1
|
Chen Y, Yang H, Luo Y, Niu Y, Yu M, Deng S, Wang X, Deng H, Chen H, Gao L, Li X, Xu P, Xue F, Miao J, Shi SH, Zhong Y, Ma C, Lei B. Photoacoustic Tomography with Temporal Encoding Reconstruction (PATTERN) for cross-modal individual analysis of the whole brain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4228. [PMID: 38762498 PMCID: PMC11102525 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-modal analysis of the same whole brain is an ideal strategy to uncover brain function and dysfunction. However, it remains challenging due to the slow speed and destructiveness of traditional whole-brain optical imaging techniques. Here we develop a new platform, termed Photoacoustic Tomography with Temporal Encoding Reconstruction (PATTERN), for non-destructive, high-speed, 3D imaging of ex vivo rodent, ferret, and non-human primate brains. Using an optimally designed image acquisition scheme and an accompanying machine-learning algorithm, PATTERN extracts signals of genetically-encoded probes from photobleaching-based temporal modulation and enables reliable visualization of neural projection in the whole central nervous system with 3D isotropic resolution. Without structural and biological perturbation to the sample, PATTERN can be combined with other whole-brain imaging modalities to acquire the whole-brain image with both high resolution and morphological fidelity. Furthermore, cross-modal transcriptome analysis of an individual brain is achieved by PATTERN imaging. Together, PATTERN provides a compatible and versatile strategy for brain-wide cross-modal analysis at the individual level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Institute for Intelligent Healthcare, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Institute for Intelligent Healthcare, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yijun Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Muzhou Yu
- School of Computer Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 713599, PR China
| | - Shanjun Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xuanhao Wang
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, PR China
| | - Handi Deng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Institute for Intelligent Healthcare, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haichao Chen
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Pingyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Fudong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Jing Miao
- Canterbury School, New Milford, CT, 06776, USA
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
- Institute for Intelligent Healthcare, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Bo Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
- Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodrigues J, Amin A, Chandra S, Mulla NJ, Nayak GS, Rai S, Ray S, Mahato KK. Machine Learning Enabled Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Assessment of Breast Tumor Progression In Vivo: A Preclinical Study. ACS Sens 2024; 9:589-601. [PMID: 38288735 PMCID: PMC10897932 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a dreaded disease affecting women the most in cancer-related deaths over other cancers. However, early diagnosis of the disease can help increase survival rates. The existing breast cancer diagnosis tools do not support the early diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, there is a great need to develop early diagnostic tools for this cancer. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), being very sensitive to biochemical changes, can be relied upon for its application in detecting breast tumors in vivo. With this motivation, in the current study, an aseptic chamber integrated photoacoustic (PA) probe was designed and developed to monitor breast tumor progression in vivo, established in nude mice. The device served the dual purpose of transporting tumor-bearing animals to the laboratory from the animal house and performing PA experiments in the same chamber, maintaining sterility. In the current study, breast tumor was induced in the nude mice by MCF-7 cells injection and the corresponding PA spectra at different time points (day 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20) of tumor progression in vivo in the same animals. The recorded photoacoustic spectra were subsequently preprocessed, wavelet-transformed, and subjected to filter-based feature selection algorithm. The selected top 20 features, by minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) algorithm, were then used to build an input feature matrix for machine learning (ML)-based classification of the data. The performance of classification models demonstrated 100% specificity, whereas the sensitivity of 95, 100, 92.5, and 85% for the time points, day 5, 10, 15, and 20, respectively. These results suggest the potential of PA signal-based classification of breast tumor progression in a preclinical model. The PA signal contains information on the biochemical changes associated with disease progression, emphasizing its translational strength toward early disease diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Rodrigues
- Department
of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ashwini Amin
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal
Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Department
of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Nitufa J. Mulla
- Department
of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal 576104, India
| | - G. Subramanya Nayak
- Department
of Electronics and Communication, Manipal
Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sharada Rai
- Department
of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore,
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Satadru Ray
- Department
of Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka,Manipal 576104, India
| | - Krishna Kishore Mahato
- Department
of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal 576104, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng H, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Dai J. Experimental Research on Measuring the Concentration of CO2 in Gas-Liquid Solution Based on PZT Piezoelectric-Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030936. [PMID: 35161682 PMCID: PMC8840420 DOI: 10.3390/s22030936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of a scheme in which the concentration of CO2 in gas-liquid solution is directly measured based on PZT piezoelectric-photoacoustic spectroscopy was evaluated. The existing device used for the measurement of gas concentration in gas-liquid solution has several limitations, including prolonged duration, loss of gas, and high cost due to the degassing component. In this study, we developed a measuring device in order to solve the problems mentioned above. Using this device, how the intensity of the photoacoustic signal changes with the concentration of CO2 was demonstrated through experiment. The impact that variation of the laser modulation frequency has on the photoacoustic signal was also studied. Furthermore, the experimental data generated from measuring the concentration of CO2 in gas-liquid solution was verified for a wide range of concentrations. It was found that, not only can the error rate of the device be less than 7%, but the time of measurement can be within 60 s. To sum up, the scheme is highly feasible according to the experimental results, which makes measurement of the concentration of a gas in gas-liquid solution in the future more straightforward.
Collapse
|
4
|
Qi S, Wang X, Chang K, Shen W, Yu G, Du J. The bright future of nanotechnology in lymphatic system imaging and imaging-guided surgery. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:24. [PMID: 34991595 PMCID: PMC8740484 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic system is identified the second vascular system after the blood circulation in mammalian species, however the research on lymphatic system has long been hampered by the lack of comprehensive imaging modality. Nanomaterials have shown the potential to enhance the quality of lymphatic imaging due to the unparalleled advantages such as the specific passive targeting and efficient co-delivery of cocktail to peripheral lymphatic system, ease molecular engineering for precise active targeting and prolonged retention in the lymphatic system of interest. Multimodal lymphatic imaging based on nanotechnology provides a complementary means to understand the kinetics of lymphoid tissues and quantify its function. In this review, we introduce the established approaches of lymphatic imaging used in clinic and summarize their strengths and weaknesses, and list the critical influence factors on lymphatic imaging. Meanwhile, the recent developments in the field of pre-clinical lymphatic imaging are discussed to shed new lights on the design of new imaging agents, the improvement of delivery methods and imaging-guided surgery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Qi
- Key Laboratory & Engineering Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory & Engineering Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Chang
- Department of Lymphology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Shen
- Department of Lymphology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Guocan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianshi Du
- Key Laboratory & Engineering Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park EY, Oh D, Park S, Kim W, Kim C. New contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging and theranostics: Recent 5-year overview on phthalocyanine/naphthalocyanine-based nanoparticles. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031510. [PMID: 34368604 PMCID: PMC8325568 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phthalocyanine (Pc) and naphthalocyanine (Nc) nanoagents have drawn much attention as contrast agents for photoacoustic (PA) imaging due to their large extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near-infrared region. Many investigations have been conducted to enhance Pc/Ncs' photophysical properties and address their poor solubility in an aqueous solution. Many diverse strategies have been adopted, including centric metal chelation, structure modification, and peripheral substitution. This review highlights recent advances on Pc/Nc-based PA agents and their extended use for multiplexed biomedical imaging, multimodal diagnostic imaging, and image-guided phototherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghyeon Oh
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sinyoung Park
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Wangyu Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Van Phuc N, Folz J, Li Y, Henry J, Zhang W, Qian T, Wang X, Paulus YM. Indocyanine green-enhanced multimodal photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography molecular imaging of choroidal neovascularization. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000458. [PMID: 33502124 PMCID: PMC8262643 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has great potential for visualization of the microvasculature with high spatial resolution and contrast. Early detection and differentiation of newly developed blood vessels named choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from normal vasculature remains a challenge in ophthalmology. Exogenous contrast agents can assist with improving PAM sensitivity, leading to differentiation of CNV. Here, an FDA-approved indocyanine green (ICG) was utilized as a PAM contrast agent. ICG was conjugated with RGD peptides, allowing the ICG to bind to the integrin expressed in CNV. Molecular PAM imaging showed that ICG-RGD can target CNV for up to 5 days post intravenous administration in living rabbits with a model of CNV. The PAM image sensitivity and image contrast were significantly enhanced by 15-fold at 24 h post-injection. Overall, the presented approach demonstrates the possibility of targeted ICG to be employed in PAM molecular imaging, allowing more precise evaluation of neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Phuc
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- NTT-Hi Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Jeff Folz
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yanxiu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jessica Henry
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Thomas Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yannis M. Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cardinell K, Gupta N, Koivisto BD, Kumaradas JC, Zhou X, Irving H, Luciani P, Yücel YH. A novel photoacoustic-fluorescent contrast agent for quantitative imaging of lymphatic drainage. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100239. [PMID: 33520651 PMCID: PMC7820935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In vivo near-infrared (NIR) photoacoustic imaging (PAI) studies using novel contrast agents require validation, often via fluorescence imaging. Bioconjugation of NIR dyes to proteins is a versatile platform to obtain contrast agents for specific biomedical applications. Nonfluorescent NIR dyes with higher photostability present advantages for quantitative PAI, compared to most fluorescent NIR dyes. However, they don't provide a fluorescence signal required for fluorescence imaging. Here, we designed a hybrid PA-fluorescent contrast agent by conjugating albumin with a NIR nonfluorescent dye (QC-1) and a visible spectrum fluorescent dye, a BODIPY derivative. The new hybrid tracer QC-1/BSA/BODIPY (QBB) had a low minimum detectable concentration (2.5μM), a steep linear range (2.4-54.4 μM; slope 3.39 E -5), and high photostability. Tracer signal was measured in vivo using PAI to quantify its drainage from eye to the neck and its localization in the neck lymph node was validated with postmortem fluorescence imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Cardinell
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Glaucoma Unit, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan D. Koivisto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Carl Kumaradas
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xun Zhou
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyacinth Irving
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paola Luciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yeni H. Yücel
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael’s Hospital, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, 209 LKSKI Room 409, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seeger M, Stiel AC, Ntziachristos V. In vitro optoacoustic flow cytometry with light scattering referencing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2181. [PMID: 33500461 PMCID: PMC7838204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological and functional optoacoustic imaging is enhanced by dedicated transgene reporters, in analogy to fluorescence methods. The development of optoacoustic reporters using protein engineering and directed evolution would be accelerated by high-throughput in-flow screening for intracellular, genetically encoded, optoacoustic contrast. However, accurate characterization of such contrast is impeded because the optoacoustic signals depend on the cell's size and position in the flow chamber. We report herein an optoacoustic flow cytometer (OA-FCM) capable of precise measurement of intracellular optoacoustic signals of genetically-encoded chromoproteins in flow. The novel system records light-scattering as a reference for the detected optoacoustic signals in order to account for cell size and position, as well as excitation light flux in the focal volume, which we use to reference the detected optoacoustic signals to enhance the system's precision. The OA-FCM was calibrated using micrometer-sized particles to showcase the ability to assess in-flow objects in the size range of single-cells. We demonstrate the capabilities of our OA-FCM to identify sub-populations in a mixture of two E. coli stocks expressing different reporter-proteins with a precision of over 90%. High-throughput screening of optoacoustic labels could pave the way for identifying genetically encoded optoacoustic reporters by transferring working concepts of the fluorescence field such as directed evolution and activated cell sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seeger
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andre C Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging: Principles and Practice. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
10
|
Yang JM, Ghim CM. Photoacoustic Tomography Opening New Paradigms in Biomedical Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:239-341. [PMID: 33834440 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
After the emergence of the ultrasound, X-ray CT, PET, and MRI, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is now in the phase of its exponential growth, with its expected full maturation being another form of mainstream clinical imaging modality. By combining the high contrast benefit of optical imaging and the high-resolution deep imaging capability of ultrasound, PAT can provide unprecedented anatomical image contrasts at clinically relevant depths as well as enable the use of a variety of functional and molecular imaging information, which is not possible with conventional imaging modalities. With these strengths, PAT has achieved numerous breakthroughs in various biomedical applications and also provided new technical platforms that may be able to resolve unmet issues in clinics. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the development of PAT technology for several major biomedical applications and provide an approximate projection of the future of PAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Mo Yang
- Center for Photoacoustic Medical Instruments, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol-Min Ghim
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li M, Nyayapathi N, Kilian HI, Xia J, Lovell JF, Yao J. Sound Out the Deep Colors: Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging at New Depths. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120981518. [PMID: 33336621 PMCID: PMC7750763 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120981518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become increasingly popular for molecular imaging due to its unique optical absorption contrast, high spatial resolution, deep imaging depth, and high imaging speed. Yet, the strong optical attenuation of biological tissues has traditionally prevented PAT from penetrating more than a few centimeters and limited its application for studying deeply seated targets. A variety of PAT technologies have been developed to extend the imaging depth, including employing deep-penetrating microwaves and X-ray photons as excitation sources, delivering the light to the inside of the organ, reshaping the light wavefront to better focus into scattering medium, as well as improving the sensitivity of ultrasonic transducers. At the same time, novel optical fluence mapping algorithms and image reconstruction methods have been developed to improve the quantitative accuracy of PAT, which is crucial to recover weak molecular signals at larger depths. The development of highly-absorbing near-infrared PA molecular probes has also flourished to provide high sensitivity and specificity in studying cellular processes. This review aims to introduce the recent developments in deep PA molecular imaging, including novel imaging systems, image processing methods and molecular probes, as well as their representative biomedical applications. Existing challenges and future directions are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mucong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3065Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikhila Nyayapathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hailey I Kilian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 12292University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3065Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fuenzalida Werner JP, Huang Y, Mishra K, Janowski R, Vetschera P, Heichler C, Chmyrov A, Neufert C, Niessing D, Ntziachristos V, Stiel AC. Challenging a Preconception: Optoacoustic Spectrum Differs from the Optical Absorption Spectrum of Proteins and Dyes for Molecular Imaging. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10717-10724. [PMID: 32640156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging has seen marked advances in detection and data analysis, but there is less progress in understanding the photophysics of common optoacoustic contrast agents. This gap blocks the development of novel agents and the accurate analysis and interpretation of multispectral optoacoustic images. To close it, we developed a multimodal laser spectrometer (MLS) to enable the simultaneous measurement of optoacoustic, absorbance, and fluorescence spectra. Herein, we employ MLS to analyze contrast agents (methylene blue, rhodamine 800, Alexa Fluor 750, IRDye 800CW, and indocyanine green) and proteins (sfGFP, mCherry, mKate, HcRed, iRFP720, and smURFP). We found that the optical absorption spectrum does not correlate with the optoacoustic spectrum for the majority of the analytes. We determined that for dyes, the transition underlying an aggregation state has more optoacoustic signal generation efficiency than the monomer transition. For proteins we found a favored optoacoustic relaxation that stems from the neutral or zwitterionic chromophores and unreported photoswitching behavior of tdTomato and HcRed. We then crystalized HcRed in its photoswitch optoacoustic state, confirming structurally the change in isomerization with respect to HcReds' fluorescence state. Finally, on the example of the widely used label tdTomato and the dye indocyanine green, we show the importance of correct photophysical (e.g., spectral and kinetic) information as a prerequisite for spectral-unmixing for in vivo imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanhui Huang
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universitat München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kanuj Mishra
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universitat München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology Group, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul Vetschera
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universitat München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Heichler
- First Department of Medicine, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, D-89081 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andriy Chmyrov
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universitat München, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technische Universitat München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- First Department of Medicine, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, D-89081 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology Group, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universitat München, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technische Universitat München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andre C Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ogunlade O, Stowe C, Jathoul A, Kalber T, Lythgoe MF, Beard P, Pule M. In vivo photoacoustic imaging of a nonfluorescent E2 crimson genetic reporter in mammalian tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-12. [PMID: 32314561 PMCID: PMC7167598 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.4.046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-like fluorescent proteins are used extensively as genetic reporters in fluorescence imaging due to their distinctive ability to form chromophores independent of external enzymes or cofactors. However, their use for photoacoustic (PA) imaging has not been demonstrated in mammalian tissues because they possess low PA signal generation efficiency in their native state. By engineering them to become nonfluorescent (NF), their PA generation efficiency was increased. This enabled the generation of in vivo contrast in mice, making it possible for GFP-like proteins to be used as PA genetic reporters in mammalian tissues. AIM The aim was to develop a darkened GFP-like protein reporter by modifying E2 crimson fluorescent protein (FP) in order to generate NF mutant proteins with high PA signal generation efficiency for in vivo imaging. APPROACH The absorbance, fluorescence, and PA amplitude spectra of purified protein solutions of the FP and engineered NF mutants were measured in order to identify the mutant with the highest PA signal generation efficiency. This mutant, referred to as NFA, and the native FP were then stably expressed in LS174T human colorectal tumor cells using a retroviral vector and tested for photostability under continuous pulsed illumination. To demonstrate the improvement in PA signal generation in vivo, cells expressing the FP and NFA mutant were injected subcutaneously in mice and imaged using a Fabry-Perot based PA scanner. RESULTS The NF mutants of E2 crimson exhibited fluorescence that was 2 orders of magnitude lower than the FP and a higher PA signal generation efficiency; the NFA-generated PA signal was approximately three times higher than the FP. Tumor cells expressing the NFA mutant provided sufficient image contrast to be visualized in vivo against a background of strong vascular contrast, whereas the FP-expressing cells did not generate visible contrast. CONCLUSION A GFP-like protein has been demonstrated as a genetic reporter for PA imaging in mammalian tissue for the first time. This was achieved by a mutation, which darkened the FP and increased the PA signal generation efficiency. The approach taken suggests that GFP-like proteins could be a promising addition to the current cohort of genetic reporters available for in vivo PA imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Ogunlade
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra Stowe
- University College London, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, Research Department of Haematology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Jathoul
- University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, Research Department of Haematology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tammy Kalber
- University College London, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- University College London, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Beard
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pule
- University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, Research Department of Haematology, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hofmann UAT, Fabritius A, Rebling J, Estrada H, Deán-Ben XL, Griesbeck O, Razansky D. High-Throughput Platform for Optoacoustic Probing of Genetically Encoded Calcium Ion Indicators. iScience 2019; 22:400-408. [PMID: 31812810 PMCID: PMC6911978 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional optoacoustic (OA) imaging assisted with genetically encoded calcium ion indicators (GECIs) holds promise for imaging large-scale neuronal activity at depths and spatiotemporal resolutions not attainable with existing optical microscopic techniques. However, currently available GECIs optimized for fluorescence (FL) imaging lack sufficient contrast for OA imaging and respond at wavelengths having limited penetration into the mammalian brain. Here we present an imaging platform capable of rapid assessment and cross-validation between OA and FL responses of sensor proteins expressed in Escherichia coli colonies. The screening system features optimized pulsed light excitation combined with ultrasensitive ultrasound detection to mitigate photobleaching while further allowing the dynamic characterization of calcium ion responses with millisecond precision. Targeted probing of up to six individual colonies per second in both calcium-loaded and calcium-unloaded states was possible with the system. The new platform greatly facilitates optimization of absorption-based labels, thus setting the stage for directed evolution of OA GECIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urs A T Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arne Fabritius
- Tools for Bio-Imaging, Max Planck Institute, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes Rebling
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Héctor Estrada
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - X Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Griesbeck
- Tools for Bio-Imaging, Max Planck Institute, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fuenzalida Werner JP, Mishra K, Huang Y, Vetschera P, Glasl S, Chmyrov A, Richter K, Ntziachristos V, Stiel AC. Structure-Based Mutagenesis of Phycobiliprotein smURFP for Optoacoustic Imaging. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1896-1903. [PMID: 31389680 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photo- or optoacoustics (OA) imaging is increasingly being used as a non-invasive imaging method that can simultaneously reveal structure and function in deep tissue. However, the most frequent transgenic OA labels are current fluorescent proteins that are not optimized for OA imaging. Thus, they lack OA signal strength, and their absorption maxima are positioned at short wavelengths, thus giving small penetration depths and strong background signals. Here, we apply insights from our recent determination of the structure of the fluorescent phycobiliprotein smURFP to mutate a range of residues to promote the nonradiative decay pathway that generates the OA signal. We identified hydrophobic and aromatic substitutions within the chromophore-binding pocket that substantially increase the intensity of the OA signal and red-shift the absorption. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of structure-based mutagenesis to repurpose fluorescent probes for OA imaging, and they may provide structure-function insights for de novo engineering of transgenic OA probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanuj Mishra
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yuanhui Huang
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Vetschera
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andriy Chmyrov
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andre C. Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miao Q, Pu K. Organic Semiconducting Agents for Deep-Tissue Molecular Imaging: Second Near-Infrared Fluorescence, Self-Luminescence, and Photoacoustics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801778. [PMID: 30058244 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging has played a pivotal role in biology and medicine, but it faces challenges of relatively low tissue penetration and poor signal-to-background ratio due to light scattering and tissue autofluorescence. To overcome these issues, second near-infrared fluorescence, self-luminescence, and photoacoustic imaging have recently emerged, which utilize an optical region with reduced light-tissue interactions, eliminate real-time light excitation, and detect acoustic signals with negligible attenuation, respectively. Because there are only a few endogenous molecules absorbing or emitting above the visible region, development of contrast agents is essential for those deep-tissue optical imaging modalities. Organic semiconducting agents with π-conjugated frameworks can be synthesized to meet different optical imaging requirements due to their easy chemical modification and legible structure-property relation. Herein, the deep-tissue optical imaging applications of organic semiconducting agents including small-molecule agents and nanoparticle derivatives are summarized. In particular, the molecular engineering and nanoformulation approaches to further improve the tissue penetration and detection sensitivity of these optical imaging modalities are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and potential opportunities in this emerging subfield of biomedical imaging are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Miao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chee RKW, Li Y, Zhang W, Campbell RE, Zemp RJ. In vivo photoacoustic difference-spectra imaging of bacteria using photoswitchable chromoproteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-11. [PMID: 30334395 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.10.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging offers great promise for deep molecular imaging of optical reporters but has difficulties in imaging multiple molecular probes simultaneously in a strong blood background. Photoswitchable chromoproteins like BphP1 have recently allowed for sensitive PA detection by reducing high-blood background signals but lack multiplexing capabilities. We propose a method known as difference-spectra demixing for multiplexing multiple photoswitchable chromoproteins and introduce a second photoswitchable chromoprotein, sGPC2. sGPC2 has a far-red and orange state with peaks at 700 and 630 nm, respectively. It is roughly one-tenth the size of BphP1 and photoswitches four times as fast (2.4% per mJ / cm2). We simultaneously image Escherichia coli expressing sGPC2 and BphP1 injected in mice in vivo. Difference-spectra demixing obtained successful multiplexed images of photoswitchable molecular probes, resulting in a 21.6-fold increase in contrast-to-noise ratio in vivo over traditional PA imaging and an 8% to 40% reduction in erroneously demixed signals in comparison with traditional spectral demixing. PA imaging and characterization were conducted using a custom-built photoswitching PA imaging system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K W Chee
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- University of Alberta, Department of Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- University of Alberta, Department of Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Roger J Zemp
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pelivanov I, Petrova E, Yoon SJ, Qian Z, Guye K, O'Donnell M. Molecular fingerprinting of nanoparticles in complex media with non-contact photoacoustics: beyond the light scattering limit. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14425. [PMID: 30258194 PMCID: PMC6158233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical instruments can probe physical systems even to the level of individual molecules. In particular, every molecule, solution, and structure such as a living cell has a unique absorption spectrum representing a molecular fingerprint. This spectrum can help identify a particular molecule from others or quantify its concentration; however, scattering limits molecular fingerprinting within a complex compound and must be overcome. Here, we present a new, non-contact photoacoustic (PA)-based method that can almost completely remove the influence of background light scattering on absorption measurements in heterogeneous highly scattering solutions and, furthermore, separate the intrinsic absorption of nanoscale objects from their scattering. In particular, we measure pure absorption spectra for solutions of gold nanorods (GNRs) as an example of a plasmonic agent and show that these spectra differ from the extinction measured with conventional UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Finally, we show how the original GNR absorption changes when nanoparticles are internalized by cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pelivanov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Elena Petrova
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Soon Joon Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kathryn Guye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew O'Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vetschera P, Mishra K, Fuenzalida-Werner JP, Chmyrov A, Ntziachristos V, Stiel AC. Characterization of Reversibly Switchable Fluorescent Proteins in Optoacoustic Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10527-10535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vetschera
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - Kanuj Mishra
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Andriy Chmyrov
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, D-80333 München, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Andre C. Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liljeruhm J, Funk SK, Tietscher S, Edlund AD, Jamal S, Wistrand-Yuen P, Dyrhage K, Gynnå A, Ivermark K, Lövgren J, Törnblom V, Virtanen A, Lundin ER, Wistrand-Yuen E, Forster AC. Engineering a palette of eukaryotic chromoproteins for bacterial synthetic biology. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:8. [PMID: 29760772 PMCID: PMC5946454 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coral reefs are colored by eukaryotic chromoproteins (CPs) that are homologous to green fluorescent protein. CPs differ from fluorescent proteins (FPs) by intensely absorbing visible light to give strong colors in ambient light. This endows CPs with certain advantages over FPs, such as instrument-free detection uncomplicated by ultra-violet light damage or background fluorescence, efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching, and photoacoustic imaging. Thus, CPs have found utility as genetic markers and in teaching, and are attractive for potential cell biosensor applications in the field. Most near-term applications of CPs require expression in a different domain of life: bacteria. However, it is unclear which of the eukaryotic CP genes might be suitable and how best to assay them. Results Here, taking advantage of codon optimization programs in 12 cases, we engineered 14 CP sequences (meffRed, eforRed, asPink, spisPink, scOrange, fwYellow, amilGFP, amajLime, cjBlue, meffBlue, aeBlue, amilCP, tsPurple and gfasPurple) into a palette of Escherichia coli BioBrick plasmids. BioBricks comply with synthetic biology’s most widely used, simplified, cloning standard. Differences in color intensities, maturation times and fitness costs of expression were compared under the same conditions, and visible readout of gene expression was quantitated. A surprisingly large variation in cellular fitness costs was found, resulting in loss of color in some overnight liquid cultures of certain high-copy-plasmid-borne CPs, and cautioning the use of multiple CPs as markers in competition assays. We solved these two problems by integrating pairs of these genes into the chromosome and by engineering versions of the same CP with very different colors. Conclusion Availability of 14 engineered CP genes compared in E. coli, together with chromosomal mutants suitable for competition assays, should simplify and expand CP study and applications. There was no single plasmid-borne CP that combined all of the most desirable features of intense color, fast maturation and low fitness cost, so this study should help direct future engineering efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-018-0100-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Liljeruhm
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saskia K Funk
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Tietscher
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders D Edlund
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,2iGEM Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sabri Jamal
- 2iGEM Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Dyrhage
- 2iGEM Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arvid Gynnå
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,2iGEM Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jessica Lövgren
- 3Biology Education Centre at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktor Törnblom
- 3Biology Education Centre at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Virtanen
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik R Lundin
- 2iGEM Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,4Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Wistrand-Yuen
- 4Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anthony C Forster
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,5Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hirasawa T, Iwatate RJ, Kamiya M, Okawa S, Fujita M, Urano Y, Ishihara M. Spectral-differential-based unmixing for multispectral photoacoustic imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:2383-2393. [PMID: 29714218 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose the use of a spectral differential method (SDM) to emphasize the spectral peaks of multispectral photoacoustic images. Because contrast agent signals have spectral peaks at the contrast agent absorption peak, the SDM can selectively emphasize contrast agent signals. Unlike the conventional spectral fitting method (SFM), the SDM does not require reference background spectra and, consequently, does not suffer from separation error caused by the deviation of reference spectra from the measured spectra. We performed multispectral photoacoustic imaging of tissue-mimicking phantoms and subcutaneous tumors of mice injected with small organic molecule-based contrast agents. Contrast agent images obtained by the SDM were clearer than those obtained by SFM.
Collapse
|
22
|
Duffy MJ, Planas O, Faust A, Vogl T, Hermann S, Schäfers M, Nonell S, Strassert CA. Towards optimized naphthalocyanines as sonochromes for photoacoustic imaging in vivo. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2018; 9:49-61. [PMID: 29707479 PMCID: PMC5914198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we establish a methodology to predict photoacoustic imaging capabilities from the structure of absorber molecules (sonochromes). The comparative in vitro and in vivo screening of naphthalocyanines and cyanine dyes has shown a substitution pattern dependent shift in photoacoustic excitation wavelength, with distal substitution producing the preferred maximum around 800 nm. Central ion change showed variable production of photoacoustic signals, as well as singlet oxygen photoproduction and fluorescence with the optimum for photoacoustic imaging being nickel(II). Our approach paves the way for the design, evaluation and realization of optimized sonochromes as photoacoustic contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J. Duffy
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Oriol Planas
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain
| | - Andreas Faust
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institut für Immunologie, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) University of Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Napp J, Stammes MA, Claussen J, Prevoo HA, Sier CF, Hoeben FJ, Robillard MS, Vahrmeijer AL, Devling T, Chan AB, de Geus-Oei LF, Alves F. Fluorescence- and multispectral optoacoustic imaging for an optimized detection of deeply located tumors in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:2118-2129. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Napp
- Institute of Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Lower Saxony Germany
- Clinic of Haematology and Medical Oncology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Lower Saxony Germany
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Lower Saxony Germany
| | - Marieke A. Stammes
- Percuros B.V., AE Enschede; The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jing Claussen
- iThera Medical GmbH, Zielstattstrasse; Munich Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marc S. Robillard
- Tagworks Pharmaceuticals, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10; GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Devling
- iThera Medical GmbH, Zielstattstrasse; Munich Germany
| | | | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; RC Leiden The Netherlands
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente; AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Frauke Alves
- Institute of Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Lower Saxony Germany
- Clinic of Haematology and Medical Oncology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Lower Saxony Germany
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Lower Saxony Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu MR, Liu HM, Lu CW, Shen WH, Lin IJ, Liao LW, Huang YY, Shieh MJ, Hsiao JK. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 as a dual reporter gene for fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. FASEB J 2018; 32:1705-1715. [PMID: 29146731 PMCID: PMC5892727 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700767r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reporter proteins have broad applications in visualizing molecular events at the cellular, tissue and whole-body levels. Transmembrane transporters recognizing specific molecular domains are of particular interest because they enable the migration of signal-source molecules from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm for subsequent application in multimodality imaging. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) have demonstrated their MRI reporter efficacy. We further expanded their use as a dual-modality reporter in MRI and noninvasive in vivo imaging system (IVIS). We overexpressed OATP1B3 in the HT-1080 sarcoma cell line. Both Gd-EOB-DTPA, an MRI contrast agent, and indocyanine green (ICG), a near-infrared fluorescent dye that provides better deep-tissue detection because of its long wavelength, could be delivered to the intracellular space and imaged in a tumor-bearing nude mouse model. Our in vivo dual-imaging reporter system achieved high sensitivity in MRI and observation periods lasting as long as 96 h in IVIS. Because of the superior temporal and spatial resolutions and the clinical availability of both ICG and Gd-EOB-DTPA, this dual-imaging OATP1B3 system will find biomedical use in tumor biology, stem cell trafficking, and tissue engineering.—Wu, M.-R., Liu, H.-M., Lu, C.-W., Shen, W.-H., Lin, I.-J., Liao, L.-W., Huang, Y.-Y., Shieh, M.-J., Hsiao, J.-K. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 as a dual reporter gene for fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menq-Rong Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Man Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fu-Jen Catholic University and Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Way-Hone Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - I-Jou Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Liao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-You Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brunker J, Yao J, Laufer J, Bohndiek SE. Photoacoustic imaging using genetically encoded reporters: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:2645343. [PMID: 28717818 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.7.070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded contrast in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is complementary to the intrinsic contrast provided by endogenous absorbing chromophores such as hemoglobin. The use of reporter genes expressing absorbing proteins opens the possibility of visualizing dynamic cellular and molecular processes. This is an enticing prospect but brings with it challenges and limitations associated with generating and detecting different types of reporters. The purpose of this review is to compare existing PAI reporters and signal detection strategies, thereby offering a practical guide, particularly for the nonbiologist, to choosing the most appropriate reporter for maximum sensitivity in the biological and technological system of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brunker
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Physics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jan Laufer
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Physik, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Physics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Deán-Ben XL, Gottschalk S, Mc Larney B, Shoham S, Razansky D. Advanced optoacoustic methods for multiscale imaging of in vivo dynamics. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2158-2198. [PMID: 28276544 PMCID: PMC5460636 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of dynamic functional and molecular events in an unperturbed in vivo environment is essential for understanding the complex biology of living organisms and of disease state and progression. To this end, optoacoustic (photoacoustic) sensing and imaging have demonstrated the exclusive capacity to maintain excellent optical contrast and high resolution in deep-tissue observations, far beyond the penetration limits of modern microscopy. Yet, the time domain is paramount for the observation and study of complex biological interactions that may be invisible in single snapshots of living systems. This review focuses on the recent advances in optoacoustic imaging assisted by smart molecular labeling and dynamic contrast enhancement approaches that enable new types of multiscale dynamic observations not attainable with other bio-imaging modalities. A wealth of investigated new research topics and clinical applications is further discussed, including imaging of large-scale brain activity patterns, volumetric visualization of moving organs and contrast agent kinetics, molecular imaging using targeted and genetically expressed labels, as well as three-dimensional handheld diagnostics of human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X L Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - S Gottschalk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - B Mc Larney
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - S Shoham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - D Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Märk J, Wagener A, Zhang E, Laufer J. Photoacoustic pump-probe tomography of fluorophores in vivo using interleaved image acquisition for motion suppression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40496. [PMID: 28091571 PMCID: PMC5238439 DOI: 10.1038/srep40496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In fluorophores, the excited state lifetime can be modulated using pump-probe excitation. By generating photoacoustic (PA) signals using simultaneous and time-delayed pump and probe excitation pulses at fluences below the maximum permissible exposure, a modulation of the signal amplitude is observed in fluorophores but not in endogenous chromophores. This provides a highly specific contrast mechanism that can be used to recover the location of the fluorophore using difference imaging. The practical challenges in applying this method to in vivo PA tomography include the typically low concentrations of fluorescent contrast agents, and tissue motion. The former results in smaller PA signal amplitudes compared to those measured in blood, while the latter gives rise to difference image artefacts that compromise the unambiguous and potentially noise-limited detection of fluorescent contrast agents. To address this limitation, a method based on interleaved pump-probe image acquisition was developed. It relies on fast switching between simultaneous and time-delayed pump-probe excitation to acquire PA difference signals in quick succession, and to minimise the effects of tissue motion. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated in tissue phantoms and in initial experiments in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Märk
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36A, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Asja Wagener
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jan Laufer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36A, 10623 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Radiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Miao Q, Pu K. Emerging Designs of Activatable Photoacoustic Probes for Molecular Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2808-2823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Miao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu C, Gong X, Lin R, Liu F, Chen J, Wang Z, Song L, Chu J. Advances in Imaging Techniques and Genetically Encoded Probes for Photoacoustic Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2414-2430. [PMID: 27877244 PMCID: PMC5118604 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a rapidly emerging biomedical imaging modality that is capable of visualizing cellular and molecular functions with high detection sensitivity and spatial resolution in deep tissue. Great efforts and progress have been made on the development of various PA imaging technologies with improved resolution and sensitivity over the past two decades. Various PA probes with high contrast have also been extensively developed, with many important biomedical applications. In comparison with chemical dyes and nanoparticles, genetically encoded probes offer easier labeling of defined cells within tissues or proteins of interest within a cell, have higher stability in vivo, and eliminate the need for delivery of exogenous substances. Genetically encoded probes have thus attracted increasing attention from researchers in engineering and biomedicine. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the existing PA imaging technologies and genetically encoded PA probes, and describe further improvements in PA imaging techniques and the near-infrared photochromic protein BphP1, the most sensitive genetically encoded probe thus far, as well as the potential biomedical applications of BphP1-based PA imaging in vivo.
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang LV, Yao J. A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences. Nat Methods 2016; 13:627-38. [PMID: 27467726 PMCID: PMC4980387 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The life sciences can benefit greatly from imaging technologies that connect microscopic discoveries with macroscopic observations. One technology uniquely positioned to provide such benefits is photoacoustic tomography (PAT), a sensitive modality for imaging optical absorption contrast over a range of spatial scales at high speed. In PAT, endogenous contrast reveals a tissue's anatomical, functional, metabolic, and histologic properties, and exogenous contrast provides molecular and cellular specificity. The spatial scale of PAT covers organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and small animals. Consequently, PAT is complementary to other imaging modalities in contrast mechanism, penetration, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution. We review the fundamentals of PAT and provide practical guidelines for matching PAT systems with research needs. We also summarize the most promising biomedical applications of PAT, discuss related challenges, and envision PAT's potential to lead to further breakthroughs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Weber J, Beard PC, Bohndiek SE. Contrast agents for molecular photoacoustic imaging. Nat Methods 2016; 13:639-50. [PMID: 27467727 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 771] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging tool that bridges the traditional depth limits of ballistic optical imaging and the resolution limits of diffuse optical imaging. Using the acoustic waves generated in response to the absorption of pulsed laser light, it provides noninvasive images of absorbed optical energy density at depths of several centimeters with a resolution of ∼100 μm. This versatile and scalable imaging modality has now shown potential for molecular imaging, which enables visualization of biological processes with systemically introduced contrast agents. Understanding the relative merits of the vast range of contrast agents available, from small-molecule dyes to gold and carbon nanostructures to liposome encapsulations, is a considerable challenge. Here we critically review the physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics of the existing photoacoustic contrast agents, highlighting key applications and present challenges for molecular PAI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Weber
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul C Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Engineering Dark Chromoprotein Reporters for Photoacoustic Microscopy and FRET Imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22129. [PMID: 26926390 PMCID: PMC4772073 DOI: 10.1038/srep22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of the family of fluorescent proteins are the non-fluorescent chromoproteins which are promising probe molecules for use in photoacoustic imaging and as acceptor chromophores in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors. Typical approaches for fluorescent protein optimization by screening of large libraries of variants cannot be effectively applied to chromoproteins due to their characteristic lack of fluorescence. To address this challenge, we have developed a directed evolution method to iteratively screen large libraries of protein variants on the basis of their photoacoustic signal levels. By applying this procedure to the promising Ultramarine and cjBlue chromoprotein templates, we were able to identify improved variants with a 02–04 fold increase in photoacoustic signal-to-noise ratio after only a few evolutionary steps. These improved variants enable more accurate spectral de-mixing and localization of protein-producing bacteria in vivo and serve as effective FRET acceptors for both fluorescence- and photoacoustic-based detection of protease activity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang YS, Wang LV, Xia Y. Seeing Through the Surface: Non-invasive Characterization of Biomaterial-Tissue Interactions Using Photoacoustic Microscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:649-66. [PMID: 26471785 PMCID: PMC4792739 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
At the intersection of life sciences, materials science, engineering, and medicine, regenerative medicine stands out as a rapidly progressing field that aims at retaining, restoring, or augmenting tissue/organ functions to promote the human welfare. While the field has witnessed tremendous advancements over the past few decades, it still faces many challenges. For example, it has been difficult to visualize, monitor, and assess the functions of the engineered tissue/organ constructs, particularly when three-dimensional scaffolds are involved. Conventional approaches based on histology are invasive and therefore only convey end-point assays. The development of volumetric imaging techniques such as confocal and ultrasonic imaging has enabled direct observation of intact constructs without the need of sectioning. However, the capability of these techniques is often limited in terms of penetration depth and contrast. In comparison, the recently developed photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has allowed us to address these issues by integrating optical and ultrasonic imaging to greatly reduce the effect of tissue scattering of photons with one-way ultrasound detection while retaining the high optical absorption contrast. PAM has been successfully applied to a number of studies, such as observation of cell distribution, monitoring of vascularization, and interrogation of biomaterial degradation. In this review article, we highlight recent progress in non-invasive and volumetric characterization of biomaterial-tissue interactions using PAM. We also discuss challenges ahead and envision future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gottschalk S, Estrada H, Degtyaruk O, Rebling J, Klymenko O, Rosemann M, Razansky D. Short and long-term phototoxicity in cells expressing genetic reporters under nanosecond laser exposure. Biomaterials 2015; 69:38-44. [PMID: 26280948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond-duration laser pulses are exploited in a plethora of therapeutic and diagnostic applications, such as optoacoustic imaging. However, phototoxicity effects of pulsed radiation in living cells, in particular those expressing genetic reporters, are not well understood. We established a three-dimensional fluorescent protein expressing cellular model in order to reliably investigate the extent and major exposure parameters responsible for both photobleaching and phototoxicity under pulsed laser exposure, unveiling a variety of possible effects on living cells, from reversible photobleaching to cytotoxicity and cell death. Significant losses of fluorescence levels were identified when exposing the cells to illumination conditions considered safe under common standards for skin exposure in diagnostic imaging applications. Thus, the use of photolabile fluorescent proteins and their in vivo exposure parameters have to be designed carefully for all applications using pulsed nanosecond radiation. In particular, loss of signal due to bleaching may significantly alter signals in longitudinal measurements, making data quantification challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Gottschalk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Héctor Estrada
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Oleksiy Degtyaruk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Johannes Rebling
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany
| | - Olena Klymenko
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Rosemann
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Märk J, Schmitt FJ, Theiss C, Dortay H, Friedrich T, Laufer J. Photoacoustic imaging of fluorophores using pump-probe excitation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2522-2535. [PMID: 26203378 PMCID: PMC4505706 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A pump-probe technique for the detection of fluorophores in tomographic PA images is introduced. It is based on inducing stimulated emission in fluorescent molecules, which in turn modulates the amount of thermalized energy, and hence the PA signal amplitude. A theoretical model of the PA signal generation in fluorophores is presented and experimentally validated on cuvette measurements made in solutions of Rhodamine 6G, a fluorophore of known optical and molecular properties. The application of this technique to deep tissue tomographic PA imaging is demonstrated by determining the spatial distribution of a near-infrared fluorophore in a tissue phantom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Märk
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Theiss
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hakan Dortay
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Laufer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Radiologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Violacein as a genetically-controlled, enzymatically amplified and photobleaching-resistant chromophore for optoacoustic bacterial imaging. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11048. [PMID: 26091543 PMCID: PMC4473533 DOI: 10.1038/srep11048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in genetically expressed reporters for in vivo studies of bacterial colonization in the context of infectious disease research, studies of the bacterial microbiome or cancer imaging and treatment. To empower non-invasive high-resolution bacterial tracking with deep tissue penetration, we herein use the genetically controlled biosynthesis of the deep-purple pigment Violacein as a photobleaching-resistant chromophore label for in vivo optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging in the near-infrared range. We demonstrate that Violacein-producing bacteria can be imaged with high contrast-to-noise in strongly vascularized xenografted murine tumors and further observe that Violacein shows anti-tumoral activity. Our experiments thus identify Violacein as a robust bacterial label for non-invasive optoacoustic imaging with high potential for basic research and future theranostic applications in bacterial tumor targeting.
Collapse
|
37
|
Xia J, Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic tomography: principles and advances. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2015; 147:1-22. [PMID: 25642127 PMCID: PMC4311576 DOI: 10.2528/pier14032303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging imaging modality that shows great potential for preclinical research and clinical practice. As a hybrid technique, PAT is based on the acoustic detection of optical absorption from either endogenous chromophores, such as oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin, or exogenous contrast agents, such as organic dyes and nanoparticles. Because ultrasound scatters much less than light in tissue, PAT generates high-resolution images in both the optical ballistic and diffusive regimes. Over the past decade, the photoacoustic technique has been evolving rapidly, leading to a variety of exciting discoveries and applications. This review covers the basic principles of PAT and its different implementations. Strengths of PAT are highlighted, along with the most recent imaging results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Subochev P, Orlova A, Shirmanova M, Postnikova A, Turchin I. Simultaneous photoacoustic and optically mediated ultrasound microscopy: an in vivo study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:631-8. [PMID: 25780752 PMCID: PMC4354594 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose the use of thermoelastic (TE) excitation of an ultrasonic (US) detector by backscattered laser radiation as a means of upgrading a single-modality photoacoustic (PA) microscope to dual-modality PA/US imaging at minimal cost. The upgraded scanning head of our dual-modality microscope consists of a fiber bundle with 14 output arms and a 32MHz polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) detector with a 34 MHz bandwidth (-6 dB level), 12.7 mm focal length, and a 0.25 numerical aperture. A single optical pulse delivered through the fiber bundle to the biotissue being investigated, in combination with a metalized surface on the PVDF detector allows us to obtain both PA and US A-scans. To demonstrate the in vivo capabilities of the proposed method we present the results of bimodal imaging of the brain of a newborn rat, a mouse tail and a mouse tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Subochev
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhniy Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Anna Orlova
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhniy Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Marina Shirmanova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 19 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhniy Novgorod,
Russia
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhniy Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Anna Postnikova
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhniy Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Ilya Turchin
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhniy Novgorod,
Russia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Multi-wavelength photoacoustic imaging of inducible tyrosinase reporter gene expression in xenograft tumors. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5329. [PMID: 24936769 PMCID: PMC4060505 DOI: 10.1038/srep05329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging hybrid imaging technology capable of breaking through resolution limits of pure optical imaging technologies imposed by optical-scattering to provide fine-resolution optical contrast information in deep tissues. We demonstrate the ability of multi-wavelength photoacoustic imaging to estimate relative gene expression distributions using an inducible expression system and co-register images with hemoglobin oxygen saturation estimates and micro-ultrasound data. Tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin production, is used as a reporter gene owing to its strong optical absorption and enzymatic amplification mechanism. Tetracycline-inducible melanin expression is turned on via doxycycline treatment in vivo. Serial multi-wavelength imaging reveals very low estimated melanin expression in tumors prior to doxycycline treatment or in tumors with no tyrosinase gene present, but strong signals after melanin induction in tumors tagged with the tyrosinase reporter. The combination of new inducible reporters and high-resolution photoacoustic and micro-ultrasound technology is poised to bring a new dimension to the study of gene expression in vivo.
Collapse
|
40
|
Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Brain Imaging: from Microscopic to Macroscopic Scales. NEUROPHOTONICS 2014; 1:1877516. [PMID: 25401121 PMCID: PMC4232215 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.1.1.011003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human brain mapping has become one of the most exciting contemporary research areas, with major breakthroughs expected in the following decades. Modern brain imaging techniques have allowed neuroscientists to gather a wealth of anatomic and functional information about the brain. Among these techniques, by virtue of its rich optical absorption contrast, high spatial and temporal resolutions, and deep penetration, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has attracted more and more attention, and is playing an increasingly important role in brain studies. In particular, PAT complements other brain imaging modalities by providing high-resolution functional and metabolic imaging. More importantly, PAT's unique scalability enables scrutinizing the brain at both microscopic and macroscopic scales, using the same imaging contrast. In this Review, we present the state-of-the-art PAT techniques for brain imaging, summarize representative neuroscience applications, outline the technical challenges in translating PAT to human brain imaging, and envision potential technological deliverables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yao J, Wang LV. Breakthrough in Photonics 2013: Photoacoustic Tomography in Biomedicine. IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL 2014; 6:0701006. [PMID: 25383143 PMCID: PMC4224294 DOI: 10.1109/jphot.2014.2310197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modalities in the last decade. Building on its high scalability and complementary imaging contrast to other mainstream modalities, PAT has gained substantial momentum in both preclinical and clinical studies. In 2013, PAT has grown markedly in both its technological capabilities and biomedical applications. In particular, breakthroughs have been made in super-resolution imaging, deep blood flow measurement, small animal resting state brain mapping, video rate functional human imaging, and human breast imaging. These breakthroughs have either successfully solved long-standing technical issues in PAT or significantly enhanced its imaging capability. This Review will summarize state-of-the-art developments in PAT and highlight a few representative achievements of the year 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|