1
|
Chen Z, Gezginer I, Zhou Q, Tang L, Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Multimodal optoacoustic imaging: methods and contrast materials. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6068-6099. [PMID: 38738633 PMCID: PMC11181994 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA) imaging offers powerful capabilities for interrogating biological tissues with rich optical absorption contrast while maintaining high spatial resolution for deep tissue observations. The spectrally distinct absorption of visible and near-infrared photons by endogenous tissue chromophores facilitates extraction of diverse anatomic, functional, molecular, and metabolic information from living tissues across various scales, from organelles and cells to whole organs and organisms. The primarily blood-related contrast and limited penetration depth of OA imaging have fostered the development of multimodal approaches to fully exploit the unique advantages and complementarity of the method. We review the recent hybridization efforts, including multimodal combinations of OA with ultrasound, fluorescence, optical coherence tomography, Raman scattering microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging as well as ionizing methods, such as X-ray computed tomography, single-photon-emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Considering that most molecules absorb light across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the OA interrogations can be extended to a large number of exogenously administered small molecules, particulate agents, and genetically encoded labels. This unique property further makes contrast moieties used in other imaging modalities amenable for OA sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyue Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irmak Gezginer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Tang
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng W, Kou SS, Sheppard CJR, Roy M. Advancing full-field metrology: rapid 3D imaging with geometric phase ferroelectric liquid crystal technology in full-field optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3433-3445. [PMID: 37497495 PMCID: PMC10368045 DOI: 10.1364/boe.488806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a variant of OCT in which a high-numerical aperture lens is used. Full-field OCM (FF-OCM) is an emerging non-invasive, label-free, interferometric technique for imaging of surface structures or semi-transparent biomedical subjects with micron-scale resolutions. Different approaches to three dimensional full-field optical metrology are reviewed. The usual method for the phase-shifting technique in FF-OCM involves mechanically moving a mirror to change the optical path difference for obtaining en-face OCM images. However, with the use of a broadband source in FF-OCM, the phase shifts of different spectral components are not the same, resulting in the ambiguities in 3D image reconstruction. In this study, we demonstrate, by imaging tissues and cells, a unique geometric phase-shifter based on ferroelectric liquid crystal technology, to realize achromatic phase-shifting for rapid three-dimensional imaging in a FF-OCM system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shan S. Kou
- Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Colin J. R. Sheppard
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83 Edificio B, 16152 Genova, Italy
- Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Maitreyee Roy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Fu R, Xu C, Xu M. Methods and applications of full-field optical coherence tomography: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220007VR. [PMID: 35596250 PMCID: PMC9122094 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.5.050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) enables en face views of scattering samples at a given depth with subcellular resolution, similar to biopsy without the need of sample slicing or other complex preparation. This noninvasive, high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) imaging method has the potential to become a powerful tool in biomedical research, clinical applications, and other microscopic detection. AIM Our review provides an overview of the disruptive innovations and key technologies to further improve FF-OCT performance, promoting FF-OCT technology in biomedical and other application scenarios. APPROACH A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art accomplishments in OCT has been performed. Methods to improve performance of FF-OCT systems are reviewed, including advanced phase-shift approaches for imaging speed improvement, methods of denoising, artifact reduction, and aberration correction for imaging quality optimization, innovations for imaging flux expansion (field-of-view enlargement and imaging-depth-limit extension), new implementations for multimodality systems, and deep learning enhanced FF-OCT for information mining, etc. Finally, we summarize the application status and prospects of FF-OCT in the fields of biomedicine, materials science, security, and identification. RESULTS The most worth-expecting FF-OCT innovations include combining the technique of spatial modulation of optical field and computational optical imaging technology to obtain greater penetration depth, as well as exploiting endogenous contrast for functional imaging, e.g., dynamic FF-OCT, which enables noninvasive visualization of tissue dynamic properties or intracellular motility. Different dynamic imaging algorithms are compared using the same OCT data of the colorectal cancer organoid, which helps to understand the disadvantages and advantages of each. In addition, deep learning enhanced FF-OCT provides more valuable characteristic information, which is of great significance for auxiliary diagnosis and organoid detection. CONCLUSIONS FF-OCT has not been completely exploited and has substantial growth potential. By elaborating the key technologies, performance optimization methods, and application status of FF-OCT, we expect to accelerate the development of FF-OCT in both academic and industry fields. This renewed perspective on FF-OCT may also serve as a road map for future development of invasive 3D super-resolution imaging techniques to solve the problems of microscopic visualization detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Biological of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongzhen Fu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingen Xu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Biological of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu GJ, Chou LD, Malounda D, Patel AK, Welsbie DS, Chao DL, Ramalingam T, Shapiro MG. Genetically Encodable Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7823-7831. [PMID: 32023037 PMCID: PMC7685218 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained wide adoption in biological research and medical imaging due to its exceptional tissue penetration, 3D imaging speed, and rich contrast. However, OCT plays a relatively small role in molecular and cellular imaging due to the lack of suitable biomolecular contrast agents. In particular, while the green fluorescent protein has provided revolutionary capabilities to fluorescence microscopy by connecting it to cellular functions such as gene expression, no equivalent reporter gene is currently available for OCT. Here, we introduce gas vesicles, a class of naturally evolved gas-filled protein nanostructures, as genetically encodable OCT contrast agents. The differential refractive index of their gas compartments relative to surrounding aqueous tissue and their nanoscale motion enables gas vesicles to be detected by static and dynamic OCT. Furthermore, the OCT contrast of gas vesicles can be selectively erased in situ with ultrasound, allowing unambiguous assignment of their location. In addition, gas vesicle clustering modulates their temporal signal, enabling the design of dynamic biosensors. We demonstrate the use of gas vesicles as reporter genes in bacterial colonies and as purified contrast agents in vivo in the mouse retina. Our results expand the utility of OCT to image a wider variety of cellular and molecular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Li-dek Chou
- OCT Medical Imaging Inc., 9272 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Amit K. Patel
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Derek S. Welsbie
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel L. Chao
- Shiley Eye Institute, Andrew Viterbi Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Varna M, Xuan HV, Fort E. Gold nanoparticles in cardiovascular imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Varna
- Institut LangevinESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Institut Galien Paris‐Sud UMR 8612, CNRSUniversité Paris‐Sud/Paris‐Saclay Faculté de PharmacieChâtenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Hoa V. Xuan
- Institut LangevinESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Faculty of Physics and TechnologyThai Nguyen University of Science (TNUS)Thai NguyenVietnam
| | - Emmanuel Fort
- Institut LangevinESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnosis Tool: Recent Progress with Multimodal Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Thouvenin O, Grieve K, Xiao P, Apelian C, Boccara AC. En face coherence microscopy [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:622-639. [PMID: 28270972 PMCID: PMC5330590 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
En face coherence microscopy or flying spot or full field optical coherence tomography or microscopy (FF-OCT/FF-OCM) belongs to the OCT family because the sectioning ability is mostly linked to the source coherence length. In this article we will focus our attention on the advantages and the drawbacks of the following approaches: en face versus B scan tomography in terms of resolution, coherent versus incoherent illumination and influence of aberrations, and scanning versus full field imaging. We then show some examples to illustrate the diverse applications of en face coherent microscopy and show that endogenous or exogenous contrasts can add valuable information to the standard morphological image. To conclude we discuss a few domains that appear promising for future development of en face coherence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Thouvenin
- Institut Langevin ESPCI, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587 1rue Jussieu, Paris F75005, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- CHNO des Quinze Vingts/Institut de la Vision, 28 rue de Charenton, Paris F75012, France
| | - Peng Xiao
- Institut Langevin ESPCI, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587 1rue Jussieu, Paris F75005, France
| | - Clement Apelian
- Institut Langevin ESPCI, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587 1rue Jussieu, Paris F75005, France; LLTech Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin 29 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques Paris F75014, France
| | - A Claude Boccara
- Institut Langevin ESPCI, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587 1rue Jussieu, Paris F75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lapierre-Landry M, Tucker-Schwartz JM, Skala MC. Depth-resolved analytical model and correction algorithm for photothermal optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2607-22. [PMID: 27446693 PMCID: PMC4948617 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal OCT (PT-OCT) is an emerging molecular imaging technique that occupies a spatial imaging regime between microscopy and whole body imaging. PT-OCT would benefit from a theoretical model to optimize imaging parameters and test image processing algorithms. We propose the first analytical PT-OCT model to replicate an experimental A-scan in homogeneous and layered samples. We also propose the PT-CLEAN algorithm to reduce phase-accumulation and shadowing, two artifacts found in PT-OCT images, and demonstrate it on phantoms and in vivo mouse tumors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Oldenburg AL, Blackmon RL, Sierchio JM. Magnetic and Plasmonic Contrast Agents in Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 22:6803913. [PMID: 27429543 PMCID: PMC4941814 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2016.2553084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained widespread application for many biomedical applications, yet the traditional array of contrast agents used in incoherent imaging modalities do not provide contrast in OCT. Owing to the high biocompatibility of iron oxides and noble metals, magnetic and plasmonic nanoparticles, respectively, have been developed as OCT contrast agents to enable a range of biological and pre-clinical studies. Here we provide a review of these developments within the past decade, including an overview of the physical contrast mechanisms and classes of OCT system hardware addons needed for magnetic and plasmonic nanoparticle contrast. A comparison of the wide variety of nanoparticle systems is also presented, where the figures of merit depend strongly upon the choice of biological application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Oldenburg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, and the Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA
| | - Richard L. Blackmon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA
| | - Justin M. Sierchio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tucker-Schwartz JM, Lapierre-Landry M, Patil CA, Skala MC. Photothermal optical lock-in optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2268-82. [PMID: 26114045 PMCID: PMC4473760 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal OCT (PTOCT) provides high sensitivity to molecular targets in tissue, and occupies a spatial imaging regime that is attractive for small animal imaging. However, current implementations of PTOCT require extensive temporal sampling, resulting in slow frame rates and a large data burden that limit its in vivo utility. To address these limitations, we have implemented optical lock-in techniques for photothermal optical lock-in OCT (poli-OCT), and demonstrated the in vivo imaging capabilities of this approach. The poli-OCT signal was assessed in tissue-mimicking phantoms containing indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA approved small molecule that has not been previously imaged in vivo with PTOCT. Then, the effects of in vivo blood flow and motion artifact were assessed and attenuated, and in vivo poli-OCT was demonstrated with both ICG and gold nanorods as contrast agents. Experiments revealed that poli-OCT signals agreed with optical lock-in theory and the bio-heat equation, and the system exhibited shot noise limited performance. In phantoms containing biologically relevant concentrations of ICG (1 µg/ml), the poli-OCT signal was significantly greater than control phantoms (p<0.05), demonstrating sensitivity to small molecules. Finally, in vivo poli-OCT of ICG identified the lymphatic vessels in a mouse ear, and also identified low concentrations (200 pM) of gold nanorods in subcutaneous injections at frame rates ten times faster than previously reported. This work illustrates that future in vivo molecular imaging studies could benefit from the improved acquisition and analysis times enabled by poli-OCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chetan A. Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Current address: Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim J, Brown W, Maher JR, Levinson H, Wax A. Functional optical coherence tomography: principles and progress. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:R211-37. [PMID: 25951836 PMCID: PMC4448140 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/10/r211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, several functional extensions of optical coherence tomography (OCT) have emerged, and this review highlights key advances in instrumentation, theoretical analysis, signal processing and clinical application of these extensions. We review five principal extensions: Doppler OCT (DOCT), polarization-sensitive OCT (PS-OCT), optical coherence elastography (OCE), spectroscopic OCT (SOCT), and molecular imaging OCT. The former three have been further developed with studies in both ex vivo and in vivo human tissues. This review emphasizes the newer techniques of SOCT and molecular imaging OCT, which show excellent potential for clinical application but have yet to be well reviewed in the literature. SOCT elucidates tissue characteristics, such as oxygenation and carcinogenesis, by detecting wavelength-dependent absorption and scattering of light in tissues. While SOCT measures endogenous biochemical distributions, molecular imaging OCT detects exogenous molecular contrast agents. These newer advances in functional OCT broaden the potential clinical application of OCT by providing novel ways to understand tissue activity that cannot be accomplished by other current imaging methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jina Kim
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|