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He H, Wang H, You H, Dong X, Shi J, Dong J. 30-100 kHz, 2 ns passively Q-switched laser for fast and efficient photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300437. [PMID: 38450961 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Actively Q-switched (AQS) fiber laser and solid-state laser (SSL) are widely used for photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). In contrast, passively Q-switched (PQS) SSL not only maintains most of the merits of AQS lasers, but also exhibits unique advantages, including the pulse width (PW), pulse repetition rate (PRR) tunability, wavelength, compactness, and cost. These advantages all benefit the PAM. However, there are few reports demonstrating the performance of PQS-SSL on PA imaging. Here, we demonstrate a compact PQS-SSL for fast and efficient PA imaging. The laser uniquely maintains a constant PW (~2 ns) and pulse energy (~3 μJ) during the PRR variation (30-100 kHz), which is valuable for preserving a stabilized imaging performance at different scanning rates. The PA imaging performance is compared by a resolution target and showcased by whole-body scanning of an embryonic zebrafish in vivo. The performance indicates that PQS-SSL is a promising candidate for PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen He
- Laboratory of Laser and Applied Photonics (LLAP), Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hanjie Wang
- Laboratory of Laser and Applied Photonics (LLAP), Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huiyue You
- Laboratory of Laser and Applied Photonics (LLAP), Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Laboratory of Laser and Applied Photonics (LLAP), Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Ni L, Zhang W, Kim W, Warchock A, Bicket A, Wang X, Moroi SE, Argento A, Xu G. 3D imaging of aqueous veins and surrounding sclera using a dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6291-6300. [PMID: 38420307 PMCID: PMC10898558 DOI: 10.1364/boe.505288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding aqueous outflow resistance at the level of aqueous veins has been a challenge to the management of glaucoma. This study investigated resolving the anatomies of aqueous veins and the textures of surrounding sclera using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). A dual wavelength PAM system was established and validated using imaging phantoms, porcine and human globes perfused with an optical contrast agent ex vivo. The system shows lateral resolution of 8.23 µm and 4.70 µm at 1200 nm and 532 nm, respectively, and an axial resolution of 27.6 µm. The system is able to separately distinguish the aqueous veins and the sclera with high contrast in full circumference of the porcine and human globes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wonsuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Alexus Warchock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Amanda Bicket
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sayoko E. Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alan Argento
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Guan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Lee H, Seeger MR, Lippok N, Nadkarni SK, van Soest G, Bouma BE. Nanosecond SRS fiber amplifier for label-free near-infrared photoacoustic microscopy of lipids. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 25:100331. [PMID: 35096525 PMCID: PMC8783138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoacoustics receives increasing interest as an intravital modality to sense key biomolecules. One of the most central types of biomolecules of interest are lipids as they constitute essential bio-hallmarks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and their in-vivo detection holds insightful information about disease progression and treatment monitoring. However, the full potential of near-infrared photoacoustic for high-resolution and high-sensitivity biomedical studies of lipids has so far not been exploited due a lack of appropriate excitation sources delivering short-pulses at high-repetition-rate, high-pulse-energy, and wavelength around 1200 nm. Here, we demonstrate a custom-built SRS fiber amplifier that provides optical excitations at 1192.8 nm, repetition rates of 200 kHz, pulse durations below 2 ns, and pulse energies beyond 5 μJ. We capitalize on the performance of our excitation source and show near-infrared photoacoustics resolving intrinsic lipid contrast in biomedically relevant specimens ranging from single cells to lipid-rich tissue with subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwidon Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Markus R. Seeger
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Norman Lippok
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seemantini K. Nadkarni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gijs van Soest
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 Rotterdam, CA The Netherlands
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 Rotterdam, CA The Netherlands
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Corresponding author at: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA.
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van Hees R, Muller JW, van de Vosse F, Rutten M, van Sambeek M, Wu M, Lopata R. SVD-based filtering to detect intraplaque hemorrhage using single wavelength photoacoustic imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210198RR. [PMID: 34743446 PMCID: PMC8571807 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.11.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is an important indicator of plaque vulnerability. Early detection could aid the prevention of stroke. AIM We aim to detect IPH with single wavelength PA imaging in vivo and to improve image quality. APPROACH We developed a singular value decomposition (SVD)-based filter to detect the nonstationary and stationary components in ultrasound data. A PA mask was created to detect stationary (IPH) sources. The method was tested ex vivo using phantoms and in vivo in patients. RESULTS The flow and IPH channels were successfully separated in the phantom data. We can also detect the PA signals from IPH and reject signals from the carotid lumen in vivo. Generalized contrast-to-noise ratio improved in both ex vivo and in vivo in US imaging. CONCLUSIONS SVD-based filtering can successfully detect IPH using a single laser wavelength, opening up opportunities for more economical and cost-effective laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy van Hees
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Muller
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frans van de Vosse
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Rutten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Sambeek
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Min Wu
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Lopata
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Park SM, Kim DY, Cho SW, Kim BM, Lee TG, Kim CS, Lee SW. Quickly Alternating Green and Red Laser Source for Real-time Multispectral Photoacoustic Microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100204. [PMID: 33014706 PMCID: PMC7522855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral photoacoustic microscopy uses a wavelength-dependent absorption difference as a contrast mechanism to image the target molecule. In this paper, we present a novel multispectral pulsed fiber laser source, which selectively alternates the excitation wavelengths between green and red colors based on the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect for imaging. This laser has a high pulse repetition rate (PRR) of 300 kHz and high pulse energy of more than 200 nJ meeting the real-time requirements of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy imaging. By switching the polarization state of the pump light and optical paths of the pump light, the operating wavelengths of the light source can be selectively alternated at the same fast PRR for any two SRS peak wavelengths between 545 and 655 nm. At 545 nm excitation wavelength, molecular photoacoustic signals from both blood vessels and gold nanorods were obtained simultaneously. However, at 655 nm, the photoacoustic signals of gold nanorods were dominant because the absorption of light by the blood vessels decreased drastically in the spectral region over 600 nm. Thus the multispectral photoacoustic system designed using the novel laser source implemented here could simultaneously monitor the time-dependent fast movement of two molecules independently, having different wavelength-dependent absorption properties at a high repetition rate of 0.49 frames per second (fps).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Park
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Woo Cho
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author at: Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Busan National University, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors.
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Kedarisetti P, Haven NJM, Restall BS, Martell MT, Zemp RJ. Label-free lipid contrast imaging using non-contact near-infrared photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4559-4562. [PMID: 32797009 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Histopathology of lipid-rich tissues is often a difficult endeavor, owing to the limited tissue processing workflows that can appropriately preserve tissue while keeping fatty deposits intact. Here, we present the first usage of near-infrared (NIR) photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) to achieve imaging contrast from lipids without the need for exogenous stains or labels. In our system, the facile production of 1225 nm excitation pulses is achieved by the stimulated Raman scattering of a 1064 nm source propagating through an optical fiber. PARS-based detection is achieved by monitoring the change in the scattering profile of a co-aligned 1550 nm continuous-wave interrogation beam in response to absorption of the 1225 nm light by lipids. Our non-contact, reflection-mode approach can achieve a FWHM resolution of up to 0.96 µm and signal-to-noise ratios as high as 45 dB from carbon fibers and 9.7 dB from a lipid phantom. NIR-PARS offers a promising approach to image lipid-rich samples with a simplified workflow.
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Dasa MK, Nteroli G, Bowen P, Messa G, Feng Y, Petersen CR, Koutsikou S, Bondu M, Moselund PM, Podoleanu A, Bradu A, Markos C, Bang O. All-fibre supercontinuum laser for in vivo multispectral photoacoustic microscopy of lipids in the extended near-infrared region. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 18:100163. [PMID: 32042589 PMCID: PMC6997905 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous endogenous biological molecules, information on lipids is highly coveted for understanding both aspects of developmental biology and research in fatal chronic diseases. Due to the pronounced absorption features of lipids in the extended near-infrared region (1650-1850 nm), visualisation and identification of lipids become possible using multi-spectral photoacoustic (optoacoustic) microscopy. However, the spectroscopic studies in this spectral region require lasers that can produce high pulse energies over a broad spectral bandwidth to efficiently excite strong photoacoustic signals. The most well-known laser sources capable of satisfying the multi-spectral photoacoustic microscopy requirements (tunability and pulse energy) are tunable nanosecond optical parametric oscillators. However, these lasers have an inherently large footprint, thus preventing their use in compact microscopy systems. Besides, they exhibit low-repetition rates. Here, we demonstrate a compact all-fibre, high pulse energy supercontinuum laser that covers a spectral range from 1440 to 1870 nm with a 7 ns pulse duration and total energy of 18.3 μJ at a repetition rate of 100 kHz. Using the developed high-pulse energy source, we perform multi-spectral photoacoustic microscopy imaging of lipids, both ex vivo on adipose tissue and in vivo to study the development of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, using six different excitation bands over the first overtone transition of C-H vibration bonds (1650-1850 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Dasa
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gianni Nteroli
- Applied Optics Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Patrick Bowen
- NKT Photonics A/S, Blokken 84, 3460 Birkerød, Denmark
| | - Giulia Messa
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, UK
| | - Yuyang Feng
- COPAC A/S, Diplomvej 381, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian R. Petersen
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NORBLIS IVS, Virumgade 35D, 2830 Virum, Denmark
| | | | - Magalie Bondu
- NKT Photonics A/S, Blokken 84, 3460 Birkerød, Denmark
| | | | | | - Adrian Bradu
- Applied Optics Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Christos Markos
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NORBLIS IVS, Virumgade 35D, 2830 Virum, Denmark
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NORBLIS IVS, Virumgade 35D, 2830 Virum, Denmark
- NKT Photonics A/S, Blokken 84, 3460 Birkerød, Denmark
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He Y, Shi J, Maslov KI, Cao R, Wang LV. Wave of single-impulse-stimulated fast initial dip in single vessels of mouse brains imaged by high-speed functional photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-11. [PMID: 32529816 PMCID: PMC7289453 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.6.066501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The initial dip in hemoglobin-oxygenation response to stimulations is a spatially confined endogenous indicator that is faster than the blood flow response, making it a desired label-free contrast to map the neural activity. A fundamental question is whether a single-impulse stimulus, much shorter than the response delay, could produce an observable initial dip without repeated stimulation. AIM To answer this question, we report high-speed functional photoacoustic (PA) microscopy to investigate the initial dip in mouse brains. APPROACH We developed a Raman-laser-based dual-wavelength functional PA microscope that can image capillary-level blood oxygenation at a 1-MHz one-dimensional imaging rate. This technology was applied to monitor the hemodynamics of mouse cerebral vasculature after applying an impulse stimulus to the forepaw. RESULTS We observed a transient initial dip in cerebral microvessels starting as early as 0.13 s after the onset of the stimulus. The initial dip and the subsequent overshoot manifested a wave pattern propagating across different microvascular compartments. CONCLUSIONS We quantified both spatially and temporally the single-impulse-stimulated microvascular hemodynamics in mouse brains at single-vessel resolution. Fast label-free imaging of single-impulse response holds promise for real-time brain-computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Junhui Shi
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Konstantin I. Maslov
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Rui Cao
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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Biswas D, Gorey A, Chen GC, Vasudevan S, Sharma N, Bhagat P, Phatak S. Empirical wavelet transform based photoacoustic spectral response technique for assessment of ex-vivo breast biopsy tissues. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Dasa MK, Markos C, Maria M, Petersen CR, Moselund PM, Bang O. High-pulse energy supercontinuum laser for high-resolution spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging of lipids in the 1650-1850 nm region. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1762-1770. [PMID: 29675317 PMCID: PMC5905921 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We propose a cost-effective high-pulse energy supercontinuum (SC) source based on a telecom range diode laser-based amplifier and a few meters of standard single-mode optical fiber, with a pulse energy density as high as ~25 nJ/nm in the 1650-1850 nm regime (factor >3 times higher than any SC source ever used in this wavelength range). We demonstrate how such an SC source combined with a tunable filter allows high-resolution spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging and the spectroscopy of lipids in the first overtone transition band of C-H bonds (1650-1850 nm). We show the successful discrimination of two different lipids (cholesterol and lipid in adipose tissue) and the photoacoustic cross-sectional scan of lipid-rich adipose tissue at three different locations. The proposed high-pulse energy SC laser paves a new direction towards compact, broadband and cost-effective source for spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Dasa
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christos Markos
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Maria
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian R. Petersen
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ole Bang
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NKT Photonics A/S, Blokken 84, Birkerød 3460, Denmark
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11
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Buma T, Conley NC, Choi SW. Multispectral photoacoustic microscopy of lipids using a pulsed supercontinuum laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:276-288. [PMID: 29359103 PMCID: PMC5772582 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) of lipid-rich tissue between 1050-1714 nm using a pulsed supercontinuum laser based on a large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber. OR-PAM experiments of lipid-rich samples show the expected optical absorption peaks near 1210 and 1720 nm. These results show that pulsed supercontinuum lasers are promising for OR-PAM applications such as label-free histology of lipid-rich tissue and imaging small animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Buma
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Nicole C. Conley
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Sang Won Choi
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
- Currently with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Development of a Fiber Laser with Independently Adjustable Properties for Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38674. [PMID: 27929049 PMCID: PMC5144145 DOI: 10.1038/srep38674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is based on the detection of generated acoustic waves through thermal expansion of tissue illuminated by short laser pulses. Fiber lasers as an excitation source for photoacoustic imaging have recently been preferred for their high repetition frequencies. Here, we report a unique fiber laser developed specifically for multiwavelength photoacoustic microscopy system. The laser is custom-made for maximum flexibility in adjustment of its parameters; pulse duration (5–10 ns), pulse energy (up to 10 μJ) and repetition frequency (up to 1 MHz) independently from each other and covers a broad spectral region from 450 to 1100 nm and also can emit wavelengths of 532, 355, and 266 nm. The laser system consists of a master oscillator power amplifier, seeding two stages; supercontinuum and harmonic generation units. The laser is outstanding since the oscillator, amplifier and supercontinuum generation parts are all-fiber integrated with custom-developed electronics and software. To demonstrate the feasibility of the system, the images of several elements of standardized resolution test chart are acquired at multiple wavelengths. The lateral resolution of optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy system is determined as 2.68 μm. The developed system may pave the way for spectroscopic photoacoustic microscopy applications via widely tunable fiber laser technologies.
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13
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Wang T, Sun N, Cao R, Ning B, Chen R, Zhou Q, Hu S. Multiparametric photoacoustic microscopy of the mouse brain with 300-kHz A-line rate. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:045006. [PMID: 27981062 PMCID: PMC5129190 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.4.045006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enabling simultaneous high-resolution imaging of the total concentration of hemoglobin ([Formula: see text]), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin ([Formula: see text]), and cerebral blood flow (CBF), multiparametric photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) holds the potential to quantify the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen at the microscopic level. However, its imaging speed has been severely limited by the pulse repetition rate of the dual-wavelength photoacoustic excitation and the scanning mechanism. To address these limitations, we have developed a new generation of multiparametric PAM. Capitalizing on a self-developed high-repetition dual-wavelength pulsed laser and an optical-mechanical hybrid-scan configuration, this innovative technique has achieved an unprecedented A-line rate of 300 kHz, leading to a 20-fold increase in the imaging speed over our previously reported multiparametric PAM that is based on pure mechanical scanning. The performance of the high-speed multiparametric PAM has been examined both in vitro and in vivo. Simultaneous PAM of microvascular [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and CBF in absolute values over a [Formula: see text]-mm-diameter brain region of interest can be accomplished within 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiong Wang
- University of Virginia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Naidi Sun
- University of Virginia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Rui Cao
- University of Virginia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Bo Ning
- University of Virginia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Ruimin Chen
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Qifa Zhou
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Song Hu
- University of Virginia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Song Hu, E-mail:
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14
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Buma T, Farland JL, Ferrari MR. Near-infrared multispectral photoacoustic microscopy using a graded-index fiber amplifier. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:83-90. [PMID: 27761407 PMCID: PMC5063359 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) of lipid-rich tissue using a multi-wavelength pulsed laser based on nonlinear fiber optics. 1047 nm laser pulses are converted to 1098, 1153, 1215, and 1270 nm pulses via stimulated Raman scattering in a graded-index multimode fiber. Multispectral PAM of a lipid phantom is demonstrated with our low-cost and simple technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Buma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
- Bioengineering Program, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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15
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Piao Z, Zeng L, Chen Z, Kim CS. Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser at 1600 nm for photoacoustic imaging application. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2016; 108:143701. [PMID: 27110032 PMCID: PMC4826380 DOI: 10.1063/1.4945711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a nanosecond Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser system operating at 1600 nm with a tunable repetition rate from 100 kHz to 1 MHz. A compact fiber coupled, acousto-optic modulator-based EDF ring cavity was used to generate a nanosecond seed laser at 1600 nm, and a double-cladding EDF based power amplifier was applied to achieve the maximum average power of 250 mW. In addition, 12 ns laser pulses with the maximum pulse energy of 2.4 μJ were obtained at 100 kHz. Furthermore, the Stokes shift by Raman scattering over a 25 km long fiber was measured, indicating that the laser can be potentially used to generate the high repetition rate pulses at the 1.7 μm region. Finally, we detected the photoacoustic signal from a human hair at 200 kHz repetition rate with a pulse energy of 1.2 μJ, which demonstrates that a Q-switched Er-doped fiber laser can be a promising light source for the high speed functional photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lvming Zeng
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, South Korea
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16
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Strohm EM, Moore MJ, Kolios MC. High resolution ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging of single cells. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:36-42. [PMID: 27114911 PMCID: PMC4833469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
High resolution ultrasound and photoacoustic images of stained neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes from a blood smear were acquired using a combined acoustic/photoacoustic microscope. Photoacoustic images were created using a pulsed 532 nm laser that was coupled to a single mode fiber to produce output wavelengths from 532 nm to 620 nm via stimulated Raman scattering. The excitation wavelength was selected using optical filters and focused onto the sample using a 20× objective. A 1000 MHz transducer was co-aligned with the laser spot and used for ultrasound and photoacoustic images, enabling micrometer resolution with both modalities. The different cell types could be easily identified due to variations in contrast within the acoustic and photoacoustic images. This technique provides a new way of probing leukocyte structure with potential applications towards detecting cellular abnormalities and diseased cells at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Strohm
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
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