1
|
Lee Y, Rong Q, Song KH, Czaplewski DA, Zhang HF, Yao J, Sun C. Theoretical and experimental study on the detection limit of the micro-ring resonator based ultrasound point detectors. Photoacoustics 2023; 34:100574. [PMID: 38126078 PMCID: PMC10731384 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Combining the diffusive laser excitation and the photoacoustic signals detection, photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is uniquely suited for deep tissue imaging. A diffraction-limited ultrasound point detector is highly desirable for maximizing the spatial resolution and the field-of-view of the reconstructed volumetric images. Among all the available ultrasound detectors, micro-ring resonator (MRR) based ultrasound detectors offer the lowest area-normalized limit of detection (nLOD) in a miniature form-factor, making it an ideal candidate as an ultrasound point detector. However, despite their wide adoption for photoacoustic imaging, the underlying signal transduction process has not been systematically studied yet. Here we report a comprehensive theoretical model capturing the transduction of incident acoustic signals into digital data, and the associated noise propagation process, using experimentally calibrated key process parameters. The theoretical model quantifies the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the nLOD under the influence of the key process variables, including the quality factor (Q-factor) of the MRR and the driving wavelength. While asserting the need for higher Q-factors, the theoretical model further quantifies the optimal driving wavelength for optimizing the nLOD. Given the MRR with a Q-factor of 1 × 105, the theoretical model predicts an optimal SNR of 30.1 dB and a corresponding nLOD of 3.75 × 10-2 mPa mm2/Hz1/2, which are in good agreement with the experimental measurements of 31.0 dB and 3.39 × 10-2 mPa mm2/Hz1/2, respectively. The reported theoretical model can be used in guiding the optimization of MRR-based ultrasonic detectors and PA experimental conditions, in attaining higher imaging resolution and contrast. The optimized operating condition has been further validated by performing PACT imaging of a human hair phantom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngseop Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qiangzhou Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ki-Hee Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David A Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Glorieux C, Yang S, Gu K, Xia Z, Hou R, Hou L, Liu X, Xiong J. Adaptive polarization photoacoustic computed tomography for biological anisotropic tissue imaging. Photoacoustics 2023; 32:100543. [PMID: 37636546 PMCID: PMC10457571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Most photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) systems usually ignore the anisotropy of the tissue absorption coefficient, which will lead to the lack of information in reconstructed images. In this work, the effect is addressed of the possible optical absorption anisotropy of tissue on PACT images. The functional relationship is derived between the photoacoustic response and the polarization angle of the excitation light. An adaptive polarized light photoacoustic imaging (AP-PACT) approach is proposed and shown to make up for the lack of imaging information and achieve optimal image contrast when imaging samples with anisotropic optical absorption, by utilizing the standard deviation of photoacoustic response as the feedback signal in an adaptive data acquisition process. The method is implemented both on phantom and in vitro experiments, which show that AP-PACT can recover anisotropic absorption-related information from reconstructed images and thus significantly improve their quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Christ Glorieux
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Shufan Yang
- School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Kai Gu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhiying Xia
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ruijie Hou
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lianping Hou
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jichuan Xiong
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo X, Jiang J, Wu H, Li M, Wang B. The influences of finite aperture size in photoacoustic computed tomography. Ultrasonics 2023; 133:107042. [PMID: 37186987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), the "finite aperture effect" is often characterized as a tangential resolution that increases proportionally with the distance from the rotation center. However, this conclusion is based on the inaccurate point-detector assumption used in image reconstruction. In this study, we appropriately modeled the finite size of the acoustic detector in the back-projection (BP) based image reconstruction to improve the accuracy of the time delay calculation and systematically investigated its effects. Our results showed that the main effect of the finite aperture size is the creation of a limited high-quality imaging region (HQIR) around the scanning center, due to the directional sensitivity of the detector. We also demonstrated that the "finite aperture effect" can reduce the optimal number of detectors required for spatial anti-aliasing. These new findings provide novel perspectives for optimizing PACT systems and corresponding reconstruction methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jinsheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hualin Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Minhao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Wang L. Adaptive dual-speed ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography. Photoacoustics 2022; 27:100380. [PMID: 35722271 PMCID: PMC9198371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Full-ring dual-modal ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography has unique advantages of nearly isotropic spatial resolution, complementary contrast, deep penetration, and full-view detection. However, the imaging quality may be deteriorated by the inaccurate sound speed estimation. Automatic determining and compensation for sound speed has been a long-standing problem in image reconstruction. Here, we present new adaptive dual-speed ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography (ADS-USPACT) to address this challenge. The system features full-view coverage (360°), high-speed dual-modal imaging (10-Hz), automated dual sound speed correction, and synergistic high imaging quality. To correct the sound speed, we develop a two-compartment method that can automatically segment the sample boundary and search for the optimal sound speed based on the rich ultrasonic pulse-echo signals. The method does not require the operator's intervention. We validate this technique in numerical simulation, phantom study, and in vivo experiments. The ADS-USPACT represents significant progress in dual-modal imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Zhang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuo H, Cui M, Wang X, Ma C. Spectral crosstalk in photoacoustic computed tomography. Photoacoustics 2022; 26:100356. [PMID: 35574185 PMCID: PMC9095891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral photoacoustic (PA) imaging faces two major challenges: the spectral coloring effect, which has been studied extensively as an optical inversion problem, and the spectral crosstalk, which is basically a result of non-ideal acoustic inversion. So far, there is no systematic work to analyze the spectral crosstalk because acoustic inversion and spectroscopic measurement are always treated as decoupled. In this work, we theorize and demonstrate through a series of simulations and experiments how imperfect acoustic inversion induces inaccurate PA spectrum measurement. We provide detailed analysis to elucidate how different factors, including limited bandwidth, limited view, light attenuation, out-of-plane signal, and image reconstruction schemes, conspire to render the measured PA spectrum inaccurate. We found that the model-based reconstruction outperforms universal back-projection in suppressing the spectral crosstalk in some cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Zuo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Manxiu Cui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanhao Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Clinical Big Data Research, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang KW, Zhu Y, Hudson HM, Barbay S, Guggenmos DJ, Nudo RJ, Yang X, Wang X. Photoacoustic imaging of squirrel monkey cortical and subcortical brain regions during peripheral electrical stimulation. Photoacoustics 2022; 25:100326. [PMID: 35028289 PMCID: PMC8715112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of neuronal activity in non-human primate models is of critical importance due to their genetic similarity to human brains. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using photoacoustic imaging for the detection of cortical and subcortical responses due to peripheral electrical stimulation in a squirrel monkey model. Photoacoustic computed tomography and photoacoustic microscopy were applied on squirrel monkeys for real-time deep subcortical imaging and optical-resolution cortical imaging, respectively. The electrically evoked hemodynamic changes in primary somatosensory cortex, premotor cortices, primary motor cortex, and underlying subcortical areas were measured. Hemodynamic responses were observed in both cortical and subcortical brain areas at the cortices during external stimulation, demonstrating the feasibility of photoacoustic technique for functional imaging of non-human primate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Yunhao Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Heather M. Hudson
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Scott Barbay
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - David J. Guggenmos
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Randolph J. Nudo
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Xinmai Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rong Q, Lee Y, Tang Y, Vu T, Taboada C, Zheng W, Xia J, Czaplewski DA, Zhang HF, Sun C, Yao J. High-Frequency 3D Photoacoustic Computed Tomography Using an Optical Microring Resonator. BME Front 2022; 2022:9891510. [PMID: 36818003 PMCID: PMC9933894 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9891510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
3D photoacoustic computed tomography (3D-PACT) has made great advances in volumetric imaging of biological tissues, with high spatial-temporal resolutions and large penetration depth. The development of 3D-PACT requires high-performance acoustic sensors with a small size, large detection bandwidth, and high sensitivity. In this work, we present a new high-frequency 3D-PACT system that uses a micro-ring resonator (MRR) as the acoustic sensor. The MRR sensor has a size of 80 μm in diameter, and was fabricated using the nanoimprint lithography technology. Using the MRR sensor, we have developed a transmission-mode 3D-PACT system that has achieved a detection bandwidth of ~23 MHz, an imaging depth of ~8 mm, a lateral resolution of 114 μm, and an axial resolution of 57 μm. We have demonstrated the 3D PACT's performance on in vitro phantoms, ex vivo mouse brain, and in vivo mouse ear and tadpole. The MRR-based 3D-PACT system can be a promising tool for structural, functional, and molecular imaging of biological tissues at depths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzhou Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Youngseop Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Carlos Taboada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Wenhan Zheng
- Optical & Ultrasonic Imaging Laboratory, University at Buffalo, North Campus Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical & Ultrasonic Imaging Laboratory, University at Buffalo, North Campus Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - David A. Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Q, Qin W, Qi W, Xi L. Progress of clinical translation of handheld and semi-handheld photoacoustic imaging. Photoacoustics 2021; 22:100264. [PMID: 33868921 PMCID: PMC8040335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), featuring rich contrast, high spatial/temporal resolution and deep penetration, is one of the fastest-growing biomedical imaging technology over the last decade. To date, numbers of handheld and semi-handheld photoacoustic imaging devices have been reported with corresponding potential clinical applications. Here, we summarize emerged handheld and semi-handheld systems in terms of photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), optoacoustic mesoscopy (OAMes), and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). We will discuss each modality in three aspects: laser delivery, scanning protocol, and acoustic detection. Besides new technical developments, we also review the associated clinical studies, and the advantages/disadvantages of these new techniques. In the end, we propose the challenges and perspectives of miniaturized PAI in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Han T, Yang M, Yang F, Zhao L, Jiang Y, Li C. A three-dimensional modeling method for quantitative photoacoustic breast imaging with handheld probe. Photoacoustics 2021; 21:100222. [PMID: 33318929 PMCID: PMC7726342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By providing complementary functional information, photoacoustic (PA) breast imaging based on the handheld ultrasound (US) probe has demonstrated promising potential for breast cancer diagnosis. However, the quantitative PA imaging primarily relies on the knowledge of the optical fluence distribution in the three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous breast tissue. Previous studies based on the handheld system generally provided two-dimensional (2D) B-scan results, which contains limited anatomical information of the tissue and the lesion. This study proposed a method to perform 3D modeling of the photon transportation for dual-modality PA/US system based on the local 3D breast anatomical information by scanning US probe. Then the calculated optical fluence distribution can be used for PA imaging. Our phantom and clinical pilot study results demonstrated that this method has potential to improve the accuracy of the quantitative PA breast imaging, and it can also be used in other clinical implementations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lingyi Zhao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Changhui Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cui M, Zuo H, Wang X, Deng K, Luo J, Ma C. Adaptive photoacoustic computed tomography. Photoacoustics 2021; 21:100223. [PMID: 33364162 PMCID: PMC7750694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
For many optical imaging modalities, image qualities are inevitably degraded by wavefront distortions caused by varying light speed. In optical microscopy and astronomy, adaptive optics (AO) has long been applied to compensate for such unwanted aberrations. Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), despite relying on the ultrasonic wave for image formation, suffers from the acoustic version of the same problem. However, this problem has traditionally been regarded as an inverse problem of jointly reconstructing both the initial pressure and the sound speed distributions. In this work, we proposed a method similar to indirect wavefront sensing in AO. We argued that wavefront distortions can be extracted and corrected by a frequency domain analysis of local images. In addition to an adaptively reconstructed aberration-free image, the speed of sound map can be subsequently estimated. We demonstrated the method by in silico, phantom, and in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manxiu Cui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongzhi Zuo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xunahao Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kexin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianwen Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Na S, Yuan X, Lin L, Isla J, Garrett D, Wang LV. Transcranial photoacoustic computed tomography based on a layered back-projection method. Photoacoustics 2020; 20:100213. [PMID: 33134081 PMCID: PMC7586244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge of transcranial human brain photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is correcting for the acoustic aberration induced by the skull. Here, we present a modified universal back-projection (UBP) method, termed layered UBP (L-UBP), that can de-aberrate the transcranial PA signals by accommodating the skull heterogeneity into conventional UBP. In L-UBP, the acoustic medium is divided into multiple layers: the acoustic coupling fluid layer between the skull and detectors, the skull layer, and the brain tissue layer, which are assigned different acoustic properties. The transmission coefficients and wave conversion are considered at the fluid-skull and skull-tissue interfaces. Simulations of transcranial PACT using L-UBP were conducted to validate the method. Ex vivo experiments with a newly developed three-dimensional PACT system with 1-MHz center frequency demonstrated that L-UBP can substantially improve the image quality compared to conventional UBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Na
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Yuan
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Julio Isla
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David Garrett
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Corresponding author at: Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao T, Desjardins AE, Ourselin S, Vercauteren T, Xia W. Minimally invasive photoacoustic imaging: Current status and future perspectives. Photoacoustics 2019; 16:100146. [PMID: 31871889 PMCID: PMC6909166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging biomedical imaging modality that is based on optical absorption contrast, capable of revealing distinct spectroscopic signatures of tissue at high spatial resolution and large imaging depths. However, clinical applications of conventional non-invasive PAI systems have been restricted to examinations of tissues at depths less than a few cm due to strong light attenuation. Minimally invasive photoacoustic imaging (miPAI) has greatly extended the landscape of PAI by delivering excitation light within tissue through miniature fibre-optic probes. In the past decade, various miPAI systems have been developed with demonstrated applicability in several clinical fields. In this article, we present an overview of the current status of miPAI and our thoughts on future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianrui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing St Thomas’ Hospital London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Adrien E. Desjardins
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing St Thomas’ Hospital London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing St Thomas’ Hospital London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Wenfeng Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing St Thomas’ Hospital London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fatima A, Kratkiewicz K, Manwar R, Zafar M, Zhang R, Huang B, Dadashzadeh N, Xia J, Avanaki K(M. Review of cost reduction methods in photoacoustic computed tomography. Photoacoustics 2019; 15:100137. [PMID: 31428558 PMCID: PMC6693691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic Computed Tomography (PACT) is a major configuration of photoacoustic imaging, a hybrid noninvasive modality for both functional and molecular imaging. PACT has rapidly gained importance in the field of biomedical imaging due to superior performance as compared to conventional optical imaging counterparts. However, the overall cost of developing a PACT system is one of the challenges towards clinical translation of this novel technique. The cost of a typical commercial PACT system originates from optical source, ultrasound detector, and data acquisition unit. With growing applications of photoacoustic imaging, there is a tremendous demand towards reducing its cost. In this review article, we have discussed various approaches to reduce the overall cost of a PACT system, and provided a cost estimation to build a low-cost PACT system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Fatima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Karl Kratkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohsin Zafar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Bin Huang
- 3339 Northwest Ave, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | | | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kamran (Mohammad) Avanaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Molecular Imaging Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vu T, Wang Y, Xia J. Optimizing photoacoustic image reconstruction using cross-platform parallel computation. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2018; 1:2. [PMID: 32226922 PMCID: PMC7089714 DOI: 10.1186/s42492-018-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction involves the computations of an extensive amount of data that leads to tremendous processing time. Therefore, optimization is crucially needed to improve the performance and efficiency. With the widespread use of graphics processing units (GPU), parallel computing is transforming this arduous reconstruction process for numerous imaging modalities, and photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is not an exception. Existing works have investigated GPU-based optimization on photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and PACT reconstruction using compute unified device architecture (CUDA) on either C++ or MATLAB only. However, our study is the first that uses cross-platform GPU computation. It maintains the simplicity of MATLAB, while improves the speed through CUDA/C++ − based MATLAB converted functions called MEXCUDA. Compared to a purely MATLAB with GPU approach, our cross-platform method improves the speed five times. Because MATLAB is widely used in PAM and PACT, this study will open up new avenues for photoacoustic image reconstruction and relevant real-time imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Yuehang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang P, Li L, Lin L, Hu P, Shi J, He Y, Zhu L, Zhou Y, Wang LV. High-resolution deep functional imaging of the whole mouse brain by photoacoustic computed tomography in vivo. J Biophotonics 2018; 11:10.1002/jbio.201700024. [PMID: 28635056 PMCID: PMC5777675 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is a non-invasive imaging technique offering high contrast, high resolution, and deep penetration in biological tissues. We report a PACT system equipped with a high frequency linear transducer array for mapping the microvascular network of a whole mouse brain with the skull intact and studying its hemodynamic activities. The linear array was scanned in the coronal plane to collect data from different angles, and full-view images were synthesized from the limited-view images in which vessels were only partially revealed. We investigated spontaneous neural activities in the deep brain by monitoring the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood vessels and observed strong interhemispherical correlations between several chosen functional regions, both in the cortical layer and in the deep regions. We also studied neural activities during an epileptic seizure and observed the epileptic wave spreading around the injection site and the wave propagating in the opposite hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Li Lin
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Peng Hu
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Junhui Shi
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Yun He
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Liren Zhu
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Yong Zhou
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
- Corresponding author: L.V.W. ()
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mitsuhashi K, Poudel J, Matthews TP, Garcia-Uribe A, Wang LV, Anastasio MA. A forward-adjoint operator pair based on the elastic wave equation for use in transcranial photoacoustic computed tomography. SIAM J Imaging Sci 2017; 10:2022-2048. [PMID: 29387291 PMCID: PMC5788322 DOI: 10.1137/16m1107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is an emerging imaging modality that exploits optical contrast and ultrasonic detection principles to form images of the photoacoustically induced initial pressure distribution within tissue. The PACT reconstruction problem corresponds to an inverse source problem in which the initial pressure distribution is recovered from measurements of the radiated wavefield. A major challenge in transcranial PACT brain imaging is compensation for aberrations in the measured data due to the presence of the skull. Ultrasonic waves undergo absorption, scattering and longitudinal-to-shear wave mode conversion as they propagate through the skull. To properly account for these effects, a wave-equation-based inversion method should be employed that can model the heterogeneous elastic properties of the skull. In this work, a forward model based on a finite-difference time-domain discretization of the three-dimensional elastic wave equation is established and a procedure for computing the corresponding adjoint of the forward operator is presented. Massively parallel implementations of these operators employing multiple graphics processing units (GPUs) are also developed. The developed numerical framework is validated and investigated in computer19 simulation and experimental phantom studies whose designs are motivated by transcranial PACT applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mitsuhashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
| | - Joemini Poudel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
| | - Thomas P Matthews
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Uribe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St.Louis, St.Louis, MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meimani N, Abani N, Gelovani J, Avanaki MR. A numerical analysis of a semi-dry coupling configuration in photoacoustic computed tomography for infant brain imaging. Photoacoustics 2017; 7:27-35. [PMID: 28702357 PMCID: PMC5487250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the application of photoacoustic human infant brain imaging, debubbled ultrasound gel or water is commonly used as a couplant for ultrasonic transducers due to their acoustic properties. The main challenge in using such a couplant is its discomfort for the patient. In this study, we explore the feasibility of a semi-dry coupling configuration to be used in photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) systems. The coupling system includes an inflatable container consisting of a thin layer of Aqualene with ultrasound gel or water inside of it. Finite element method (FEM) is used for static and dynamic structural analysis of the proposed configuration to be used in PACT for infant brain imaging. The outcome of the analysis is an optimum thickness of Aqualene in order to meet the weight tolerance requirement with the least attenuation and best impedance match to recommend for an experimental setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najme Meimani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Basir Eye Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nina Abani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juri Gelovani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohammad R.N Avanaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang C, Wang K, Schoonover RW, Wang LV, Anastasio MA. Joint Reconstruction of Absorbed Optical Energy Density and Sound Speed Distributions in Photoacoustic Computed Tomography: A Numerical Investigation. IEEE Trans Comput Imaging 2016; 2:136-149. [PMID: 29152545 PMCID: PMC5693255 DOI: 10.1109/tci.2016.2523427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is a rapidly emerging bioimaging modality that seeks to reconstruct an estimate of the absorbed optical energy density within an object. Conventional PACT image reconstruction methods assume a constant speed-of-sound (SOS), which can result in image artifacts when acoustic aberrations are significant. It has been demonstrated that incorporating knowledge of an object's SOS distribution into a PACT image reconstruction method can improve image quality. However, in many cases, the SOS distribution cannot be accurately and/or conveniently estimated prior to the PACT experiment. Because variations in the SOS distribution induce aberrations in the measured photoacoustic wavefields, certain information regarding an object's SOS distribution is encoded in the PACT measurement data. Based on this observation, a joint reconstruction (JR) problem has been proposed in which the SOS distribution is concurrently estimated along with the sought-after absorbed optical energy density from the photoacoustic measurement data. A broad understanding of the extent to which the JR problem can be accurately and reliably solved has not been reported. In this work, a series of numerical experiments is described that elucidate some important properties of the JR problem that pertain to its practical feasibility. To accomplish this, an optimization-based formulation of the JR problem is developed that yields a non-linear iterative algorithm that alternatively updates the two image estimates. Heuristic analytic insights into the reconstruction problem are also provided. These results confirm the ill-conditioned nature of the joint reconstruction problem that will present significant challenges for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Robert W Schoonover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mitsuhashi K, Wang K, Anastasio MA. Investigation of the far-field approximation for modeling a transducer's spatial impulse response in photoacoustic computed tomography. Photoacoustics 2014; 2:21-32. [PMID: 24579061 PMCID: PMC3932504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
When ultrasonic transducers with large detecting areas and/or compact measurement geometries are employed in photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), the spatial resolution of reconstructed images can be significantly degraded. Our goal in this work is to clarify the domain of validity of an imaging model that mitigates such effects by use of a far-field approximation. Computer-simulation studies are described that demonstrate the far-field-based imaging model is highly accurate for a practical 3D PACT imaging geometry employed in an existing small animal imaging system. For use in special cases where the far-field approximation is violated, an extension of the far-field-based imaging model is proposed that divides the transducer face into a small number of rectangular patches that are each described accurately by use of the far-field approximation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
During the last decade, along with its explosive growth globally, biomedical photoacoustics has become a rapidly growing research field in China as well. In particular, photoacoustic tomography (PAT), capable of imaging intact biological tissue in vivo at great depths, has generated intense interest among Chinese researchers. This review briefly summarizes the current status and recent progress of the research in PAT in China. The focus is on the technology development and biomedical applications of three representative embodiments of PAT: photoacoustic microscopy, photoacoustic computed tomography, and photoacoustic endoscopy. In addition, recent development and studies in other related areas are also reviewed shortly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang Song
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 755 8639 2240.
| |
Collapse
|