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Choi S, Park S, Kim J, Kim H, Cho S, Kim S, Park J, Kim C. X-ray free-electron laser induced acoustic microscopy (XFELAM). PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 35:100587. [PMID: 38312809 PMCID: PMC10835452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) has remarkably advanced X-ray imaging technology and enabled important scientific achievements. The XFEL's extremely high power, short pulse width, low emittance, and high coherence make possible such diverse imaging techniques as absorption/emission spectroscopy, diffraction imaging, and scattering imaging. Here, we demonstrate a novel XFEL-based imaging modality that uses the X-ray induced acoustic (XA) effect, which we call X-ray free-electron laser induced acoustic microscopy (XFELAM). Initially, we verified the XA effect by detecting XA signals from various materials, then we validated the experimental results with simulation outcomes. Next, in resolution experiments, we successfully imaged a patterned tungsten target with drilled various-sized circles at a spatial resolution of 7.8 ± 5.1 µm, which is the first micron-scale resolution achieved by XA imaging. Our results suggest that the novel XFELAM can expand the usability of XFEL in various areas of fundamental scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwook Choi
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Park
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Cho
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunam Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Choi S, Yang J, Lee SY, Kim J, Lee J, Kim WJ, Lee S, Kim C. Deep Learning Enhances Multiparametric Dynamic Volumetric Photoacoustic Computed Tomography In Vivo (DL-PACT). ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2202089. [PMID: 36354200 PMCID: PMC9811490 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) has become a premier preclinical and clinical imaging modality. Although PACT's image quality can be dramatically improved with a large number of ultrasound (US) transducer elements and associated multiplexed data acquisition systems, the associated high system cost and/or slow temporal resolution are significant problems. Here, a deep learning-based approach is demonstrated that qualitatively and quantitively diminishes the limited-view artifacts that reduce image quality and improves the slow temporal resolution. This deep learning-enhanced multiparametric dynamic volumetric PACT approach, called DL-PACT, requires only a clustered subset of many US transducer elements on the conventional multiparametric PACT. Using DL-PACT, high-quality static structural and dynamic contrast-enhanced whole-body images as well as dynamic functional brain images of live animals and humans are successfully acquired, all in a relatively fast and cost-effective manner. It is believed that the strategy can significantly advance the use of PACT technology for preclinical and clinical applications such as neurology, cardiology, pharmacology, endocrinology, and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwook Choi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringConvergence IT EngineeringMechanical EngineeringSchool of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringGraduate School of Artificial Intelligenceand Medical Device Innovation CenterPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Jinge Yang
- Department of Electrical EngineeringConvergence IT EngineeringMechanical EngineeringSchool of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringGraduate School of Artificial Intelligenceand Medical Device Innovation CenterPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Electrical EngineeringConvergence IT EngineeringMechanical EngineeringSchool of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringGraduate School of Artificial Intelligenceand Medical Device Innovation CenterPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Department of Electrical EngineeringConvergence IT EngineeringMechanical EngineeringSchool of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringGraduate School of Artificial Intelligenceand Medical Device Innovation CenterPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of ChemistryPOSTECH‐CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering InstitutePohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of ChemistryPOSTECH‐CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering InstitutePohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchul Lee
- Department of Electrical EngineeringConvergence IT EngineeringMechanical EngineeringSchool of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringGraduate School of Artificial Intelligenceand Medical Device Innovation CenterPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical EngineeringConvergence IT EngineeringMechanical EngineeringSchool of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringGraduate School of Artificial Intelligenceand Medical Device Innovation CenterPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐guPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
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Pandey PK, Aggrawal HO, Wang S, Kim K, Liu A, Xiang L. Ring artifacts removal in X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 15:2250017. [PMID: 38645738 PMCID: PMC11031265 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545822500171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) is a hybrid imaging modality for detecting X-ray absorption distribution via ultrasound emission. It facilitates imaging from a single projection X-ray illumination, thus reducing the radiation exposure and improving imaging speed. Nonuniform detector response caused by the interference between multichannel data acquisition for ring array transducers and amplifier systems yields ring artifacts in the reconstructed XACT images, which compromises the image quality. We propose model-based algorithms for ring artifacts corrected XACT imaging and demonstrate their efficacy on numerical and experimental measurements. The corrected reconstructions indicate significantly reduced ring artifacts as compared to their conventional counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hari Om Aggrawal
- Institute of Mathematics and Image Computing, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Independent Technical Consultant, India
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - An Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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4
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Choi S, Park S, Pyo A, Kim DY, Min JJ, Lee C, Kim C. In situ x-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography with a contrast agent: a proof of concept. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:90-93. [PMID: 34951888 DOI: 10.1364/ol.447618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) has shown great potential as a hybrid imaging modality for real-time non-invasive x-ray dosimetry and low-dose three-dimensional (3D) imaging. While promising, one drawback of the XACT system is the underlying low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), limiting its in vivo clinical use. In this Letter, we propose the first use of a conventional x-ray computed tomography contrast agent, Gastrografin, for improving the SNR of in situ XACT imaging. We obtained 3D volumetric XACT images of a mouse's stomach with orally injected Gastrografin establishing the proposal's feasibility. Thus, we believe, in the future, our proposed technique will allow in vivo imaging and expand or complement conventional x-ray modalities, such as radiotherapy and accelerators.
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Rong Q, Lee Y, Tang Y, Vu T, Taboada C, Zheng W, Xia J, Czaplewski DA, Zhang HF, Sun C, Yao J. High-Frequency 3D Photoacoustic Computed Tomography Using an Optical Microring Resonator. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:9891510. [PMID: 36818003 PMCID: PMC9933894 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9891510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
3D photoacoustic computed tomography (3D-PACT) has made great advances in volumetric imaging of biological tissues, with high spatial-temporal resolutions and large penetration depth. The development of 3D-PACT requires high-performance acoustic sensors with a small size, large detection bandwidth, and high sensitivity. In this work, we present a new high-frequency 3D-PACT system that uses a micro-ring resonator (MRR) as the acoustic sensor. The MRR sensor has a size of 80 μm in diameter, and was fabricated using the nanoimprint lithography technology. Using the MRR sensor, we have developed a transmission-mode 3D-PACT system that has achieved a detection bandwidth of ~23 MHz, an imaging depth of ~8 mm, a lateral resolution of 114 μm, and an axial resolution of 57 μm. We have demonstrated the 3D PACT's performance on in vitro phantoms, ex vivo mouse brain, and in vivo mouse ear and tadpole. The MRR-based 3D-PACT system can be a promising tool for structural, functional, and molecular imaging of biological tissues at depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzhou Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Youngseop Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Carlos Taboada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Wenhan Zheng
- Optical & Ultrasonic Imaging Laboratory, University at Buffalo, North Campus Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical & Ultrasonic Imaging Laboratory, University at Buffalo, North Campus Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - David A. Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
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Practical review on photoacoustic computed tomography using curved ultrasound array transducer. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 12:19-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Pandey PK, Wang S, Aggrawal HO, Bjegovic K, Boucher S, Xiang L. Model-Based X-Ray-Induced Acoustic Computed Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:3560-3569. [PMID: 34310297 PMCID: PMC8739265 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3098501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) provides X-ray absorption-based contrast with acoustic detection. For its clinical translation, XACT imaging often has a limited field of view. This can result in image artifacts and overall loss of quantification accuracy. In this article, we aim to demonstrate model-based XACT image reconstruction to address these problems. An efficient matrix-free implementation of the regularized LSQR (MF-LSQR)-based minimization scheme and a noniterative model back-projection (MBP) scheme for computing XACT reconstructions have been demonstrated in this article. The proposed algorithms have been numerically validated and then used to perform reconstructions from experimental measurements obtained from an XACT setup. While the commonly used back-projection (BP) algorithm produces limited-view and noisy artifacts in the region of interest (ROI), model-based LSQR minimization overcomes these issues. The model-based algorithms also reduce the ring artifacts caused due to the nonuniformity response of the multichannel data acquisition. Using the model-based reconstruction algorithms, we are able to obtain reasonable XACT reconstructions for acoustic measurements of up to 120° view. Although the MBP is more efficient than the model-based LSQR algorithm, it provides only the structural information of the ROI. Overall, it has been demonstrated that the model-based image reconstruction yields better image quality for XACT than the standard BP. Moreover, the combination of model-based image reconstruction with different regularization methods can solve the limited-view problem for XACT imaging (in many realistic cases where the full-view dataset is unavailable), and hence pave the way for future clinical translation.
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Wang S, Ivanov V, Pandey PK, Xiang L. X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) imaging with single-shot nanosecond x-ray. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2021; 119:183702. [PMID: 34776515 PMCID: PMC8566011 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) has emerged as a promising imaging modality with broad applications in both biomedicine and nondestructive testing. The previous XACT imaging systems require thousands of averages to achieve reasonable images. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of single-shot XACT imaging of a metal object using a single-shot 50 ns x-ray pulse. A two-stage dedicated amplification and a 128-channel parallel data acquisition configuration were introduced for XACT imaging to enable sufficient acoustic signal amplification and maintain an overall low noise level for single-shot XACT imaging. Details of the system design are presented; the improved signal-to-noise ratio (>23 dB) and image reconstruction have been demonstrated with a ring ultrasound transducer array imaging system. The study paves the way for realizing real-time XACT imaging and its potential applications in image-guided intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | | | - Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- The Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
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Jeong S, Yoo SW, Kim HJ, Park J, Kim JW, Lee C, Kim H. Recent Progress on Molecular Photoacoustic Imaging with Carbon-Based Nanocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5643. [PMID: 34640053 PMCID: PMC8510032 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For biomedical imaging, the interest in noninvasive imaging methods is ever increasing. Among many modalities, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), which is a combination of optical and ultrasound imaging techniques, has received attention because of its unique advantages such as high spatial resolution, deep penetration, and safety. Incorporation of exogenous imaging agents further amplifies the effective value of PAI, since they can deliver other specified functions in addition to imaging. For these agents, carbon-based materials can show a large specific surface area and interesting optoelectronic properties, which increase their effectiveness and have proved their potential in providing a theragnostic platform (diagnosis + therapy) that is essential for clinical use. In this review, we introduce the current state of the PAI modality, address recent progress on PAI imaging that takes advantage of carbon-based agents, and offer a future perspective on advanced PAI systems using carbon-based agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songah Jeong
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.K.); (J.P.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Korea;
| | - Hea Ji Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.K.); (J.P.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Jieun Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.K.); (J.P.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Ji Woo Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.K.); (J.P.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160, Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.K.); (J.P.); (J.W.K.)
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Choi S, Park EY, Park S, Kim JH, Kim C. Synchrotron X-ray induced acoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4047. [PMID: 33603050 PMCID: PMC7893053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray induced acoustic imaging (XAI) is an emerging biomedical imaging technique that can visualize X-ray absorption contrast at ultrasound resolution with less ionizing radiation exposure than conventional X-ray computed tomography. So far, medical linear accelerators or industrial portable X-ray tubes have been explored as X-ray excitation sources for XAI. Here, we demonstrate the first feasible synchrotron XAI (sXAI). The synchrotron generates X-rays, with a dominant energy of 4 to 30 keV, a pulse-width of 30 ps, a pulse-repetition period of 2 ns, and a bunch-repetition period of 940 ns. The X-ray induced acoustic (XA) signals are processed in the Fourier domain by matching the signal frequency with the bunch-repetition frequency. We successfully obtained two-dimensional XA images of various lead targets. This novel sXAI tool could complement conventional synchrotron applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwook Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Creative IT Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Creative IT Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Creative IT Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Creative IT Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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Li M, Nyayapathi N, Kilian HI, Xia J, Lovell JF, Yao J. Sound Out the Deep Colors: Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging at New Depths. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120981518. [PMID: 33336621 PMCID: PMC7750763 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120981518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become increasingly popular for molecular imaging due to its unique optical absorption contrast, high spatial resolution, deep imaging depth, and high imaging speed. Yet, the strong optical attenuation of biological tissues has traditionally prevented PAT from penetrating more than a few centimeters and limited its application for studying deeply seated targets. A variety of PAT technologies have been developed to extend the imaging depth, including employing deep-penetrating microwaves and X-ray photons as excitation sources, delivering the light to the inside of the organ, reshaping the light wavefront to better focus into scattering medium, as well as improving the sensitivity of ultrasonic transducers. At the same time, novel optical fluence mapping algorithms and image reconstruction methods have been developed to improve the quantitative accuracy of PAT, which is crucial to recover weak molecular signals at larger depths. The development of highly-absorbing near-infrared PA molecular probes has also flourished to provide high sensitivity and specificity in studying cellular processes. This review aims to introduce the recent developments in deep PA molecular imaging, including novel imaging systems, image processing methods and molecular probes, as well as their representative biomedical applications. Existing challenges and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mucong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3065Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikhila Nyayapathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hailey I Kilian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3065Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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