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Li Y, Yu X, Qu T, Ng J, Lin Z, Zhang L, Chen J. Optomechanical effects caused by non-zero field quantities in multiple evanescent waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44004-44018. [PMID: 38178482 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Evanescent waves, with their high energy density, intricate local momentum, and spatial distribution of spins, have been the subject of extensive recent study. These waves offer promising applications in near-field particle manipulation. Consequently, it becomes imperative to gain a deeper understanding of the impacts of scattering and gradient forces on particles in evanescent waves to enhance and refine the manipulation capabilities. In this study, we employ the multipole expansion theory to present analytical expressions for the scattering and gradient forces exerted on an isotropic sphere of any size and composition in multiple evanescent waves. The investigation of these forces reveals several unusual optomechanical phenomena. It is well known that the scattering force does not exist in counter-propagating homogeneous plane waves. Surprisingly, in multiple pairs of counter-propagating evanescent waves, the scattering force can arise due to the nonzero orbital momentum (OM) density and/or the curl part of the imaginary Poynting momentum (IPM) density. More importantly, it is found that the optical scattering force can be switched on and off by simply tuning the polarization. Furthermore, optical forces typically vary with spatial position in an interference field. However, in the interference field generated by evanescent waves, the gradient force becomes a spatial constant in the propagating plane as the particle's radius increases. This is attributed to the decisive role of the non-interference term of the electromagnetic energy density gradient. Our study establishes a comprehensive and rigorous theoretical foundation, propelling the advancement and optimization of optical manipulation techniques harnessed through multiple evanescent waves. Specifically, these insights hold promise in elevating trapping efficiency through precise control and manipulation of optical scattering and gradient forces, stimulating further explorations.
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Esmailpour M, Mohammadimasoudi M, Shemirani MG, Goudarzi A, Heidari Beni MH, Shahsavarani H, Aghajan H, Mehrbod P, Salehi-Vaziri M, Fotouhi F. Rapid, label-free and low-cost diagnostic kit for COVID-19 based on liquid crystals and machine learning. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS: X 2022; 12:100233. [PMID: 36097520 PMCID: PMC9452410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a label-free method for detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in nasopharyngeal swab samples without purification steps and multiplication of the target which simplifies and expedites the analysis process. The kit consists of a textile grid on which liquid crystals (LC) are deposited and the grid is placed in a crossed polarized microscopy. The swab samples are subsequently placed on the LCs. In the presence of a particular biomolecule, the direction of LCs changes locally based on the properties of the biomolecule and forms a particular pattern. As the swab samples are not perfectly purified, image processing and machine learning techniques are employed to detect the presence of specific molecules or quantify their concentrations in the medium. The method can differentiate negative and positive COVID-19 samples with an accuracy of 96% and also differentiate COVID-19 from influenza types A and B with an accuracy of 93%. The kit is portable, simple to manufacture, convenient to operate, cost effective, rapid and sensitive. The simplicity of the specimen processing, the speed of image acquisition, and fast diagnostic operations enable the deployment of the proposed technique for performing extensive on-spot screening of COVID-19 in public places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboube Esmailpour
- Nano-bio-photonics Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadimasoudi
- Nano-bio-photonics Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza G Shemirani
- Nano-bio-photonics Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Goudarzi
- Nano-bio-photonics Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Shahsavarani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aghajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Microwave Treatment of Calcium Phosphate/Titanium Dioxide Composite to Improve Protein Adsorption. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144773. [PMID: 35888240 PMCID: PMC9316246 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate has attracted enormous attention as a bone regenerative material in biomedical fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of microwave treatment on calcium phosphate deposited TiO2 nanoflower to improve protein adsorption. Hierarchical rutile TiO2 nanoflowers (TiNF) fabricated by a hydrothermal method were soaked in modified simulated body fluid for 3 days to induce calcium phosphate (CAP) formation, followed by exposure to microwave radiation (MW). Coating the dental implants with CAP/TiNF provides a means of improving the biological properties, as the structure, morphology, and thickness of the composites can be controlled. The composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The composites were identified to be composed of aggregated nano-sized particles with sphere-like shapes, and the calcium phosphate demonstrated low crystallinity. The ability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to adsorb on MW-treated CAP/TiNF composites was studied as a function of BSA concentration. The Sips isotherm was used to analyze the BSA adsorption on MW-treated CAP/TiNF composites. The MW-treated samples showed high protein adsorption capacity, thereby indicating their potential in various biomedical applications.
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Recent Advances in the Development of Laccase-Based Biosensors via Nano-Immobilization Techniques. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring phenolic compounds is critical in the environmental, food, and medical sectors. Among many recent advanced detection platforms, laccase-based biosensing platforms gave very rapid, effective, online, and in situ sensing of phenolic compounds. In laccase-based biosensors, laccase immobilization techniques have a vital role. However, a detailing of the advancements in laccase immobilization techniques employed in laccase-based biosensors is lacking in the literature. Thus, in this review, we assessed how the nano-immobilization techniques shaped the laccase biosensing platforms. We discussed novel developments in laccase immobilization techniques such as entrapment, adsorption, cross-linking, and covalent over new nanocomposites in laccase biosensors. We made a comprehensive assessment based on the current literature for future perspectives of nano-immobilized laccase biosensors. We found the important key areas toward which future laccase biosensor research seems to be heading. These include 1. A focus on the development of multi-layer laccase over electrode surface, 2. The need to utilize more covalent immobilization routes, as they change the laccase specificity toward phenolic compounds, 3. The advancement in polymeric matrices with electroconductive properties, and 4. novel entrapment techniques like biomineralization using laccase molecules. Thus, in this review, we provided a detailed account of immobilization in laccase biosensors and their feasibility in the future for the development of highly specific laccase biosensors in industrial, medicinal, food, and environmental applications.
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Lin CY, Nhat Nguyen UT, Hsieh HY, Tahara H, Chang YS, Wang BY, Gu BC, Dai YH, Wu CC, Tsai IJ, Fan YJ. Peptide-based electrochemical sensor with nanogold enhancement for detecting rheumatoid arthritis. Talanta 2022; 236:122886. [PMID: 34635266 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorder, is an incurable disease. We developed a peptide-based electrochemical sensor using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy that can be used to detect autoantibodies for RA diagnostics. We first validated that the developed peptide showed high sensitivity and could compliment the current gold standard method of an anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP) ELISA. The developed peptide can be modified on the nanogold surface of the working electrode of sensing chips through the method of a self-assembling monolayer. The sensing process was first optimized using a positive control cohort and a healthy control cohort. Subsequently, 10 clinically confirmed samples from RA patients and five healthy control samples were used to find the threshold value of the impedance between RA and healthy subjects. Furthermore, 10 clinically confirmed samples but with low values of anti-CCP autoantibodies were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the present method compared to the conventional method. The proposed method showed better sensitivity than the current conventional anti-CCP ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Lin
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Uyen Thi Nhat Nguyen
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yun Hsieh
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kausmi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kausmi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, 291 Zhongzheng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chen Gu
- Vida BioTechnology Co., Ltd. Taiwan, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Dai
- Vida BioTechnology Co., Ltd. Taiwan, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Tsai
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Fan
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; International PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Phosphorylated-Tau Threonine 231 in Human Serum Using Interdigitated Wave-Shaped Electrode. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010010. [PMID: 35052691 PMCID: PMC8773253 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of phosphorylated-tau threonine 231 (p-tau231), a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has yet to be achieved. Therefore, in this study, we developed a simple, small size, cheap, and sensitive electrochemical biosensor based on an interdigitated wave-shaped electrode via an activated self-assembled monolayer to preserve a specific anti–p-tau231 antibody (IWE/SAM/EDC-NHS/anti–p-tau231). Detection of p-tau231 in human serum (HS) using the biosensor was undertaken using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The change in charge-transfer resistance (Rct) in the EIS analysis of the biosensor indicated the detection of p-tau231 in HS within a wide linear range of detection (10−4–101 ng mL−1), and a low limit of detection (140 pg mL−1). This lower limit is less than the detection level of p-tau231 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (700 pg mL−1) of AD patients and the level of CSF p-tau231 of patients with mild cognitive impairment (501 pg mL−1), demonstrating the possibility of using the biosensor in detection of p-tau231 at early stage AD. A high binding affinity and low dissociation constant (Kd) between anti–p-tau231 and p-tau231 in HS was demonstrated by using a biosensor and Kd was 7.6 pM, demonstrating the high specific detection of p-tau231 by the biosensor. The good selectivity of the biosensor for the detection of p-tau231 with differential analytes was also examined in this study.
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A possibility of polaron vortex magnet of polypyrrole prepared in virus liquid crystal. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chen CW, Yang ZY, Yang HC, Hsieh YZ, Liu C, Chuang YC, Lee JJ, Rwei SP, Hsu IJ, Chen HH. Enhanced redox property of polymer blends containing liquid crystalline molecules and their application in electrochemical sensing. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Label-Free, Color-Indicating, Polarizer-Free Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Microfluidic Polydimethylsiloxane Biosensing Chips for Detecting Albumin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162587. [PMID: 34451126 PMCID: PMC8401794 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We reveal a novel design for dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) microfluidic biosensing chips in the polydimethylsiloxane material. With this design chip, the orientation of DDLCs was affected by the interface between the walls of the channels and DDLCs. When the inside of a channel was coated with an N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilyl chloride (DMOAP) alignment layer, the DDLCs oriented homeotropically in a homeotropic (H) state under cross-polarized microscopy. After immobilization of antigens with antibodies on the alignment layer-coated microchannel walls, the optical intensity of the DDLC change from the dark H state to the bright planar (P) state. Using pressure-driven flow, the binding of antigens/antibodies to the DDLCs could be detected in an experimental sequential order. The microfluidic DDLCs were tested by detecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its immune-responses of antigens/antibodies. We proved that this immunoassay chip was able to detect BSA antigens/antibodies pairs with the detection limit about 0.5 µg/mL. The novel DDLC chip was shown to be a simple, multi-detection device, and label-free microfluidic chips are presented.
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Lee MJ, Pai CP, Wu PC, Lee W. Label-free single-substrate quantitative protein assay based on optical characteristics of cholesteric liquid crystals. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang Z, Xu T, Noel A, Chen YC, Liu T. Applications of liquid crystals in biosensing. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4675-4702. [PMID: 33978639 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs), as a promising branch of highly-sensitive, quick-response, and low-cost materials, are widely applied to the detection of weak external stimuli and have attracted significant attention. Over the past decade, many research groups have been devoted to developing LC-based biosensors due to their self-assembly potential and functional diversity. In this paper, recent investigations on the design and application of LC-based biosensors are reviewed, based on the phenomenon that the orientation of LCs can be directly influenced by the interactions between biomolecules and LC molecules. The sensing principle of LC-based biosensors, as well as their signal detection by probing interfacial interactions, is described to convert, amplify, and quantify the information from targets into optical and electrical parameters. Furthermore, commonly-used LC biosensing targets are introduced, including glucose, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, microorganisms, ions, and other micromolecules that are critical to human health. Due to their self-assembly potential, chemical diversity, and high sensitivity, it has been reported that tunable stimuli-responsive LC biosensors show bright perspectives and high superiorities in biological applications. Finally, challenges and future prospects are discussed for the fabrication and application of LC biosensors to both enhance their performance and to realize their promise in the biosensing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyihui Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Sensitive, Color-Indicating and Labeling-Free Multi-Detection Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Biosensing Chips for Detecting Albumin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091463. [PMID: 34062757 PMCID: PMC8125184 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel device for cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC)-based microfluidic chips, accommodated in a polydimethylsiloxane material, was invented. In this device, the reorientation of the CLCs was consistently influenced by the surface of the four channel walls and adjacent CLCs. When the inside of the microchannel was coated with the alignment layer, the CLCs oriented homeotropically in a focal conic state under cross-polarizers. Once antigens had bound onto antibodies immobilized onto the orientation sheet-coated channel walls, the light intensity of the CLC molecules converted from a focal conic state to a bright planar state caused by disrupting the CLCs. By means of utilizing pressure-propelling flow, the attachment of antigen/antibody to the CLCs should be detectable within consecutive sequences. The multi-microfluidic CLC-based chips were verified by measuring bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immune complexes of pairs of BSA antigen/antibody. We showed that the multiple microfluidic immunoassaying can be used for measuring BSA and pairs of antigen/antibody BSA with a detection limit of about 1 ng/mL. The linear range is 0.1 μg/mL–1 mg/mL. A limit of immune detection of pairs of BSA antigens/antibodies was 10 ng/mL of BSA plus 1000 ng/mL of the anti-BSA antibodies was observed. According to this innovative creation of immunoassaying, an unsophisticated multi-detection device with CLC-based labeling-free microfluidic chips is presented.
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Dutta P, Lu YJ, Hsieh HY, Lee TY, Lee YT, Cheng CM, Fan YJ. Detection of Candida albicans Using a Manufactured Electrochemical Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:166. [PMID: 33567542 PMCID: PMC7915424 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that is responsible for a lot of nosocomial infections in immunocompromised people. Cell culture is currently the predominant method for diagnosing candidiasis, but it is time consuming. In this study, we developed a rapid screen procedure by devising a method for detecting C. albicans with the use of electrochemical sensors. Through this experiment, we propose a method for the detection of C. albicans in the system through the use of personal glucose meters. The hemicellulase was used to break down the cell wall of C. albicans to glucose and oligo, which can be detected by a glucose meter. The spiked samples were prepared suspending C. albicans in urine and serum, demonstrating the feasibility of the developed method in a real situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Dutta
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Jung Lu
- Division of Family and Operative Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Han-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Tyng-Yuh Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Yi-Tzu Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Yu-Jui Fan
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
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Chuang EY, Lin PY, Wang PF, Kuo TR, Chen CH, Manga YB, Hsiao YC. Label-Free, Smartphone-Based, and Sensitive Nano-Structural Liquid Crystal Aligned by Ceramic Silicon Compound-Constructed DMOAP-Based Biosensor for the Detection of Urine Albumin. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:763-773. [PMID: 33574664 PMCID: PMC7871221 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s285125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sensitive interfacial interaction of liquid crystals (LC) holds potential for precision biosensors. In the past, the developments of LC biosensors were limited by the complicated manufacturing process, which hinders commercialization and wider applications of such devices. In this report, we demonstrate the first nano-structural polymeric stabilized-cholesteric LC (PSCLC) thin films to be a new label-free biosensing technology. METHODS The transmission spectra of PSCLC devices were measured by the fiber-optic spectrometer with high-resolution. In addition, a smartphone was set on the stage, and the camera of smartphone was placed and aligned with a set of lenses embedded in the designed stage. To decrease the chromatic and spherical aberrations, an achromatic lens set composition, consisting of both dual-convex lens and concave-plane lens, was applied for measuring and imaging the PSCLC texture. The average and the estimated standard deviation (SD) were used to present quantitative experimental results. The test BSA was immobilized and fulfilled by the ceramic silicon-constructed DMOAP-coated glass in aqueous BSA solutions at 1 mg/mL, 1 µg/mL, and 1 ng/mL. RESULTS The fabrication process of PSCLC is much simplified compared to previous LC biosensors. The color of PSCLC biosensor altered with the BSA concentration, making detection result easy to read. The detection limit of 1 ng/mL is achieved for label-free PSCLC biosensor. The PSCLC biosensor was able to successfully detect due to the albumin concentration's alteration, with a linear range of 1 ng/mL-2 mg/mL. Thus, the label-free-proposed design-integrated nanoscale PSCLCs smartphone-based biosensor could successfully detect BSA in a preclinical urine sample. CONCLUSION Finally, we propose a design to integrate the PSCLC biosensor with a smartphone. The PSCLC owns potential for high performance, low cost for detecting various disease biomarkers in home use. Owing to its great potential for high performance and low cost, the PSCLC biosensors can be used as a label-free point-of-care for detecting various disease biomarkers for patients in care homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Feng Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Rong Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hwa Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yankuba B Manga
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University–Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dielectric Thermal Smart Glass Based on Tunable Helical Polymer-Based Superstructure for Biosensor with Antibacterial Property. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020245. [PMID: 33450824 PMCID: PMC7828237 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A dielectric thermal smart glass (DTSG) based on the dielectric heating optical (DHO) effect in tunable helical polymer-based superstructures—cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs)—was exhibited in this study. Field-induced dielectric heating can strongly affect the orientation of liquid crystals and change its optical properties. The purpose of this research focuses on dual-frequency CLC materials characterized by their specific properties on dielectric relaxation and demonstrates their potential for antibacterial biosensor applications. The developed DTSG is driven by voltages with modulated frequencies. The principal of DTSG in transparent states are a planar (P) state and a heated planar (HP) state reflecting infrared light, operated with the voltage at low and high frequencies, respectively. The scattering states are a focal conic (FC) state and a heated FC (HFC) state, with an applied frequency near the crossover frequency. The biomolecule detection of the antibacterial property was also demonstrated. The detection limitation of the DTSG biosensor was found to be about 0.5 µg/mL. The DTSG material has many potential industrial applications, such as in buildings, photonic devices, and biosensor applications.
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Huang HM, Chuang EY, Chen FL, Lin JD, Hsiao YC. Color-Indicating, Label-Free, Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Organic-Polymer-Based-Bioinspired Sensor for Biomolecule Immunodetection. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102294. [PMID: 33036425 PMCID: PMC7601757 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly sensitive interfacial effects between liquid crystal (LC) and alignment layers make LC-bioinspired sensors an important technology. However, LC-bioinspired sensors are limited by quantification requiring a polarized microscope and expensive equipment, which makes it difficult to commercialize LC-bioinspired sensors. In this report, we first demonstrate that dye-doped LC (DDLC) chips coated with vertically aligned layers can be employed as a new LC-bioinspired sensing technology. The DDLC-bioinspired sensor was tested by detecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunocomplexes of BSA pairs. The intensities of the dye color of the DDLC-bioinspired sensor can be changed with the concentrations of biomolecules and immunocomplexes. A detection limit of 0.5 µg/mL was shown for the color-indicating DDLC-bioinspired sensors. We also designed a new method to use the quantitative DDLC-bioinspired sensor with a smart-phone for potential of home test. The novel DDLC-bioinspired sensor is cheap, label-free, and easy to use, furthering the technology for home and field-based disease-related detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw-Ming Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, and International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Fu-Lun Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jia-De Lin
- Institute of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Cheng Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Institute of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan;
- International PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +88-6-291-937-9783
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Label-Free Multi-Microfluidic Immunoassays with Liquid Crystals on Polydimethylsiloxane Biosensing Chips. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020395. [PMID: 32050563 PMCID: PMC7077641 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a new format for liquid crystal (LC)-based multi-microfluidic immunoassays, hosted on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate. In this design, the orientations of the LCs were strongly affected by the interface between the four microchannel walls and surrounding LCs. When the alignment layer was coated inside a microchannel, the LCs oriented homeotropically and appeared dark under crossed polarizers. After antigens bound to the immobilized antibodies on the alignment layer were coated onto the channel walls, the light intensity of the LC molecules changed from dark to bright because of disruption of the LCs. By employing pressure-driven flow, binding of the antigen/antibody could be detected by optical signals in a sequential order. The multi-microfluidic LC biosensor was tested by detecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) and an immunocomplex of BSA antigen/antibody pairs, a protein standard commonly used in labs. We show that this multi-microfluidic immunoassay was able to detect BSA and antigen/antibody BSA pairs with a naked-eye detection limitation of −0.01 µg/mL. Based on this new immunoassay design, a simple and robust device for LC-based label-free microfluidic immunodetection was demonstrated.
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Duan R, Li Y, Li H, Yang J. Detection of heavy metal ions using whispering gallery mode lasing in functionalized liquid crystal microdroplets. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6073-6083. [PMID: 31853386 PMCID: PMC6913396 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a detection method for heavy metal (HM) ions based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing in a liquid crystal (LC) microdroplet biosensor. By doping with stearic acid, nematic LC 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) microdroplets are biochemically functionalized and used as both optical microresonators and sensing elements. Typical WGM lasing emission is observed in stearic acid-doped 5CB microdroplets under a pulse laser pump. Our results show that quantitative spectral shift of WGMs can serve as a real-time indicator of the adsorption of HM ions on the microdroplet surface. The detection limit of our sensor is as low as 40 pM for Cu(II) ions, six orders of magnitude better than the exposure threshold defined by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, this sensing system has an ability to discriminate between heavy and light metal ions. We believe that this novel biosensor has great application potential for environmental monitoring and drinking water quality testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- College of Physics and Photoelectric Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yanzeng Li
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223-0001, USA
| | - Hanyang Li
- College of Physics and Photoelectric Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223-0001, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510008, China
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