OD), parietal thickness (PT), wall cross-sectional area (WCSA), and wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR). The applicability of AO vascular biomarkers has been mostly explored in systemic hypertension using AO FIO and in diabetes using AO SLO. The result of the meta-analysis for hypertensive patients showed that WLR, PT, and ID were significantly different when compared to healthy controls, while WCSA was not (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P < 0.001, and P = 0.070, respectively). The presented review shows that, although a substantial number of retinal vascular biomarkers have been explored in AO en face imaging, further clinical research and standardization of procedures is needed to validate such biomarkers for the longitudinal monitoring of arterial hypertension and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bakker
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Anne Dikland
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roan van Bakel
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Danilo Andrade De Jesus
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luisa Sánchez Brea
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Klein
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van Walsum
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Rossant
- ISEP, Institut Supérieur d'Electronique de Paris, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Daniela Castro Farías
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
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Bedggood P, Metha A. Adaptive optics imaging of the retinal microvasculature. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 103:112-122. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Bedggood
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Andrew Metha
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
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Mecê P, Gofas-Salas E, Rui Y, Zhang M, Sahel JA, Rossi EA. Spatial-frequency-based image reconstruction to improve image contrast in multi-offset adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1085-1088. [PMID: 33649663 PMCID: PMC9202470 DOI: 10.1364/ol.417903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Off-axis detection methods in adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopy can enhance image contrast of translucent retinal structures such as cone inner segments and retinal ganglion cells. Here, we propose a 2D optical model showing that the phase contrast produced by these methods depends on the offset orientation. While one axis provides an asymmetric light distribution, hence high phase contrast, the perpendicular axis provides a symmetric one, thus substantially lower contrast. We support this model with in vivo human data acquired with a multi-offset AO scanning light ophthalmoscope. Then, using this finding, we provide a post-processing method, named spatial-frequency-based image reconstruction, to optimally combine images from different off-axis detector orientations, significantly increasing the structural cellular contrast of in vivo human retinal neurons such as cone inner segment, putative rods, and retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mecê
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elena Gofas-Salas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuhua Rui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Eye center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univeristy; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ethan A. Rossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Arnould L, Guillemin M, Seydou A, Gabrielle PH, Bourredjem A, Kawasaki R, Binquet C, Bron AM, Creuzot-Garcher C. Association between the retinal vascular network and retinal nerve fiber layer in the elderly: The Montrachet study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241055. [PMID: 33085730 PMCID: PMC7577490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between the characteristics of the retinal vascular network in the elderly and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in a population-based study. METHODS We conducted a population-based study, the Montrachet study (Maculopathy Optic Nerve, nuTRition neurovAsCular, and HEarT disease), in participants aged ≥ 75 years. RNFL thickness was assessed with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Analysis of the retinal vascular network was performed by means of the Singapore "I" Vessel Assessment (SIVA) software based on fundus photography. RESULTS Data from 970 participants were suitable for analysis. Patients with optic neuropathy were excluded. In multivariable analysis, each standard deviation (SD) decrease in the caliber of the six largest arterioles and veins in zone B and the six largest arterioles and veins in zone C was associated with a decrease in global RNFL thickness (β = -1.62 μm, P = 0.001; β = -2.39 μm, P < 0.001; β = -1.56 μm, P = 0.002; and β = -2.64 μm, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study found that decreased retinal vessels caliber were associated with a decreased RNFL thickness in the elderly without optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Arnould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- INSERM, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Dijon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Alassane Seydou
- INSERM, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Dijon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Henry Gabrielle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Abderrahmane Bourredjem
- INSERM, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Dijon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Vision Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Christine Binquet
- INSERM, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Dijon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Alain M. Bron
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Creuzot-Garcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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11
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Mecê P, Groux K, Scholler J, Thouvenin O, Fink M, Grieve K, Boccara C. Coherence gate shaping for wide field high-resolution in vivo retinal imaging with full-field OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4928-4941. [PMID: 33014591 PMCID: PMC7510855 DOI: 10.1364/boe.400522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Allying high-resolution with a large field-of-view (FOV) is of great importance in the fields of biology and medicine, but it is particularly challenging when imaging non-flat living samples such as the human retina. Indeed, high-resolution is normally achieved with adaptive optics (AO) and scanning methods, which considerably reduce the useful FOV and increase the system complexity. An alternative technique is time-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT), which has already shown its potential for in-vivo high-resolution retinal imaging. Here, we introduce coherence gate shaping for FF-OCT, to optically shape the coherence gate geometry to match the sample curvature, thus achieving a larger FOV than previously possible. Using this instrument, we obtained high-resolution images of living human photoreceptors close to the foveal center without AO and with a 1 mm × 1 mm FOV in a single shot. This novel advance enables the extraction of photoreceptor-based biomarkers with ease and spatiotemporal monitoring of individual photoreceptors. We compare our findings with AO-assisted ophthalmoscopes, highlighting the potential of FF-OCT, as a compact system, to become a routine clinical imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mecê
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kassandra Groux
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jules Scholler
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Thouvenin
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathias Fink
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Claude Boccara
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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12
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Mecê P, Gofas-Salas E, Paques M, Grieve K, Meimon S. Optical Incoherence Tomography: a method to generate tomographic retinal cross-sections with non-interferometric adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4069-4084. [PMID: 32923029 PMCID: PMC7449754 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present Optical Incoherence Tomography (OIT): a completely digital method to generate tomographic retinal cross-sections from en-face through-focus image stacks acquired by non-interferometric imaging systems, such as en-face adaptive optics (AO)-ophthalmoscopes. We demonstrate that OIT can be applied to different imaging modalities using back-scattered light, including systems without inherent optical sectioning and, for the first time, multiply-scattered light, revealing a distinctive cross-sectional view of the retina. The axial dimension of OIT cross-sections is given in terms of focus position rather than optical path, as in OCT. We explore this property to guide focus position in cases where the user is "blind" focusing, allowing precise plane selection for en-face imaging of retinal pigment epithelium, the vascular plexuses and translucent retinal neurons, such as photoreceptor inner segments and retinal ganglion cells, using respectively autofluorescence, motion contrast and split detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mecê
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elena Gofas-Salas
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, Paris, 75012, France
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Serge Meimon
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay F-91123 Palaiseau, France
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13
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Laforest T, Künzi M, Kowalczuk L, Carpentras D, Behar-Cohen F, Moser C. Transscleral Optical Phase Imaging of the Human Retina. NATURE PHOTONICS 2020; 14:439-445. [PMID: 32607125 PMCID: PMC7326609 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-020-0608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo observation of the human retina at the cellular level is crucial to detect the first signs of retinal diseases and properly treat them. Despite the phenomenal advances in adaptive optics (AO) systems, clinical imaging of many retinal cells is still elusive due to the low signal-to-noise ratio induced by transpupillary illumination. We present a transscleral optical phase imaging (TOPI) method, which relies on high-angle oblique illumination of the retina, combined with AO, to enhance cell contrast. Examination of eleven healthy volunteer eyes, without pupil dilation, shows the ability of this method to produce in-vivo images of retinal cells, from the retinal pigment epithelium to the nerve fibre layer. This method also allows the generation of high-resolution label-free ex-vivo phase images of flat-mounted retinas. The 4.4°x 4.4° field-of-view in-vivo images are recorded in less than 10 seconds, opening new avenues in the exploration of healthy and diseased retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Laforest
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- EarlySight SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Künzi
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- EarlySight SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L. Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. Carpentras
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Behar-Cohen
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, USPC, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical developments, F-75006 Paris, France
- Ophtalmopole, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C. Moser
- Laboratory of Applied Photonic Devices (LAPD), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Materials and Correspondence: Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to
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Wang D, Haytham A, Mayo L, Tao Y, Saeedi O. Automated retinal microvascular velocimetry based on erythrocyte mediated angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3681-3697. [PMID: 31360609 PMCID: PMC6640827 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Retinal blood flow is an emerging biomarker in ocular and systemic disease. Erythrocyte mediated angiography (EMA) is a novel technique that provides an easily interpretable blood flow velocity quantification by directly tracing individual moving erythrocyte ghosts over time in vivo, imaged using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retina Angiograph platform). This tracking procedure, however, requires time-consuming manual analysis to determine blood flow. To overcome this current bottleneck, we developed an objective and automated velocimetry approach, EMA - Automated Velocimetry (EMA-AV), which is based on a modified sequential Monte Carlo method. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between trained human graders and EMA-AV is 0.98 for mean vessel velocity estimation and 0.92 for frame by frame erythrocyte velocity estimation. This study proves EMA-AV is a reliable tool for quantification of retinal microvascular velocity and flow and establishes EMA-AV as a reliable and interpretable tool for quantifying retinal microvascular velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Wang
- Bio-Imaging and Machine Vision Lab, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,
USA
| | - Ayman Haytham
- Aureus University School of Medicine, Wayaca 31C, Oranjestad,
Aruba
| | - Lakyn Mayo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 419 W Redwood Street, Suite 470, Baltimore, MD 21201,
USA
| | - Yang Tao
- Bio-Imaging and Machine Vision Lab, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,
USA
| | - Osamah Saeedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 419 W Redwood Street, Suite 470, Baltimore, MD 21201,
USA
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