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Abstract
Infertility affects 1 in 6 couples, and male factor infertility has been implicated as a cause in 50% of cases. Azoospermia is defined as the absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate and is considered the most extreme form of male factor infertility. Historically, these men were considered sterile but, with the advent of testicular sperm extraction and assisted reproductive technologies, men with azoospermia are able to biologically father their own children. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) occurs when there is an impairment to spermatogenesis. This review describes the contemporary management of NOA and discusses the role of hormone stimulation therapy, surgical and embryological factors, and novel technologies such as proteomics, genomics, and artificial intelligence systems in the diagnosis and treatment of men with NOA. Moreover, we highlight that men with NOA represent a vulnerable population with an increased risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular comorbodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharu Tharakan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Luo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Kavanagh DPJ, Kalia N. Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature-Beating the Odds. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2782. [PMID: 31849965 PMCID: PMC6901937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in the developed world are falling, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not. Each year, the number of people either being diagnosed as suffering with CVD or undergoing a surgical procedure related to it, such as percutaneous coronary intervention, continues to increase. In order to ensure that we can effectively manage these diseases in the future, it is critical that we fully understand their basic physiology and their underlying causative factors. Over recent years, the important role of the cardiac microcirculation in both acute and chronic disorders of the heart has become clear. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into the cardiac microcirculation and their subsequent activation may contribute significantly to tissue damage, adverse remodeling, and poor outcomes during recovery. However, our basic understanding of the cardiac microcirculation is hampered by an historic inability to image the microvessels of the beating heart-something we have been able to achieve in other organs for over 100 years. This stems from a couple of clear and obvious difficulties related to imaging the heart-firstly, it has significant inherent contractile motion and is affected considerably by the movement of lungs. Secondly, it is located in an anatomically challenging position for microscopy. However, recent microscopic and technological developments have allowed us to overcome some of these challenges and to begin to answer some of the basic outstanding questions in cardiac microvascular physiology, particularly in relation to inflammatory cell recruitment. In this review, we will discuss some of the historic work that took place in the latter part of last century toward cardiac intravital, before moving onto the advanced work that has been performed since. This work, which has utilized technology such as spinning-disk confocal and multiphoton microscopy, has-along with some significant advancements in algorithms and software-unlocked our ability to image the "business end" of the cardiac vascular tree. This review will provide an overview of these techniques, as well as some practical pointers toward software and other tools that may be useful for other researchers who are considering utilizing this technique themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Philip John Kavanagh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neena Kalia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Baskey SJ, Andreana M, Lanteigne E, Ridsdale A, Stolow A, Schweitzer ME. Pre-Clinical Translation of Second Harmonic Microscopy of Meniscal and Articular Cartilage Using a Prototype Nonlinear Microendoscope. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2018; 7:1800211. [PMID: 30701146 PMCID: PMC6342420 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2018.2889496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using nonlinear microscopy have demonstrated that osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the gradual replacement of Type II collagen with Type I collagen. The objective of this study was to develop a prototype nonlinear laser scanning microendoscope capable of resolving the structural differences of collagen in various orthopaedically relevant cartilaginous surfaces. The current prototype developed a miniaturized femtosecond laser scanning instrument, mounted on an articulated positioning system, capable of both conventional arthroscopy and second-harmonic laser-scanning microscopy. Its optical system includes a multi-resolution optical system using a gradient index objective lens and a customized multi-purpose fiber optic sheath to maximize the collection of backscattered photons or provide joint capsule illumination. The stability and suitability of the prototype arthroscope to approach and image cartilage were evaluated through preliminary testing on fresh, minimally processed, and partially intact porcine knee joints. Image quality was sufficient to distinguish between hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage through unique Type I and Type II collagen-specific characteristics. Imaging the meniscus revealed that the system was able to visualize differences in the collagen arrangement between the superficial and lamellar layers. Such detailed in vivo imaging of the cartilage surfaces could obviate the need to perform biopsies for ex vivo histological analysis in the future, and provide an alternative to conventional external imaging to characterize and diagnose progressive and degenerative cartilage diseases such as OA. Moreover, this system is readily customizable and may provide a suitable and modular platform for developing additional tools utilizing femtosecond lasers for tissue cutting within the familiar confines of two or three portal arthroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Baskey
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1H 8M5Canada.,Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada.,Emerging Technologies Division, Molecular Photonics GroupNational Research Council CanadaOttawaONK1A 0R6Canada
| | - Marco Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Eric Lanteigne
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Andrew Ridsdale
- Emerging Technologies Division, Molecular Photonics GroupNational Research Council CanadaOttawaONK1A 0R6Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Emerging Technologies Division, Molecular Photonics GroupNational Research Council CanadaOttawaONK1A 0R6Canada.,Department of PhysicsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada.,Department of ChemistryUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
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4
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Warren SC, Nobis M, Magenau A, Mohammed YH, Herrmann D, Moran I, Vennin C, Conway JR, Mélénec P, Cox TR, Wang Y, Morton JP, Welch HC, Strathdee D, Anderson KI, Phan TG, Roberts MS, Timpson P. Removing physiological motion from intravital and clinical functional imaging data. eLife 2018; 7:35800. [PMID: 29985127 PMCID: PMC6037484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy can provide unique insights into the function of biological processes in a native context. However, physiological motion caused by peristalsis, respiration and the heartbeat can present a significant challenge, particularly for functional readouts such as fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), which require longer acquisition times to obtain a quantitative readout. Here, we present and benchmark Galene, a versatile multi-platform software tool for image-based correction of sample motion blurring in both time resolved and conventional laser scanning fluorescence microscopy data in two and three dimensions. We show that Galene is able to resolve intravital FLIM-FRET images of intra-abdominal organs in murine models and NADH autofluorescence of human dermal tissue imaging subject to a wide range of physiological motions. Thus, Galene can enable FLIM imaging in situations where a stable imaging platform is not always possible and rescue previously discarded quantitative imaging data. Understanding how molecules and cells behave in living animals can give researchers key insights into what goes wrong in diseases such as cancer, and how well potential treatments for these diseases work. A number of tools help us to see these processes. For example, fluorescent ‘biosensors’ change colour to tell us how active a particular protein is. This can indicate how well a drug works in different parts of a tumour. High resolution microscopy makes it possible to image events happening in single cells, or even specific parts of a cell. However, small movements like those due to the heartbeat or breathing can blur the images, making it difficult to study living animals. This is particularly problematic for images that take several minutes to capture. Warren et al. have now developed a new open source software tool called Galene. The tool can correct for small movements in images collected by a technique called fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). As a result, clear images can be captured in situations that were not previously possible. For example, Warren et al. watched cancer cells migrating to the liver of a mouse from the spleen over 24 hours, and, using a fluorescent biosensor, showed that a repurposed drug interferes with how well the cells can attach to the liver. In addition, Warren et al. used the software to take steady 3D images of human skin in a volunteer’s arm, which could be used to study drug penetration. Galene could help researchers to study a wide range of biological processes in living animals. The software can also be applied to existing data to clean up blurred images. In the future Galene could be further developed to work with the imaging techniques used during surgery. For example, surgeons could use it to help them find the edges of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Warren
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yousuf H Mohammed
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imogen Moran
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Rw Conway
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Heidi Ce Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Nobis M, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Murphy KJ, Herrmann D, Timpson P. Molecular mobility and activity in an intravital imaging setting - implications for cancer progression and targeting. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/5/jcs206995. [PMID: 29511095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mobility, localisation and spatiotemporal activity are at the core of cell biological processes and deregulation of these dynamic events can underpin disease development and progression. Recent advances in intravital imaging techniques in mice are providing new avenues to study real-time molecular behaviour in intact tissues within a live organism and to gain exciting insights into the intricate regulation of live cell biology at the microscale level. The monitoring of fluorescently labelled proteins and agents can be combined with autofluorescent properties of the microenvironment to provide a comprehensive snapshot of in vivo cell biology. In this Review, we summarise recent intravital microscopy approaches in mice, in processes ranging from normal development and homeostasis to disease progression and treatment in cancer, where we emphasise the utility of intravital imaging to observe dynamic and transient events in vivo We also highlight the recent integration of advanced subcellular imaging techniques into the intravital imaging pipeline, which can provide in-depth biological information beyond the single-cell level. We conclude with an outlook of ongoing developments in intravital microscopy towards imaging in humans, as well as provide an overview of the challenges the intravital imaging community currently faces and outline potential ways for overcoming these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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6
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Sherlock B, Warren SC, Alexandrov Y, Yu F, Stone J, Knight J, Neil MAA, Paterson C, French PMW, Dunsby C. In vivo multiphoton microscopy using a handheld scanner with lateral and axial motion compensation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700131. [PMID: 28858435 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a handheld multiphoton fluorescence microscope designed for clinical imaging that incorporates axial motion compensation and lateral image stabilization. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is employed to track the axial position of the skin surface, and lateral motion compensation is realised by imaging the speckle pattern arising from the optical coherence tomography beam illuminating the sample. Our system is able to correct lateral sample velocities of up to approximately 65 μm s-1 . Combined with the use of negative curvature microstructured optical fibre to deliver tunable ultrafast radiation to the handheld multiphoton scanner without the need of a dispersion compensation unit, this instrument has potential for a range of clinical applications. The system is used to compensate for both lateral and axial motion of the sample when imaging human skin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sherlock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sean C Warren
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fei Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Mark A A Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carl Paterson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Raza A, Colley HE, Baggaley E, Sazanovich IV, Green NH, Weinstein JA, Botchway SW, MacNeil S, Haycock JW. Oxygen Mapping of Melanoma Spheroids using Small Molecule Platinum Probe and Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10743. [PMID: 28878302 PMCID: PMC5587740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumours display varied oxygen levels and this characteristic can be exploited to develop new diagnostic tools to determine and exploit these variations. Oxygen is an efficient quencher of emission of many phosphorescent compounds, thus oxygen concentration could in many cases be derived directly from relative emission intensity and lifetime. In this study, we extend our previous work on phosphorescent, low molecular weight platinum(II) complex as an oxygen sensing probe to study the variation in oxygen concentration in a viable multicellular 3D human tumour model. The data shows one of the first examples of non-invasive, real-time oxygen mapping across a melanoma tumour spheroid using one-photon phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) and a small molecule oxygen sensitive probe. These measurements were quantitative and enabled real time oxygen mapping with high spatial resolution. This combination presents as a valuable tool for optical detection of both physiological and pathological oxygen levels in a live tissue mass and we suggest has the potential for broader clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahtasham Raza
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | | | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Research Complex at Harwell (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Nicola H Green
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Research Complex at Harwell (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - John W Haycock
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK.
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8
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Sherlock B, Yu F, Stone J, Warren S, Paterson C, Neil MAA, French PMW, Knight J, Dunsby C. Tunable fibre-coupled multiphoton microscopy with a negative curvature fibre. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:715-720. [PMID: 26989868 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Negative curvature fibre (NCF) guides light in its core by inhibiting the coupling of core and cladding modes. In this work, an NCF was designed and fabricated to transmit ultrashort optical pulses for multiphoton microscopy with low group velocity dispersion (GVD) at 800 nm. Its attenuation was measured to be <0.3 dB m(-1) over the range 600-850 nm and the GVD was -180 ± 70 fs(2) m(-1) at 800 nm. Using an average fibre output power of ∼20 mW and pulse repetition rate of 80 MHz, the NCF enabled pulses with a duration of <200 fs to be transmitted through a length of 1.5 m of fibre over a tuning range of 180 nm without the need for dispersion compensation. In a 4 m fibre, temporal and spectral pulse widths were maintained to within 10% of low power values up to the maximum fibre output power achievable with the laser system used of 278 mW at 700 nm, 808 mW at 800 nm and 420 mW at 860 nm. When coupled to a multiphoton microscope, it enabled imaging of ex vivo tissue using excitation wavelengths from 740 nm to 860 nm without any need for adjustments to the set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sherlock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jim Stone
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Sean Warren
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carl Paterson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark A A Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul M W French
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan Knight
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Vennin C, Herrmann D, Lucas MC, Timpson P. Intravital imaging reveals new ancillary mechanisms co-opted by cancer cells to drive tumor progression. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27239290 PMCID: PMC4870995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8090.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging is providing new insights into the dynamics of tumor progression in native tissues and has started to reveal the layers of complexity found in cancer. Recent advances in intravital imaging have allowed us to look deeper into cancer behavior and to dissect the interactions between tumor cells and the ancillary host niche that promote cancer development. In this review, we provide an insight into the latest advances in cancer biology achieved by intravital imaging, focusing on recently discovered mechanisms by which tumor cells manipulate normal tissue to facilitate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vennin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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