1
|
Yang X, Liu S, Xia F, Wu M, Adie S, Xu C. Simultaneous multimodal three-photon and optical coherence microscopy of the mouse brain in the 1700 nm optical window in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.557176. [PMID: 37745620 PMCID: PMC10515788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal microscopy combining various imaging approaches can provide complementary information about tissue in a single imaging session. Here, we demonstrate a multimodal approach combining three-photon microscopy (3PM) and spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy (SD-OCM). We show that an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) laser source, which is the standard source for three-photon fluorescence excitation and third harmonic generation (THG), can be used for simultaneous OCM, 3-photon (3P) fluorescence and THG imaging. We validated the system performance in deep mouse brains in vivo with an OPCPA source operating at 1620 nm center wavelength. We visualized small structures such as myelinated axons, neurons, and large fiber tracts in white matter with high spatial resolution non-invasively using linear and nonlinear contrast at >1 mm depth in intact adult mouse brain. Our results showed that simultaneous OCM and 3PM at the long wavelength window can be conveniently combined for deep tissue imaging in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xusan Yang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Current address: Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Fei Xia
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Current address: Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Universite PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Meiqi Wu
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Steven Adie
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin M, Huang J, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Tong S, Cheng H, Deng X, Zheng L, Zhang W, Qiu P, Wang K. Resolving arteriolar wall structures in mouse brain in vivo with three-photon microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200365. [PMID: 36633161 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The brain arteriolar wall is a multilayered structure, whose integrity is of key significance to the brain function. However, resolving these different layers in anmial models in vivo is hampered by the lack of either labeling or imaging technology. Here, we demonstrate that three-photon microscopy (3PM) is an ideal solution. In mouse brain in vivo, excited at the 1700-nm window, label-free third-harmonic generation imaging and three-photon fluorescence (3PF) imaging with Alexa 633 labeling colocalize and resolve the internal elastic lamina. Furthermore, Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA-594) shows time-dependent labeling behavior. As time lapses, WGA-594 first labels endothelium, and then vascular smooth muscle cells, which are readily captured and resolved with 3PF imaging. Our results show that 3PM, in combination with proper labeling, is a promising technology for investigating the structures of brain arteriolar wall in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jincheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangquan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferrer Ortas J, Mahou P, Escot S, Stringari C, David NB, Bally-Cuif L, Dray N, Négrerie M, Supatto W, Beaurepaire E. Label-free imaging of red blood cells and oxygenation with color third-order sum-frequency generation microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:29. [PMID: 36702815 PMCID: PMC9879988 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mapping red blood cells (RBCs) flow and oxygenation is of key importance for analyzing brain and tissue physiology. Current microscopy methods are limited either in sensitivity or in spatio-temporal resolution. In this work, we introduce a novel approach based on label-free third-order sum-frequency generation (TSFG) and third-harmonic generation (THG) contrasts. First, we propose a novel experimental scheme for color TSFG microscopy, which provides simultaneous measurements at several wavelengths encompassing the Soret absorption band of hemoglobin. We show that there is a strong three-photon (3P) resonance related to the Soret band of hemoglobin in THG and TSFG signals from zebrafish and human RBCs, and that this resonance is sensitive to RBC oxygenation state. We demonstrate that our color TSFG implementation enables specific detection of flowing RBCs in zebrafish embryos and is sensitive to RBC oxygenation dynamics with single-cell resolution and microsecond pixel times. Moreover, it can be implemented on a 3P microscope and provides label-free RBC-specific contrast at depths exceeding 600 µm in live adult zebrafish brain. Our results establish a new multiphoton contrast extending the palette of deep-tissue microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Ferrer Ortas
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sophie Escot
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Chiara Stringari
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nicolas B David
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, team supported by Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dray
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, team supported by Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Michel Négrerie
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng H, Chen X, Zhong J, Li J, Qiu P, Wang K. Label-free measurement of wall shear stress in the brain venule and arteriole using dual-wavelength third-harmonic-generation line-scanning imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5618-5621. [PMID: 37219285 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wall shear stress (WSS) is of fundamental physiological and pathological significance. Current measurement technologies suffer from poor spatial resolution or cannot measure instantaneous values in a label-free manner. Here we demonstrate dual-wavelength third-harmonic-generation (THG) line-scanning imaging, for instantaneous wall shear rate and WSS measurement in vivo. We used the soliton self-frequency shift to generate dual-wavelength femtosecond pulses. Simultaneous acquisition of dual-wavelength THG line-scanning signals extract blood flow velocities at adjacent radial positions for instantaneous wall shear rate and WSS measurement. Our results show the oscillating behavior of WSS in brain venules and arterioles at micron spatial resolution in a label-free manner.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang K, Pan Y, Tong S, Chen X, Lu Y, Qiu P. Deep-skin multiphoton microscopy in vivo excited at 1600 nm: A comparative investigation with silicone oil and deuterium dioxide immersion. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100076. [PMID: 34160142 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) excited at the 1700-nm window has enabled deep-tissue penetration in biological tissue, especially brain. MPM of skin may also benefit from this deep-penetration capability. Skin is a layered structure with varying refractive index (from 1.34 to 1.5). Consequently, proper immersion medium should be selected when imaging with high numerical aperture objective lens. To provide guidelines for immersion medium selection for skin MPM, here we demonstrate comparative experimental investigation of deep-skin MPM excited at 1600 nm in vivo, using both silicone oil and deuterium dioxide (D2 O) immersion. We specifically characterize imaging depths, signal levels and spatial resolution. Our results show that both immersion media give similar performance in imaging depth and spatial resolution, while signal levels are slightly better with silicone oil immersion. We also demonstrate that local injection of fluorescent beads into the skin is a viable technique for spatial resolution characterization in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The sixth Hospital of Shenzhen University (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang K, Pan Y, Tong S, Liang H, Qiu P. Deep-skin multiphoton microscopy of lymphatic vessels excited at the 1700-nm window in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6474-6484. [PMID: 34745750 PMCID: PMC8548020 DOI: 10.1364/boe.437482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of lymphatic vessels is key to the understanding of their structure, function, and dynamics. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a potential technology for imaging lymphatic vessels, but tissue scattering prevents its deep penetration in skin. Here we demonstrate deep-skin MPM of the lymphatic vessels in mouse hindlimb in vivo, excited at the 1700 nm window. Our results show that with contrast provided by indocyanine green (ICG), 2-photon fluorescence (2PF) imaging enables noninvasive imaging of lymphatic vessels 300 μm below the skin surface, visualizing both its structure and contraction dynamics. Simultaneously acquired second-harmonic generation (SHG) and third-harmonic generation (THG) images visualize the local environment in which the lymphatic vessels reside. After removing the surface skin layer, 2PF and THG imaging visualize finer structures of the lymphatic vessels: most notably, the label-free THG imaging visualizes lymphatic valves and their open-and-close dynamics in real time. MPM excited at the 1700-nm window thus provides a promising technology for the study of lymphatic vessels.
Collapse
|
7
|
He C, Deng X, Pan Y, Tong S, Kang J, Li J, Qiu P, Wang K. 3-photon microscopy of myelin in mouse digital skin excited at the 1700-nm window. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000321. [PMID: 32969170 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a key component of the peripheral nervous system, whose structure anomaly in the digital skin is implicated in neuropathy. Here we demonstrate an in vivo labeling and imaging technique, capable of visualizing myelin sheaths deep in the mouse digital skin. Through material characterization, we verify that 3-photon fluorescence (3PF) can be generated from a commonly used dye- FluoroMyelin Red for labeling myelin, excited at the 1700-nm window. Topical injection of FluoroMyelin Red in the mouse digit leads to bright labeling of myelin sheaths. Harnessing the deep-penetration capability of 3-photon microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window, we demonstrate that 3PF imaging of FluoroMyelin Red-labeled myelin sheaths in the mouse digit in vivo can be achieved to a depth 340 μm below the skin surface, revealing both branching bundle of and individual myelin sheaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangquan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiayu Kang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng H, Tong S, Deng X, Li J, Qiu P, Wang K. In vivo deep-brain imaging of microglia enabled by three-photon fluorescence microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5271-5274. [PMID: 32932509 DOI: 10.1364/ol.408329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia act as the first and main form of active immune defense in brain. However, in animal models, research on these cells is limited to the superficial layer of the brain, due to the lack of a deep-imaging technique. Here we break this depth limit using three-photon fluorescence (3PF) microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window. Three-photon action cross-section (ησ3) measurement lays the basis for dye selection and the resultant maximization of 3PF generation. 3PF imaging suppresses the surface background, leading to a much improved signal-to-background ratio compared to the commonly used two-photon microscopy (2PM). We can image microglia 1124 µm below the brain surface in vivo, 3.7 times deeper than previous results using 2PM for microglia imaging. This technique enables us to visualize microglia in the white matter layer in vivo for the first time.
Collapse
|