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Wheeler MB, Rabel RAC, Rubessa M, Popescu G. Label-free, high-throughput holographic imaging to evaluate mammalian gametes and embryos†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:1125-1134. [PMID: 38733568 PMCID: PMC11180620 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproduction is one of the significant tools to treat human infertility. Morphological assessment is the primary method to determine sperm and embryo viability during in vitro fertilization cycles. It has the advantage of being a quick, convenient, and inexpensive means of assessment. However, visual observation is of limited predictive value for early embryo morphology. It has led many to search for other imaging tools to assess the reproductive potential of a given embryo. The limitations of visual assessment apply to both humans and animals. One recent innovation in assisted reproduction technology imaging is interferometric phase microscopy, also known as holographic microscopy. Interferometric phase microscopy/quantitative phase imaging is the next likely progression of analytical microscopes for the assisted reproduction laboratory. The interferometric phase microscopy system analyzes waves produced by the light as it passes through the specimen observed. The microscope collects the light waves produced and uses the algorithm to create a hologram of the specimen. Recently, interferometric phase microscopy has been combined with quantitative phase imaging, which joins phase contrast microscopy with holographic microscopy. These microscopes collect light waves produced and use the algorithm to create a hologram of the specimen. Unlike other systems, interferometric phase microscopy can provide a quantitative digital image, and it can make 2D and 3D images of the samples. This review summarizes some newer and more promising quantitative phase imaging microscopy systems for evaluating gametes and embryos. Studies clearly show that quantitative phase imaging is superior to bright field microscopy-based evaluation methods when evaluating sperm and oocytes prior to IVF and embryos prior to transfer. However, further assessment of these systems for efficacy, reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, and embryo/gamete safety must take place before they are widely adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Wheeler
- Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - R A Chanaka Rabel
- Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Marcello Rubessa
- Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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2
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Li K, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li W, Weng Z, Li H, He Y, Li Z. Morphological characteristics of zebrafish's yolk sac for malformation based on orthogonal-polarization-gating optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200098. [PMID: 35701385 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an automatic algorithm combining an ellipsoid approximation and U-net has been presented for the characterization of a zebrafish's yolk sac. The polarization-difference-balanced-detection image of zebrafish was obtained based on orthogonal-polarization-gating optical coherence tomography and used to segment the yolk sac region. And ellipsoid can approximate the shape of the three-dimensional yolk sac, and the multiple parameters of volume and the three principal axes (k, l and m) can be used to quantify the yolk sac. In addition, the multiple parameters of two principal axes (l and m) and volume can distinguish the malformation from the normal controlled group. Finally, the volume malformation of the yolk sac calculated by the proposed algorithm ranges from 16.55% to 46.05%. Thus, the degree of malformation can be applied for toxicity analysis. And this method provides a potential application for an accurate judgment index for biotoxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wangbiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zuquan Weng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Youwu He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Ling H, Sridhar K, Gollapudi S, Kumar J, Ohgami RS. Measurement of Cell Volume Using In-Line Digital Holography. Microscopy (Oxf) 2020; 70:333-339. [PMID: 33372674 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of the volume of blood cells is important for clinical diagnosis and patient management. While digital holography microscopy (DHM) has been used to obtain such information, previous off-axis setups usually involve a separated reference beam and are thus not very easy to implement. Here, we use the simple in-line Gabor setup without separation of a reference beam to measure the shape and volume of cells mounted on glass slides. Inherent to the in-line holograms, the reconstructed phase of the object is affected by the virtual image noise, producing errors in the cell volume measurement. We optimized our approach to use a single hologram without phase retrieval, increasing distance between cell and hologram plane to reduce the measurement error of cell volume to less than 6% in some instances. Therefore, the in-line Gabor setup can be a useful and simple tool to obtain volumetric and morphologic cellular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjian Ling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Kaushik Sridhar
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Sumanth Gollapudi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Jyoti Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, L235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert S Ohgami
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
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Corman R, Boutu W, Campalans A, Radicella P, Duarte J, Kholodtsova M, Bally-Cuif L, Dray N, Harms F, Dovillaire G, Bucourt S, Merdji H. Lensless microscopy platform for single cell and tissue visualization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2806-2817. [PMID: 32499962 PMCID: PMC7249812 DOI: 10.1364/boe.380193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Today, 3D imaging techniques are emerging, not only as a new tool in early drug discovery but also for the development of potential therapeutics to treat disease. Particular efforts are directed towards in vivo physiology to avoid perturbing the system under study. Here, we assess non-invasive 3D lensless imaging and its impact on cell behavior and analysis. We test our concept on various bio-applications and present here the first results. The microscopy platform based on in-holography provides large fields of view images (several mm2 compared to several hundred µm2) with sub-micrometer spatial resolution. 3D image reconstructions are achieved using back propagation functions post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Corman
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Imagine Optic, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Willem Boutu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anna Campalans
- CEA, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Université de Paris and Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pablo Radicella
- CEA, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Université de Paris and Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Joana Duarte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maria Kholodtsova
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Institut Pasteur, Dept Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dray
- Institut Pasteur, Dept Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Hamed Merdji
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Brodoline A, Rawat N, Alexandre D, Cubedo N, Gross M. 4D compressive sensing holographic imaging of small moving objects with multiple illuminations. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:G127-G134. [PMID: 31873493 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.00g127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In previous work [Opt. Lett.44, 2827 (2019)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.44.002827], we presented a method based on digital holography and orthogonal matching pursuit, which is able to determine the 3D positions of small objects moving within a larger motionless object. Indeed, if the scattering density is sparse in direct 3D space, compressive sensing algorithms can be used. The method was validated by imaging red blood cell trajectories in the trunk vascular system of a zebrafish (Danio rerio) larva. We give here further details on the reconstruction technique and present a more robust version of the algorithm based on multiple illuminations.
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Donnarumma D, Rawat N, Brodoline A. High-speed quantitative 3D imaging by dual-illumination holographic microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1361-1365. [PMID: 30431202 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new blood flow imaging (BFI) technique using digital holography with double illumination of the sample is proposed. We imaged the moving red blood cells (RBCs) using a two microscope objective lenses setup. The setup consists in a larger angle of separation (90 °) between the two illumination beams, allowing a wider angular rotation at good z resolution. Moreover, the setup geometry allows an easier displacement of the sample in all directions. Results show that this technique is able to perform phase-shifting reconstruction for the two beams at the same time which is more suitable for the future implementation of live 3D holography. Experimental results are carried out for the verification of the effectiveness of the proposed technique on a zebrafish larvae sample. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Blood flow imaging techniques are often invasive and image analysis is time consuming. To alleviate this issue an imaging technique based on dual illumination in holographic domain is proposed. This method has been validated on zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Donnarumma
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb - UMR 5221 CNRS-Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Nitin Rawat
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb - UMR 5221 CNRS-Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexey Brodoline
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb - UMR 5221 CNRS-Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
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Cao R, Xiao W, Wu X, Sun L, Pan F. Quantitative observations on cytoskeleton changes of osteocytes at different cell parts using digital holographic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:72-85. [PMID: 29359088 PMCID: PMC5772590 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletons such as F-actin have different distributions in different cell parts and they are the cause of different degrees of cell collapse when the F-actin is disrupted. It is challenging to use conventional methods such as fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy to conduct real-time and three-dimensional observations on the dynamic processes at different cell parts due to the slow measuring speed and the need for live-cell staining. In this study, the morphological variations of different bone cell parts caused by F-actin disruption are dynamically measured by using digital holographic microscopy (DHM). We separately analyze local parameters (cell height and cell width) and global parameters (cell projected area and cell volume) of cells to address variations of specific cell areas and quantify the changing process of the whole cell. We found significant differences in temporal variations of both local and global cell parameters between the cell body and cell process, which is consistent with the qualitative observation by fluorescence staining. Our study not only validates the unique ability of DHM to simultaneously investigate the dynamic process at different cell parts, but also provides sufficient experimental bases for exploring the mechanism for F-actin disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation Science & Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation Science & Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lianwen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation Science & Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Kinking and Torsion Can Significantly Improve the Efficiency of Valveless Pumping in Periodically Compressed Tubular Conduits. Implications for Understanding of the Form-Function Relationship of Embryonic Heart Tubes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4040019. [PMID: 29367548 PMCID: PMC5753120 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Valveless pumping phenomena (peristalsis, Liebau-effect) can generate unidirectional fluid flow in periodically compressed tubular conduits. Early embryonic hearts are tubular conduits acting as valveless pumps. It is unclear whether such hearts work as peristaltic or Liebau-effect pumps. During the initial phase of its pumping activity, the originally straight embryonic heart is subjected to deforming forces that produce bending, twisting, kinking, and coiling. This deformation process is called cardiac looping. Its function is traditionally seen as generating a configuration needed for establishment of correct alignments of pulmonary and systemic flow pathways in the mature heart of lung-breathing vertebrates. This idea conflicts with the fact that cardiac looping occurs in all vertebrates, including gill-breathing fishes. We speculate that looping morphogenesis may improve the efficiency of valveless pumping. To test the physical plausibility of this hypothesis, we analyzed the pumping performance of a Liebau-effect pump in straight and looped (kinked) configurations. Compared to the straight configuration, the looped configuration significantly improved the pumping performance of our pump. This shows that looping can improve the efficiency of valveless pumping driven by the Liebau-effect. Further studies are needed to clarify whether this finding may have implications for understanding of the form-function relationship of embryonic hearts.
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Donnarumma D, Brodoline A, Alexandre D, Gross M. 4D holographic microscopy of zebrafish larvae microcirculation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:26887-26900. [PMID: 27857417 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.026887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An original technique that combines digital holography, dual illumination of the sample and cleaning algorithm 3D reconstruction is proposed. It uses a standard transmission microscopy setup coupled with a digital holography detection. The technique is 4D, since it allows to determine, at each time step, the 3D locations (x,y,z) of many moving objects that scatter the dual illumination beam. The technique has been validated by imaging the microcirculation of blood in a fish larvae sample (the moving objects are thus red blood cells RBCs). Videos showing in 4D the moving RBCs superimposed with the perfused blood vessels are obtained.
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Bianco V, Merola F, Miccio L, Memmolo P, Gennari O, Paturzo M, Netti PA, Ferraro P. Imaging adherent cells in the microfluidic channel hidden by flowing RBCs as occluding objects by a holographic method. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2499-504. [PMID: 24852283 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Imaging through turbid media is a challenging topic. A liquid is considered turbid when dispersed particles provoke strong light scattering, thus destroying the image formation by any standard optical system. Generally, colloidal solutions belong to the class of turbid media since dispersed particles have dimensions ranging between 0.2 μm and 2 μm. However, in microfluidics, another relevant issue has to be considered in the case of flowing liquid made of a multitude of occluding objects, e.g. red blood cells (RBCs) flowing in veins. In such a case instead of severe scattering processes unpredictable phase delays occur resulting in a wavefront distortion, thus disturbing or even hindering the image formation of objects behind such obstructing layer. In fact RBCs can be considered to be thin transparent phase objects. Here we show that sharp amplitude imaging and phase-contrast mapping of cells hidden behind biological occluding objects, namely RBCs, is possible in harsh noise conditions and with a large field-of view by Multi-Look Digital Holography microscopy (ML-DH). Noteworthy, we demonstrate that ML-DH benefits from the presence of the RBCs, providing enhancement in terms of numerical resolution and noise suppression thus obtaining images whose quality is higher than the quality achievable in the case of a liquid without occlusive objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Bianco
- CNR-National Institute of Optics (INO), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, I-80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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Lai YC, Chang WT, Lin KY, Liau I. Optical assessment of the cardiac rhythm of contracting cardiomyocytes in vitro and a pulsating heart in vivo for pharmacological screening. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1616-1625. [PMID: 24877019 PMCID: PMC4026895 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Our quest in the pathogenesis and therapies targeting human heart diseases requires assessment of the contractile dynamics of cardiac models of varied complexity, such as isolated cardiomyocytes and the heart of a model animal. It is hence beneficial to have an integral means that can interrogate both cardiomyocytes in vitro and a heart in vivo. Herein we report an application of dual-beam optical reflectometry to determine noninvasively the rhythm of two representative cardiac models-chick embryonic cardiomyocytes and the heart of zebrafish. We probed self-beating cardiomyocytes and revealed the temporally varying contractile frequency with a short-time Fourier transform. Our unique dual-beam setup uniquely records the atrial and ventricular pulsations of zebrafish simultaneously. To minimize the cross talk between signals associated with atrial and ventricular chambers, we particularly modulated the two probe beams at distinct frequencies and extracted the signals specific to individual cardiac chambers with phase-sensitive detection. With this setup, we determined the atrio-ventricular interval, a parameter that is manifested by the electrical conduction from the atrium to the ventricle. To demonstrate pharmacological applications, we characterized zebrafish treated with various cardioactive and cardiotoxic drugs, and identified abnormal cardiac rhythms and atrioventricular (AV) blocks of varied degree. In light of its potential capability to assess cardiac models both in vitro and in vivo and to screen drugs with cardioactivity or toxicity, we expect this approach to have broad applications ranging from cardiopharmacology to developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Equal contribution
| | - Wei-Tien Chang
- National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Equal contribution
| | - Kuen-You Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ian Liau
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Verrier N, Alexandre D, Gross M. Laser Doppler holographic microscopy in transmission: application to fish embryo imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:9368-9379. [PMID: 24787825 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.009368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have extended Laser Doppler holographic microscopy to transmission geometry. The technique is validated with living fish embryos imaged by a modified upright bio-microcope. By varying the frequency of the holographic reference beam, and the combination of frames used to calculate the hologram, multimodal imaging has been performed. Doppler images of the blood vessels for different Doppler shifts, images where the flow direction is coded in RGB colors or movies showing blood cells individual motion have been obtained as well. The ability to select the Fourier space zone that is used to calculate the signal, makes the method quantitative.
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