1
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Hansen C, Jagtap J, Parchur A, Sharma G, Shafiee S, Sinha S, Himburg H, Joshi A. Dynamic multispectral NIR/SWIR for in vivo lymphovascular architectural and functional quantification. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:106001. [PMID: 39347012 PMCID: PMC11425400 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.10.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Significance Although the lymphatic system is the second largest circulatory system in the body, there are limited techniques available for characterizing lymphatic vessel function. We report shortwave-infrared (SWIR) imaging for minimally invasive in vivo quantification of lymphatic circulation with superior contrast and resolution compared with near-infrared first window imaging. Aim We aim to study the lymphatic structure and function in vivo via SWIR fluorescence imaging. Approach We evaluated subsurface lymphatic circulation in healthy, adult immunocompromised salt-sensitive Sprague-Dawley rats using two fluorescence imaging modalities: near-infrared first window (NIR-I, 700 to 900 nm) and SWIR (900 to 1800 nm) imaging. We also compared two fluorescent imaging probes: indocyanine green (ICG) and silver sulfide quantum dots (QDs) as SWIR lymphatic contrast agents following intradermal footpad delivery in these rats. Results SWIR imaging exhibits reduced scattering and autofluorescence background relative to NIR-I imaging. SWIR imaging with ICG provides 1.7 times better resolution and sensitivity than NIR-I, and SWIR imaging with QDs provides nearly two times better resolution and sensitivity with enhanced vessel distinguishability. SWIR images thus provide a more accurate estimation of in vivo vessel size than conventional NIR-I images. Conclusions SWIR imaging of silver sulfide QDs into the intradermal footpad injection provides superior image resolution compared with conventional imaging techniques using NIR-I imaging with ICG dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hansen
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jaidip Jagtap
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Abdul Parchur
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Radiation Oncology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Gayatri Sharma
- Amity University, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shayan Shafiee
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sayantan Sinha
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Heather Himburg
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Radiation Oncology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Amit Joshi
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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2
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Peng JM, Su YL. Lymph node metastasis and tumor-educated immune tolerance: Potential therapeutic targets against distant metastasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115731. [PMID: 37541450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis has been shown to positively associated with the prognosis of many cancers. However, in clinical treatment, lymphadenectomy is not always successful, suggesting that immune cells in the tumor and sentinel lymph nodes still play a pivotal role in tumor immunosuppression. Recent studies had shown that tumors can tolerate immune cells through multiple strategies, including tumor-induced macrophage reprogramming, T cells inactivation, production of B cells pathogenic antibodies and activation of regulatory T cells to promote tumor colonization, growth, and metastasis in lymph nodes. We reviewed the bidirectional effect of immune cells on anti-tumor or promotion of cancer cell metastasis during lymph node metastasis, and the mechanisms by which malignant cancer cells modify immune cells to create a more favorable environment for the growth and survival of cancer cells. Research and treatment strategies focusing on the immune system in lymph nodes and potential immune targets in lymph node metastasis were also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jei-Ming Peng
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Li Su
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
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3
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Li YL, Hung WC. Reprogramming of sentinel lymph node microenvironment during tumor metastasis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:84. [PMID: 36266717 PMCID: PMC9583492 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with cancer. The two main routes for cancer cell dissemination are the blood and lymphatic systems. The underlying mechanism of hematogenous metastasis has been well characterized in the past few decades. However, our understanding of the molecular basis of lymphatic metastasis remains at a premature stage. Conceptually, cancer cells invade into lymphatic capillary, passively move to collecting lymphatic vessels, migrate into sentinel lymph node (SLN;, the first lymph node to which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor), and enter the blood circulatory system via the subclavian vein. Before arriving, cancer cells release specific soluble factors to modulate the microenvironment in SLN to establish a beachhead for successful colonization. After colonization, cancer cells inhibit anti-tumor immunity by inducing the recruitment of regulatory T cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, suppressing the function of dendritic cell and CD8+ T cell, and promoting the release of immunosuppressive cytokines. The development of novel strategies to reverse cancer cell-triggered SLN remodeling may re-activate immunity to reduce beachhead buildup and distant metastasis. In addition to being a microanatomic location for metastasis, the SLN is also an important site for immune modulation. Nanotechnology-based approaches to deliver lymph node-tropic antibodies or drug-conjugated nanoparticles to kill cancer cells on site are a new direction for cancer treatment. Conversely, the induction of stronger immunity by promoting antigen presentation in lymph nodes provides an alternate way to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy and cancer vaccine. In this review article, we summarize recent findings on the reprogramming of SLN during lymphatic invasion and discuss the possibility of inhibiting tumor metastasis and eliciting anti-tumor immunity by targeting SLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Liang Li
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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4
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Herrada AA, Olate-Briones A, Lazo-Amador R, Liu C, Hernández-Rojas B, Riadi G, Escobedo N. Lymph Leakage Promotes Immunosuppression by Enhancing Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841641. [PMID: 35663931 PMCID: PMC9160822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is a network of capillaries and vessels capable of draining extracellular fluid back to blood circulation and to facilitate immune cell migration. Although the role of the lymphatic vasculature as coordinator of fluid homeostasis has been extensively studied, the consequences of abnormal lymphatic vasculature function and impaired lymph drainage have been mostly unexplored. Here, by using the Prox1+/- mice with defective lymphatic vasculature and lymphatic leakage, we provide evidence showing that lymph leakage induces an immunosuppressive environment by promoting anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in different inflammatory conditions. In fact, by using a mouse model of tail lymphedema where lymphatic vessels are thermal ablated leading to lymph accumulation, an increasing number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages are found in the lymphedematous tissue. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis from different human tumors shows that reduced lymphatic signature, a hallmark of lymphatic dysfunction, is associated with increased M2 and reduced M1 macrophage signatures, impacting the survival of the patients. In summary, we show that lymphatic vascular leakage promotes an immunosuppressive environment by enhancing anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation, with relevance in clinical conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A. Herrada
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Alexandra Olate-Briones
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Lazo-Amador
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bairon Hernández-Rojas
- Ph.D Program in Sciences Mention in Modeling of Chemical and Biological Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Riadi
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) – Millennium Science Initiative Program Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Center for Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling, CBSM, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Noelia Escobedo
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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5
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Aldrich MB, Rasmussen JC, Fife CE, Shaitelman SF, Sevick-Muraca EM. The Development and Treatment of Lymphatic Dysfunction in Cancer Patients and Survivors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2280. [PMID: 32823928 PMCID: PMC7466081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast-cancer-acquired lymphedema is routinely diagnosed from the appearance of irreversible swelling that occurs as a result of lymphatic dysfunction. Yet in head and neck cancer survivors, lymphatic dysfunction may not always result in clinically overt swelling, but instead contribute to debilitating functional outcomes. In this review, we describe how cancer metastasis, lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy alter lymphatic function, as visualized by near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging. Using custom gallium arsenide (GaAs)-intensified systems capable of detecting trace amounts of indocyanine green administered repeatedly as lymphatic contrast for longitudinal clinical imaging, we show that lymphatic dysfunction occurs with cancer progression and treatment and is an early, sub-clinical indicator of cancer-acquired lymphedema. We show that early treatment of lymphedema can restore lymphatic function in breast cancer and head and neck cancer patients and survivors. The compilation of these studies provides insights to the critical role that the lymphatics and the immune system play in the etiology of lymphedema and associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B. Aldrich
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.B.A.); (J.C.R.)
| | - John C. Rasmussen
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.B.A.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Caroline E. Fife
- Department of Geriatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- The Wound Care Clinic, CHI St. Luke’s Health, The Woodlands Hospital, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Simona F. Shaitelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Eva M. Sevick-Muraca
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.B.A.); (J.C.R.)
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6
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Bachmann SB, Proulx ST, He Y, Ries M, Detmar M. Differential effects of anaesthesia on the contractility of lymphatic vessels
in vivo. J Physiol 2019; 597:2841-2852. [DOI: 10.1113/jp277254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samia B. Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Steven T. Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yuliang He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Miriam Ries
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
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7
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Yücel YH, Cardinell K, Khattak S, Zhou X, Lapinski M, Cheng F, Gupta N. Active Lymphatic Drainage From the Eye Measured by Noninvasive Photoacoustic Imaging of Near-Infrared Nanoparticles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2699-2707. [PMID: 29860456 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To visualize and quantify lymphatic drainage of aqueous humor from the eye to cervical lymph nodes in the dynamic state. Methods A near-infrared tracer was injected into the right eye anterior chamber of 10 mice under general anesthesia. Mice were imaged with photoacoustic tomography before and 20 minutes, 2, 4, and 6 hours after injection. Tracer signal intensity was measured in both eyes and right and left neck lymph nodes at every time point and signal intensity slopes were calculated. Slope differences between right and left eyes and right and left nodes were compared using paired t-test. Neck nodes were examined with fluorescence optical imaging and histologically for the presence of tracer. Results Following right eye intracameral injection of tracer, an exponential decrease in tracer signal was observed from 20 minutes to 6 hours in all mice. Slope differences of the signal intensity between right and left eyes were significant (P < 0.001). Simultaneously, increasing tracer signal was observed in the right neck node from 20 minutes to 6 hours. Slope differences of the signal intensity between right and left neck nodes were significant (P = 0.0051). Ex vivo optical fluorescence imaging and histopathologic examination of neck nodes confirmed tracer presence within submandibular nodes. Conclusions Active lymphatic drainage of aqueous from the eye to cervical lymph nodes was measured noninvasively by photoacoustic imaging of near-infrared nanoparticles. This unique in vivo assay may help to uncover novel drugs that target alternative outflow routes to lower IOP in glaucoma and may provide new insights into lymphatic drainage in eye health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeni H Yücel
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael's Hospital, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten Cardinell
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shireen Khattak
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xun Zhou
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Lapinski
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fang Cheng
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Glaucoma Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Cancer patients with lymph node (LN) metastases have a worse prognosis than those without nodal disease. However, why LN metastases correlate with reduced patient survival is poorly understood. Recent findings provide insight into mechanisms underlying tumor growth in LNs. Tumor cells and their secreted molecules engage stromal, myeloid, and lymphoid cells within primary tumors and in the lymphatic system, decreasing antitumor immunity and promoting tumor growth. Understanding the mechanisms of cancer survival and growth in LNs is key to designing effective therapy for the eradication of LN metastases. In addition, uncovering the implications of LN metastasis for systemic tumor burden will inform treatment decisions. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the seeding, growth, and further dissemination of LN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jones
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ethel R Pereira
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Hwang Y, Yoon H, Choe K, Ahn J, Jung JH, Park JH, Kim P. In vivo cellular-level real-time pharmacokinetic imaging of free-form and liposomal indocyanine green in liver. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4706-4716. [PMID: 29082096 PMCID: PMC5654811 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a near-infrared fluorophore approved for human use which has been widely used for various clinical applications. Despite the well-established clinical usage, our understanding about the microscopic in vivo pharmacokinetics of systemically administered ICG has been relatively limited. In this work, we successfully visualized real-time in vivo pharmacokinetic dynamics of the intravenously injected free-form and liposomal ICG in cellular resolution by utilizing a custom-built video-rate near infrared laser-scanning confocal microscopy system. Initial perfusion and clearance from blood stream, diffusion into perisinusoidal space, and subsequent absorption into hepatocyte were directly visualized in vivo. The quantification analysis utilizing the real-time image sequences revealed distinct dynamic in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of free-form and liposomal ICG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonha Hwang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hwanjun Yoon
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Kibaek Choe
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinhyo Ahn
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jik Han Jung
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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10
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Tumor Regulation of Lymph Node Lymphatic Sinus Growth and Lymph Flow in Mice and in Humans. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:403-415. [PMID: 28955180 PMCID: PMC5612184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature collects and drains fluid and cells from the periphery through lymph nodes (LNs) for immune monitoring, and then returns lymph to the bloodstream. During immune responses LNs enlarge and remodel, featuring extensive growth of lymphatic sinuses (lymphangiogenesis). This LN lymphangiogenesis also arises in cancer, and is associated with altered lymph drainage through LNs. Studies of mouse solid tumor models identified lymphatic sinus growth throughout tumor-draining LNs (TDLNs), and increased lymph flow through the expanded sinuses. Mice developing B cell lymphomas also feature LN lymphangiogenesis and increased lymph flow, indicating that these changes occur in lymphoma as well as in solid tumors. These LN alterations may be key to promote tumor growth and metastasis to draining LNs and distant organs. Lymphatic sinus growth within the TDLN may suppress anti-tumor-immune responses, and/or the increased lymph drainage could promote metastasis to draining LNs and distant organs. Investigations of human cancers and lymphomas are now identifying TDLN lymphatic sinus growth and increased lymph flow, that correlate with metastasis and poor prognosis. Pathology assessment of TDLN lymphangiogenesis or noninvasive imaging of tumor lymph drainage thus could potentially be useful to assist with diagnosis and treatment decisions. Moreover, the expanded lymphatic sinuses and increased lymph flow could facilitate vaccine or drug delivery, to manipulate TDLN immune functioning or to treat metastases. The insights obtained thus far should encourage further investigation of the mechanisms and consequences of TDLN lymphatic sinus growth and lymph flow alterations in mouse cancer models, and in human cancer patients.
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11
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Razavi MS, Nelson TS, Nepiyushchikh Z, Gleason RL, Dixon JB. The relationship between lymphangion chain length and maximum pressure generation established through in vivo imaging and computational modeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H1249-H1260. [PMID: 28778909 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00003.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic contraction of collecting lymphatic vessels serves as a pumping system to propel lymph against hydrostatic pressure gradients as it returns interstitial fluid to the venous circulation. In the present study, we proposed and validated that the maximum opposing outflow pressure along a chain of lymphangions at which flow can be achieved increases with the length of chain. Using minimally invasive near-infrared imaging to measure the effective pumping pressure at various locations in the rat tail, we demonstrated increases in pumping pressure along the length of the tail. Computational simulations based on a microstructurally motivated model of a chain of lymphangions informed from biaxial testing of isolated vessels was used to provide insights into the pumping mechanisms responsible for the pressure increases observed in vivo. These models suggest that the number of lymphangions in the chain and smooth muscle cell force generation play a significant role in determining the maximum outflow pressure, whereas the frequency of contraction has no effect. In vivo administration of nitric oxide attenuated lymphatic contraction, subsequently lowering the effective pumping pressure. Computational simulations suggest that the reduction in contractile strength of smooth muscle cells in the presence of nitric oxide can account for the reductions in outflow pressure observed along the lymphangion chain in vivo. Thus, combining modeling with multiple measurements of lymphatic pumping pressure provides a method for approximating intrinsic lymphatic muscle activity noninvasively in vivo while also providing insights into factors that determine the extent that a lymphangion chain can transport fluid against an adverse pressure gradient. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we report the first minimally invasive in vivo measurements of the relationship between lymphangion chain length and lymphatic pumping pressure. We also provide the first in vivo validation of lumped parameter models of lymphangion chains previously developed through data obtained from isolated vessel testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Razavi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tyler S Nelson
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhanna Nepiyushchikh
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Ji RC. Lymph Nodes and Cancer Metastasis: New Perspectives on the Role of Intranodal Lymphatic Sinuses. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010051. [PMID: 28036019 PMCID: PMC5297686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for transporting interstitial fluid, soluble antigen, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs). Functional integrity of LNs is dependent on intact lymphatics and effective lymph drainage. Molecular mechanisms that facilitate interactions between tumor cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during tumor progression still remain to be identified. The cellular and molecular structures of LNs are optimized to trigger a rapid and efficient immune response, and to participate in the process of tumor metastasis by stimulating lymphangiogenesis and establishing a premetastatic niche in LNs. Several molecules, e.g., S1P, CCR7-CCL19/CCL21, CXCL12/CXCR4, IL-7, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and integrin α4β1 play an important role in controlling the activity of LN stromal cells including LECs, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and follicular dendritic cells (DCs). The functional stromal cells are critical for reconstruction and remodeling of the LN that creates a unique microenvironment of tumor cells and LECs for cancer metastasis. LN metastasis is a major determinant for the prognosis of most human cancers and clinical management. Ongoing work to elucidate the function and molecular regulation of LN lymphatic sinuses will provide insight into cancer development mechanisms and improve therapeutic approaches for human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Faculty of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University, Oita 870-1192, Japan.
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Kwon S, Sevick-Muraca EM. Effect of lidocaine with and without epinephrine on lymphatic contractile activity in mice in vivo. J Anesth 2016; 30:1091-1094. [PMID: 27730311 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-016-2260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A local anesthetic, lidocaine, is known to affect cutaneous blood flow when injected into the skin. However, it is unknown if dermal lymphatic function can also be affected. Therefore, we characterized lymphatic function in response to administration of lidocaine with and without epinephrine. Non-invasive near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRFI) with intradermal injection of indocyanine green (ICG) was used to characterize the lymphatic "pumping" function in mice after subcutaneous injection of 2 % lidocaine with and without 1:100,000 epinephrine or saline. NIRFI was performed for 10-20 min immediately after and 1, 3, and 5 h after these interventions. Lymphatic contraction frequencies significantly decreased 10 min after subcutaneous injection of lidocaine and remained plateaued for another 5 min, before returning to baseline. However, addition of 1:100,000 epinephrine to 2 % lidocaine rapidly increased lymphatic contraction frequencies at 5 min post-injection, which returned to baseline levels 15 min later. Injection of saline also increased lymphatic contraction frequency 5 min after injection, which returned to baseline 10 min post-injection. Although lidocaine administration showed a decrease in lymphatic function, the combination of epinephrine with lidocaine resulted in a predominant net effect of increased contractile activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkuk Kwon
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler Street, SRB 330A, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Eva M Sevick-Muraca
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler Street, SRB 330A, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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DSouza AV, Marra K, Gunn JR, Samkoe KS, Pogue BW. Optical tracer size differences allow quantitation of active pumping rate versus Stokes-Einstein diffusion in lymphatic transport. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:100501. [PMID: 27752703 PMCID: PMC5067306 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.10.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic uptake of interstitially administered agents occurs by passive convective–diffusive inflow driven by interstitial concentration and pressure, while the downstream lymphatic transport is facilitated by active propulsive contractions of lymphatic vessel walls. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging in mice was used to measure these central components of lymphatic transport for the first time, using two different-sized molecules––methylene blue (MB) and fluorescence-labeled antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG)-IRDye 680RD. This work confirms the hypothesis that lymphatic passive inflow and active propulsion rates can be separated based upon the relative differences in Stokes–Einstein diffusion coefficient. This coefficient specifically affects the passive-diffusive uptake when the interstitial volume and pressure are constant. Parameters such as mean time-to-peak signal, overall fluorescence signal intensities, and number of active peristaltic pulses, were estimated from temporal imaging data. While the mean time to attain peak signal representative of diffusion-dominated flow in the lymph vessels was 0.6±0.2??min for MB and 8±6??min for IgG, showing a size dependence, the active propulsion rates were 3.4±0.8??pulses/min and 3.3±0.5??pulses/min, respectively, appearing size independent. The propulsion rates for both dyes decreased with clearance from the interstitial injection-site, indicating intrinsic control of the smooth muscles in response to interstitial pressure. This approach to size-comparative agent flow imaging of lymphatic function can enable noninvasive characterization of diseases related to uptake and flow in lymph networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha V. DSouza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Kayla Marra
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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15
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Song E, Seo H, Choe K, Hwang Y, Ahn J, Ahn S, Kim P. Optical clearing based cellular-level 3D visualization of intact lymph node cortex. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4154-64. [PMID: 26504662 PMCID: PMC4605071 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) is an important immune organ that controls adaptive immune responses against foreign pathogens and abnormal cells. To facilitate efficient immune function, LN has highly organized 3D cellular structures, vascular and lymphatic system. Unfortunately, conventional histological analysis relying on thin-sliced tissue has limitations in 3D cellular analysis due to structural disruption and tissue loss in the processes of fixation and tissue slicing. Optical sectioning confocal microscopy has been utilized to analyze 3D structure of intact LN tissue without physical tissue slicing. However, light scattering within biological tissues limits the imaging depth only to superficial portion of LN cortex. Recently, optical clearing techniques have shown enhancement of imaging depth in various biological tissues, but their efficacy for LN are remained to be investigated. In this work, we established optical clearing procedure for LN and achieved 3D volumetric visualization of the whole cortex of LN. More than 4 times improvement in imaging depth was confirmed by using LN obtained from H2B-GFP/actin-DsRed double reporter transgenic mouse. With adoptive transfer of GFP expressing B cells and DsRed expressing T cells and fluorescent vascular labeling by anti-CD31 and anti-LYVE-1 antibody conjugates, we successfully visualized major cellular-level structures such as T-cell zone, B-cell follicle and germinal center. Further, we visualized the GFP expressing metastatic melanoma cell colony, vasculature and lymphatic vessels in the LN cortex.
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Peidaee P, Almansour NM, Pirogova E. In vitro evaluation of low-intensity light radiation on murine melanoma (B16F10) cells. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:325-32. [PMID: 26002595 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the energy state of biomolecules induced by electromagnetic radiation lead to changes in biological functions of irradiated biomolecules. Using the RRM approach, it was computationally predicted that far-infrared light irradiation in the range of 3500-6000 nm affects biological activity of proto-oncogene proteins. This in vitro study evaluates quantitatively and qualitatively the effects of selected far-infrared exposures in the computationally determined wavelengths on mouse melanoma B16F10 cells and Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells by MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) cell proliferation assay and confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). This paper also presents the findings obtained from irradiating B16F10 and CHO cells by the selected wavelengths in visible and near-infrared range. The MTT results show that far-infrared wavelength irradiation induces detrimental effect on cellular viability of B16F10 cells, while that of normal CHO cells is not affected considerably. Moreover, CLSM images demonstrate visible cellular detachment of cancer cells. The observed effects support the hypothesis that far-infrared light irradiation within the computationally determined wavelength range induces biological effect on cancer cells. From irradiation of selected visible and near-infrared wavelengths, no visible changes were detected in cellular viability of either normal or cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Peidaee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - N M Almansour
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - E Pirogova
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Health Innovation Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Agollah GD, Wu G, Sevick-Muraca EM, Kwon S. In vivo lymphatic imaging of a human inflammatory breast cancer model. J Cancer 2014; 5:774-83. [PMID: 25368678 PMCID: PMC4216802 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) remains the most aggressive type of breast cancer with the greatest potential for metastasis and as a result, the highest mortality rate. IBC cells invade and metastasize through dermal lymphatic vessels; however, it is unknown how lymphatic drainage patterns change during IBC growth and metastasis. Herein, we non-invasively and longitudinally imaged lymphatics in an animal model of IBC using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were imaged in vivo prior to, and up to 11 weeks after subcutaneous or orthotopic inoculation of human IBC SUM149 cells, which were stably transfected with infrared fluorescence protein (iRFP) gene reporter (SUM149-iRFP), following intradermal (i.d.) injection of indocyanine green (ICG). RESULTS Fluorescence images showed well-defined lymphatic vessels prior to SUM149-iRFP inoculation. However, altered lymphatic drainage patterns including rerouting of lymphatic drainage were detected in mice with SUM149-iRFP, due to lymphatic obstruction of normal lymphatic drainages caused by tumor growth. In addition, we observed tortuous lymphatic vessels and extravasation of ICG-laden lymph in mice with SUM149-iRFP. We also observed increased and dilated fluorescent lymphatic vessels in the tumor periphery, which was confirmed by ex vivo immunohistochemical staining of lymphatic vessels. CONCLUSIONS Our pre-clinical studies demonstrate that non-invasive NIRF imaging can provide a method to assess changes in lymphatic drainage patterns during IBC growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine D Agollah
- 1. Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030; ; 2. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Grace Wu
- 1. Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Eva M Sevick-Muraca
- 1. Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sunkuk Kwon
- 1. Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030
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Munn LL, Padera TP. Imaging the lymphatic system. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:55-63. [PMID: 24956510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of the lymphatic system is clinically necessary during diagnosis or treatment of many conditions and diseases; it is used for identifying and monitoring lymphedema, for detecting metastatic lesions during cancer staging and for locating lymphatic structures so they can be spared during surgical procedures. Imaging lymphatic anatomy and function also plays an important role in experimental studies of lymphatic development and function, where spatial resolution and accessibility are better. Here, we review technologies for visualizing and imaging the lymphatic system for clinical applications. We then describe the use of lymphatic imaging in experimental systems as well as some of the emerging technologies for improving these methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance L Munn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sevick-Muraca EM, Kwon S, Rasmussen JC. Emerging lymphatic imaging technologies for mouse and man. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:905-14. [PMID: 24590275 DOI: 10.1172/jci71612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic circulatory system has diverse functions in lipid absorption, fluid homeostasis, and immune surveillance and responds dynamically when presented with infection, inflammation, altered hemodynamics, and cancer. Visualization of these dynamic processes in human disease and animal models of disease is key to understanding the contributory role of the lymphatic circulatory system in disease and to devising effective therapeutic strategies. Longitudinal, non-destructive, and repeated imaging is necessary to expand our understanding of disease progression and regression in basic science and clinical investigations. Herein we summarize recent advances in in vivo lymphatic imaging employing magnetic resonance, computed tomography, lymphoscintigraphy, and emerging optical techniques with respect to their contributory roles in both basic science and clinical research investigations.
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Chen X, Yin S, Hu C, Chen X, Jiang K, Ye S, Feng X, Fan S, Xie H, Zhou L, Zheng S. Comparative study of nanosecond electric fields in vitro and in vivo on hepatocellular carcinoma indicate macrophage infiltration contribute to tumor ablation in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86421. [PMID: 24475118 PMCID: PMC3903538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Recurrence and metastasis are associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma even in the patients who have undergone radical resection. Therefore, effective treatment is urgently needed for improvement of patients' survival. Previously, we reported that nanosecond pulse electric fields (nsPEFs) can ablate melanoma by induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. This study aims to investigate the in vivo ablation strategy by comparing the dose effect of nanosecond electric fields in vitro and in vivo on hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods Four hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2, SMMC7721, Hep1-6, and HCCLM3 were pulsed to test the anti-proliferation and anti-migration ability of 100 ns nsPEFs in vitro. The animal model of human subdermal xenograft HCCLM3 cells into BALB/c nude mouse was used to test the anti-tumor growth and macrophage infiltration in vivo. Results In vitro assays showed anti-tumor effect of nsPEFs is dose-dependant. But the in vivo study showed the strategy of low dose and multiple treatments is superior to high dose single treatment. The macrophages infiltration significantly increased in the tumors which were treated by multiple low dose nsPEFs. Conclusion The low dose multiple nsPEFs application is more efficient than high dose single treatment in inhibiting the tumor volume in vivo, which is quite different from the dose-effect relationship in vitro. Beside the electric field strength, the macrophage involvement must be considered to account for effect variability and toxicology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengyong Yin
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinmei Chen
- The Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Colleges of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuming Ye
- Colleges of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaowen Feng
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shifeng Fan
- Xinjiang Nanosecond Pulse Technology Institute, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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