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Wu T, Liao J, Xiang F, Yu J, Gao Y, Liu L, Ye S, Li H, Shi K, Zheng W. Short-wavelength excitation two-photon intravital microscopy of endogenous fluorophores. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3380-3396. [PMID: 37497479 PMCID: PMC10368027 DOI: 10.1364/boe.493015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The noninvasive two-photon excitation autofluorescence imaging of cellular and subcellular structure and dynamics in live tissue could provide critical in vivo information for biomedical studies. However, the two-photon microscopy of short-wavelength endogenous fluorophores, such as tryptophan and hemoglobin, is extremely limited due to the lack of suitable imaging techniques. In this study, we developed a short-wavelength excitation time- and spectrum-resolved two-photon microscopy system. A 520-nm femtosecond fiber laser was used as the excitation source, and a time-correlated single-photon counting module connected with a spectrograph was used to provide time- and spectrum-resolved detection capability. The system was specially designed for measuring ultraviolet and violet-blue fluorescence signals and thus was very suitable for imaging short-wavelength endogenous fluorophores. Using the system, we systematically compared the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetimes of short-wavelength endogenous fluorophores, including the fluorescent molecules tyrosine, tryptophan, serotonin (5-HT), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and NADH and the protein group (keratin, elastin, and hemoglobin). Then, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) label-free imaging of different biological tissues, including rat esophageal tissue, rat oral cheek tissue, and mouse ear skin, was performed in vivo or ex vivo. Finally, we conducted time-lapse imaging of leukocyte migration in the lipopolysaccharide injection immunization model and a mechanical trauma immunization model. The results indicate that the system can specifically characterize short-wavelength endogenous fluorophores and provide noninvasive label-free 3D visualization of fine structures and dynamics in biological systems. The microscopy system developed here can empower more flexible imaging of endogenous fluorophores and provide a novel method for the 3D monitoring of biological events in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiuling Liao
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng Xiang
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shiwei Ye
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Li
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kebin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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van Huizen LMG, Blokker M, Rip Y, Veta M, Mooij Kalverda KA, Bonta PI, Duitman JW, Groot ML. Leukocyte differentiation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids using higher harmonic generation microscopy and deep learning. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279525. [PMID: 37368904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diseases such as interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), patient diagnosis relies on diagnostic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and biopsies. Immunological BALF analysis includes differentiation of leukocytes by standard cytological techniques that are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Studies have shown promising leukocyte identification performance on blood fractions, using third harmonic generation (THG) and multiphoton excited autofluorescence (MPEF) microscopy. OBJECTIVE To extend leukocyte differentiation to BALF samples using THG/MPEF microscopy, and to show the potential of a trained deep learning algorithm for automated leukocyte identification and quantification. METHODS Leukocytes from blood obtained from three healthy individuals and one asthma patient, and BALF samples from six ILD patients were isolated and imaged using label-free microscopy. The cytological characteristics of leukocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, in terms of cellular and nuclear morphology, and THG and MPEF signal intensity, were determined. A deep learning model was trained on 2D images and used to estimate the leukocyte ratios at the image-level using the differential cell counts obtained using standard cytological techniques as reference. RESULTS Different leukocyte populations were identified in BALF samples using label-free microscopy, showing distinctive cytological characteristics. Based on the THG/MPEF images, the deep learning network has learned to identify individual cells and was able to provide a reasonable estimate of the leukocyte percentage, reaching >90% accuracy on BALF samples in the hold-out testing set. CONCLUSIONS Label-free THG/MPEF microscopy in combination with deep learning is a promising technique for instant differentiation and quantification of leukocytes. Immediate feedback on leukocyte ratios has potential to speed-up the diagnostic process and to reduce costs, workload and inter-observer variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M G van Huizen
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Blokker
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yael Rip
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitko Veta
- Medical Image Analysis Group (IMAG/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Mooij Kalverda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter I Bonta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Duitman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pajić T, Todorović NV, Živić M, Nikolić SN, Rabasović MD, Clayton AHA, Krmpot AJ. Label-free third harmonic generation imaging and quantification of lipid droplets in live filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18760. [PMID: 36335164 PMCID: PMC9637149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the utilization of Third-Harmonic Generation microscopy for label-free live cell imaging of lipid droplets in the hypha of filamentous fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. THG microscopy images showed bright spherical features dispersed throughout the hypha cytoplasm in control conditions and a transient increase in the number of bright features after complete nitrogen starvation. Colocalization analysis of THG and lipid-counterstained images disclosed that the cytoplasmic particles were lipid droplets. Particle Size Analysis and Image Correlation Spectroscopy were used to quantify the number density and size of lipid droplets. The two analysis methods both revealed an increase from 16 × 10-3 to 23 × 10-3 lipid droplets/µm2 after nitrogen starvation and a decrease in the average size of the droplets (range: 0.5-0.8 µm diameter). In conclusion, THG imaging, followed by PSA and ICS, can be reliably used for filamentous fungi for the in vivo quantification of lipid droplets without the need for labeling and/or fixation. In addition, it has been demonstrated that ICS is suitable for THG microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pajić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Nataša V. Todorović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Miroslav Živić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Stanko N. Nikolić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Mihailo D. Rabasović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Andrew H. A. Clayton
- grid.1027.40000 0004 0409 2862Department of Physics and Astronomy, Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Aleksandar J. Krmpot
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
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4
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Intravital three-photon microscopy allows visualization over the entire depth of mouse lymph nodes. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:330-340. [PMID: 35087231 PMCID: PMC9210714 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy are powerful tools to explore the dynamic behavior of immune cells in mouse lymph nodes (LNs), with penetration depth of ~100 and ~300 μm, respectively. Here, we used intravital three-photon microscopy to visualize the popliteal LN through its entire depth (600-900 μm). We determined the laser average power and pulse energy that caused measurable perturbation in lymphocyte migration. Long-wavelength three-photon imaging within permissible parameters was able to image the entire LN vasculature in vivo and measure CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cell motility in the T cell zone over the entire depth of the LN. We observed that the motility of naive CD4+ T cells in the T cell zone during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation was dependent on depth. As such, intravital three-photon microscopy had the potential to examine immune cell behavior in the deeper regions of the LN in vivo.
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Saknite I, Zhao Z, Patrinely JR, Byrne M, Jagasia M, Tkaczyk ER. Individual cell motion in healthy human skin microvasculature by reflectance confocal video microscopy. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12621. [PMID: 32304109 PMCID: PMC7554192 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe upper dermal microvasculature of healthy human skin in terms of density and size of cutaneous blood vessels, leukocyte velocity, and leukocyte interactions with the endothelium. METHODS We used a reflectance confocal microscope, the VivaScope 1500, to acquire videos of individual cell motion. RESULTS We found no rolling leukocytes in the upper microvasculature of ten healthy subjects. We observed "paused" leukocytes, that is, leukocytes that temporarily stop, coinciding with the simultaneous stopping of the rest of the blood flow. We imaged more paused (median: 1.0 per subject) and adherent (1.5) leukocytes in the forearm than in the chest (median 0 paused and 0 adherent per subject) per 5 minutes of videos per body site. Leukocytes were paused for a median of 7 seconds in the forearm and 3 seconds in the chest, and we found no correlation between this parameter and the blood vessel or leukocyte size. We visualized blood flow change direction. Flowing leukocyte velocities followed a lognormal distribution and were on average higher in the chest (117 µm/s) than in the forearm (66 µm/s). CONCLUSION The proposed method and reported values in healthy skin provide new insights into intact human skin microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Saknite
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Tennessee Valley
Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,
USA
| | - J. Randall Patrinely
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Tennessee Valley
Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,
USA
| | - Michael Byrne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Madan Jagasia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric R. Tkaczyk
- Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic,
Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,
USA
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Tennessee Valley
Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Barton SM, Janve VA, McClure R, Anderson A, Matsubara JA, Gore JC, Pham W. Lipopolysaccharide Induced Opening of the Blood Brain Barrier on Aging 5XFAD Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:503-513. [PMID: 30584141 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of neurotherapeutics for many neurodegenerative diseases has largely been hindered by limited pharmacologic penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previous attempts to target and clear amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, a key mediator of neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), have had limited clinical success due to low bioavailability in the brain because of the BBB. Here we test the effects of inducing an inflammatory response to disrupt the BBB in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin recognized by the innate immune system, was injected at varying doses. 24 hours later, mice were injected with either thioflavin S, a fluorescent Aβ-binding small molecule or 30 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, both of which are unable to penetrate the BBB under normal physiologic conditions. Our results showed that when pretreated with 3.0 mg/kg LPS, thioflavin S can be found in the brain bound to Aβ plaques in aged 5XFAD transgenic mice. Following the same LPS pretreatment, SPIO nanoparticles could also be found in the brain. However, when done on wild type or young 5XFAD mice, limited SPIO was detected. Our results suggest that the BBB in aged 5XFAD mouse model is susceptible to increased permeability mediated by LPS, allowing for improved delivery of the small molecule thioflavin S to target Aβ plaques and SPIO nanoparticles, which are significantly larger than antibodies used in clinical trials for immunotherapy of AD. Although this approach demonstrated efficacy for improved delivery to the brain, LPS treatment resulted in significant weight loss even at low doses, resulting from the induced inflammatory response. These findings suggest inducing inflammation can improve delivery of small and large materials to the brain for improved therapeutic or diagnostic efficacy. However, this approach must be balanced with the risks of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Barton
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Janve
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard McClure
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adam Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
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Li Y, He Y, Miao K, Zheng Y, Deng C, Liu TM. Imaging of macrophage mitochondria dynamics in vivo reveals cellular activation phenotype for diagnosis. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2897-2917. [PMID: 32194843 PMCID: PMC7053213 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly plastic macrophages are pivotal players in the body's homeostasis and pathogenesis. Grasping the molecular or cellular factors that drive and support the macrophage activation will help to develop diagnostics and manipulate their functions in these contexts. However, the lack of in vivo characterization methods to reveal the dynamic activation of macrophages impedes these studies in various disease contexts. Methods: Here, in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo Matrigel plug were used to evaluate how mitochondria dynamics supports cellular activation and functions. We conducted macrophage repolarization in vitro to track mitochondria dynamics during the shift of activation status. For in vivo diagnosis, a novel MitoTracker-loaded liposome was first developed to label macrophage mitochondria in mice before/after inflammatory stimulation. Results: Based on the typical activation of in vitro BMDMs, we found glycolysis based macrophages have punctate and discrete mitochondria, while OXPHOS active macrophages have elongated and interconnected mitochondria. M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c activated BMDMs showed clustered and differentiable features in mitochondrial morphology. These features also hold for Matrigel plug-recruited macrophages in mice. Furthermore, with the interventions on M2a macrophages in vitro, we demonstrated that mitochondria morphology could be a metabolic index to evaluate macrophage activation status under drug manipulation. Using the MitoTracker-loaded liposomes, we further achieved subcellular imaging of macrophage mitochondria in vivo. Their organization dynamics revealed the dynamic change from anti-inflammatory macrophages to inflammatory ones in vivo under the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Conclusion: These results reveal that subcellular imaging of mitochondria organization can characterize the activation status of macrophage in vitro and in vivo at a single-cell level, which is critical for the studies of noninvasive diagnosis and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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8
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van Huizen LM, Kuzmin NV, Barbé E, van der Velde S, te Velde EA, Groot ML. Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800297. [PMID: 30684312 PMCID: PMC7065644 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time assessment of excised tissue may help to improve surgical results in breast tumor surgeries. Here, as a step towards this purpose, the potential of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) microscopy is explored. SHG and THG are nonlinear optical microscopic techniques that do not require labeling of tissue to generate 3D images with intrinsic depth-sectioning at sub-cellular resolution. Until now, this technique had been applied on fixated breast tissue or to visualize the stroma only, whereas most tumors start in the lobules and ducts. Here, SHG/THG images of freshly excised unprocessed healthy human tissue are shown to reveal key breast components-lobules, ducts, fat tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels, in good agreement with hematoxylin and eosin histology. DNA staining of fresh unprocessed mouse breast tissue was performed to aid in the identification of cell nuclei in label-free THG images. Furthermore, 2- and 3-photon excited auto-fluorescence images of mouse and human tissue are collected for comparison. The SHG/THG imaging modalities generate high quality images of freshly excised tissue in less than a minute with an information content comparable to that of the gold standard, histopathology. Therefore, SHG/THG microscopy is a promising tool for real-time assessment of excised tissue during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M.G. van Huizen
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V. Kuzmin
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. te Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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9
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Gavgiotaki E, Filippidis G, Zerva I, Kenanakis G, Archontakis E, Agelaki S, Georgoulias V, Athanassakis I. Detection of the T cell activation state using nonlinear optical microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800277. [PMID: 30353667 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to monitor the activation state of T-cells during immunotherapy is of great importance. Although specific activation markers do exist, their abundance and complicated regulation cannot definitely define the activation state of the cells. Previous studies have shown that Third Harmonic Generation (THG) imaging could distinguish between activated versus resting microglia and healthy versus cancerous cells, mainly based on their lipid-body profiles. In the present study, mitogen or antigen-stimulated T-cells were subjected to THG imaging microscopy. Qualitative and quantitative analysis showed statistically significant increase of THG mean area and intensity in activated versus resting T-cells. The connection of THG imaging to chemical information was achieved using Raman spectroscopy, which showed significant differences between the activation processes and controls, correlating of THG signal area with cholesterol and lipid compounds, but not with triglycerides. The obtained results suggested a potential employment of nonlinear microscopy in evaluating of T-cell activation, which is expected to be largely appreciated in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Gavgiotaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Zerva
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Archontakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sofia Agelaki
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Intravital imaging by simultaneous label-free autofluorescence-multiharmonic microscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2125. [PMID: 29844371 PMCID: PMC5974075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) emerged and matured as a powerful tool for elucidating pathways in biological processes. Although label-free multiphoton IVM is attractive for its non-perturbative nature, its wide application has been hindered, mostly due to the limited contrast of each imaging modality and the challenge to integrate them. Here we introduce simultaneous label-free autofluorescence-multiharmonic (SLAM) microscopy, a single-excitation source nonlinear imaging platform that uses a custom-designed excitation window at 1110 nm and shaped ultrafast pulses at 10 MHz to enable fast (2-orders-of-magnitude improvement), simultaneous, and efficient acquisition of autofluorescence (FAD and NADH) and second/third harmonic generation from a wide array of cellular and extracellular components (e.g., tumor cells, immune cells, vesicles, and vessels) in living tissue using only 14 mW for extended time-lapse investigations. Our work demonstrates the versatility and efficiency of SLAM microscopy for tracking cellular events in vivo, and is a major enabling advance in label-free IVM. Label-free and real-time visualization of the tumor microenvironment is attractive but challenging. Here the authors present an approach for simultaneous autofluorescence functional imaging and second/third harmonic generation imaging of structural features, using a single excitation source.
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11
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Li Y, Liu TM. Discovering Macrophage Functions Using In Vivo Optical Imaging Techniques. Front Immunol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29599778 PMCID: PMC5863475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of host defense and inflammation and play a pivotal role in immune regulation, tissue remodeling, and metabolic regulation. Since macrophages are ubiquitous in human bodies and have versatile physiological functions, they are involved in virtually every disease, including cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Molecular biological and histological methods have provided critical information on macrophage biology. However, many in vivo dynamic behaviors of macrophages are poorly understood and yet to be discovered. A better understanding of macrophage functions and dynamics in pathogenesis will open new opportunities for better diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic intervention. In this article, we will review the advances in macrophage tracking and analysis with in vivo optical imaging in the context of different diseases. Moreover, this review will cover the challenges and solutions for optical imaging techniques during macrophage intravital imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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12
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Nobis M, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Murphy KJ, Herrmann D, Timpson P. Molecular mobility and activity in an intravital imaging setting - implications for cancer progression and targeting. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/5/jcs206995. [PMID: 29511095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mobility, localisation and spatiotemporal activity are at the core of cell biological processes and deregulation of these dynamic events can underpin disease development and progression. Recent advances in intravital imaging techniques in mice are providing new avenues to study real-time molecular behaviour in intact tissues within a live organism and to gain exciting insights into the intricate regulation of live cell biology at the microscale level. The monitoring of fluorescently labelled proteins and agents can be combined with autofluorescent properties of the microenvironment to provide a comprehensive snapshot of in vivo cell biology. In this Review, we summarise recent intravital microscopy approaches in mice, in processes ranging from normal development and homeostasis to disease progression and treatment in cancer, where we emphasise the utility of intravital imaging to observe dynamic and transient events in vivo We also highlight the recent integration of advanced subcellular imaging techniques into the intravital imaging pipeline, which can provide in-depth biological information beyond the single-cell level. We conclude with an outlook of ongoing developments in intravital microscopy towards imaging in humans, as well as provide an overview of the challenges the intravital imaging community currently faces and outline potential ways for overcoming these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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13
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Gavgiotaki E, Filippidis G, Markomanolaki H, Kenanakis G, Agelaki S, Georgoulias V, Athanassakis I. Distinction between breast cancer cell subtypes using third harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1152-1162. [PMID: 27753229 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Third Harmonic Generation (THG) microscopy as a non-invasive, label free imaging methodology, allows linkage of lipid profiles with various breast cancer cells. The collected THG signal arise mostly from the lipid droplets and the membrane lipid bilayer. Quantification of THG signal can accurately distinguish HER2-positive cells. Further analysis using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra reveals cancer-specific profiles, correlating lipid raft-corresponding spectra to THG signal, associating thus THG to chemical information. THG imaging of a cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Gavgiotaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, 71110, Crete, Greece
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, 71110, Crete, Greece
| | | | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Agelaki
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Irene Athanassakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71409, Crete, Greece
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14
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Huang JY, Guo LZ, Wang JZ, Li TC, Lee HJ, Chiu PK, Peng LH, Liu TM. Fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source for the minimally invasive harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:36008. [PMID: 28271123 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) has become one unique tool of optical virtual biopsy for the diagnosis of cancer and the in vivo cytometry of leukocytes. Without labeling, HGM can reveal the submicron features of tissues and cells in vivo. For deep imaging depth and minimal invasiveness, people commonly adopt 1100- to 1300-nm femtosecond laser sources. However, those lasers are typically based on bulky oscillators whose performances are sensitive to environmental conditions. We demonstrate a fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source, with 6.5-nJ pulse energy, 86-fs pulse width, and 11.25-MHz pulse repetition rate. It was obtained by a bismuth borate or magnesium-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) mediated frequency doubling of the 2300-nm solitons, generated from an excitation of 1550-nm femtosecond pulses on a large mode area photonic crystal fiber. Combined with a home-built laser scanned microscope and a tailor-made frame grabber, we achieve a pulse-per-pixel HGM imaging in vivo at a 30-Hz frame rate. This integrated solution has the potential to be developed as a stable HGM system for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Huang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Zun Wang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Chung Li
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Chiu
- Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Han Peng
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, TaiwandUniversity of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macao SAR, ChinaeNational Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Imaging Cytometry of Human Leukocytes with Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37210. [PMID: 27845443 PMCID: PMC5109028 DOI: 10.1038/srep37210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on third-harmonic-generation (THG) microscopy and a k-means clustering algorithm, we developed a label-free imaging cytometry method to differentiate and determine the types of human leukocytes. According to the size and average intensity of cells in THG images, in a two-dimensional scatter plot, the neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in peripheral blood samples from healthy volunteers were clustered into three differentiable groups. Using these features in THG images, we could count the number of each of the three leukocyte types both in vitro and in vivo. The THG imaging-based counting results agreed well with conventional blood count results. In the future, we believe that the combination of this THG microscopy-based imaging cytometry approach with advanced texture analysis of sub-cellular features can differentiate and count more types of blood cells with smaller quantities of blood.
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16
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Caravagna C, Jaouën A, Debarbieux F, Rougon G. Overview of Innovative Mouse Models for Imaging Neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:131-147. [PMID: 27248431 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation demands a comprehensive appraisal in situ to gain in-depth knowledge on the roles of particular cells and molecules and their potential roles in therapy. Because of the lack of appropriate tools, direct visualization of cells has been poorly investigated up to the present. In this context, reporter mice expressing cell-specific fluorescent proteins, combined with multiphoton microscopy, provide a window into cellular processes in living animals. In addition, the ability to collect multiple fluorescent colors from the same sample makes in vivo microscopy uniquely useful for characterizing many parameters from the same area, supporting powerful correlative analyses. Here, we present an overview of the advantages and limitations of this approach, with the purpose of providing insight into the neuroinflammation field. We also provide a review of existing fluorescent mouse models and describe how these models have been used in studies of neuroinflammation. Finally, the potential for developing advanced genetic tools and imaging resources is discussed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Caravagna
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Jaouën
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Geneviève Rougon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France.,These authors contributed equally to this work
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17
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Lee W, Kabir MM, Emmadi R, Toussaint KC. Third-harmonic generation imaging of breast tissue biopsies. J Microsc 2016; 264:175-181. [PMID: 27229847 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time the imaging of unstained breast tissue biopsies using third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy. As a label-free imaging technique, THG microscopy is compared to phase contrast and polarized light microscopy which are standard imaging methods for breast tissues. A simple feature detection algorithm is applied to detect tumour-associated lymphocyte rich regions in unstained breast biopsy tissue and compared with corresponding regions identified by a pathologist from bright-field images of hematoxylin and eosin stained breast tissue. Our results suggest that THG imaging holds potential as a complementary technique for analysing breast tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woowon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad M Kabir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Rajyasree Emmadi
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Kimani C Toussaint
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A..
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18
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Wu PC, Hsieh TY, Tsai ZU, Liu TM. In vivo quantification of the structural changes of collagens in a melanoma microenvironment with second and third harmonic generation microscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8879. [PMID: 25748390 PMCID: PMC4352861 DOI: 10.1038/srep08879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Using in vivo second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) microscopies, we tracked the course of collagen remodeling over time in the same melanoma microenvironment within an individual mouse. The corresponding structural and morphological changes were quantitatively analyzed without labeling using an orientation index (OI), the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method, and the intensity ratio of THG to SHG (RTHG/SHG). In the early stage of melanoma development, we found that collagen fibers adjacent to a melanoma have increased OI values and SHG intensities. In the late stages, these collagen networks have more directionality and less homogeneity. The corresponding GLCM traces showed oscillation features and the sum of squared fluctuation VarGLCM increased with the tumor sizes. In addition, the THG intensities of the extracellular matrices increased, indicating an enhanced optical inhomogeneity. Multiplying OI, VarGLCM, and RTHG/SHG together, the combinational collagen remodeling (CR) index at 4 weeks post melanoma implantation showed a 400-times higher value than normal ones. These results validate that our quantitative indices of SHG and THG microscopies are sensitive enough to diagnose the collagen remodeling in vivo. We believe these indices have the potential to help the diagnosis of skin cancers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zen-Uong Tsai
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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19
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Zeng Y, Yan B, Sun Q, He S, Jiang J, Wen Z, Qu JY. In vivo micro-vascular imaging and flow cytometry in zebrafish using two-photon excited endogenous fluorescence. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:653-63. [PMID: 24688803 PMCID: PMC3959833 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish has rapidly evolved as a powerful vertebrate model organism for studying human diseases. Here we first demonstrate a new label-free approach for in vivo imaging of microvasculature, based on the recent discovery and detailed characterization of the two-photon excited endogenous fluorescence in the blood plasma of zebrafish. In particular, three-dimensional reconstruction of the microvascular networks was achieved with the depth-resolved two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) imaging. Secondly, the blood flow images, obtained by perpendicularly scanning the focal point across the blood vessel, provided accurate information for characterizing the hemodynamics of the circulatory system. The endogenous fluorescent signals of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) enabled visualization of the circulating granulocytes (neutrophils) in the blood vessel. The development of acute sterile inflammation could be detected by the quantitative counting of circulating neutrophils. Finally, we found that by utilizing a short wavelength excitation at 650 nm, the commonly used fluorescent proteins, such as GFP and DsRed, could be efficiently excited together with the endogenous fluorophores to achieve four-color TPEF imaging of the vascular structures and blood cells. The results demonstrated that the multi-color imaging could potentially yield multiple view angles of important processes in living biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qiqi Sun
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sicong He
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianan Y. Qu
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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20
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Zhou B, Tao L, Chan CYY, Tsang YH, Jin W, Pun EYB. Intense near-infrared emission of 1.23 μm in erbium-doped low-phonon-energy fluorotellurite glass. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 111:49-53. [PMID: 23602959 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intense near-infrared emission located at 1.23 μm wavelength originating from the erbium (Er(3+)):(4)S3/2→(4)I11/2 transition is observed in Er(3+)-doped fluorotellurite glasses. This emission is mainly contributed by the relatively low phonon energy of the fluorotellurite glass host (~776 cm(-1)). Judd-Ofelt analysis indicates a strong asymmetry and covalent environment between Er(3+) ions and ligands in the host matrix. The emission cross-section was calculated to be 2.85×10(-21) cm(2) by the Füchtbauer-Ladenburg equation, and the population inversion is realized according to a simplified evaluation. The results suggest that the fluorotellurite glass system could be a promising candidate for the development of optical amplifiers and lasers operating at the relatively unexplored 1.2 μm wavelength region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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21
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Tsai CK, Wang TD, Lin JW, Hsu RB, Guo LZ, Chen ST, Liu TM. Virtual optical biopsy of human adipocytes with third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:178-86. [PMID: 23304657 PMCID: PMC3539194 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using the sectioning capability of third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, we assessed the morphologic features of human adipocytes directly without fixation and labeling. At the plane of the largest cross-sectional area, both area-equivalent circular diameters (AECD) and perimeters of adipocytes were measured, and their statistical distributions were examined. We found, in patients with no cardiovascular risk factors, the average AECD of epicardial adipocytes were 70-90 μm with 11-17 μm standard deviations. In contrast, for patients with coronary artery disease, amounts of small-sized (AECD <40 µm) epicardial adipocytes were observed and the corresponding standard deviations of AECD were increased to 20-29 μm. Our results indicate that the THG tomography platform can be used to explore the histopathological features of adipocytes in clinical scenarios based on its superior resolution for virtual optical biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County 64041, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Wei Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ron-Bin Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - San-Tai Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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22
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Chen CK, Liu TM. Imaging morphodynamics of human blood cells in vivo with video-rate third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2860-5. [PMID: 23162724 PMCID: PMC3493243 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With a video-rate third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy system, we imaged the micro-circulation beneath the human skin without labeling. Not only the speed of circulation but also the morpho-hydrodynamics of blood cells can be analyzed. Lacking of nuclei, red blood cells (RBCs) shows typical parachute-like and hollow-core morphology under THG microscopy. Quite different from RBCs, every now and then, round and granule rich blood cells with strong THG contrast appear in circulation. The corresponding volume densities in blood, evaluated from their frequencies of appearance and the velocity of circulation, fall within the physiological range of human white blood cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kuo Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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