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Alviano AM, Biondi M, Grassenis E, Biondi A, Serafini M, Tettamanti S. Fully equipped CARs to address tumor heterogeneity, enhance safety, and improve the functionality of cellular immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407992. [PMID: 38887285 PMCID: PMC11180895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has achieved unprecedented response rates in patients with certain hematological malignancies, this therapeutic modality is still far from fulfilling its remarkable potential, especially in the context of solid cancers. Antigen escape variants, off-tumor destruction of healthy tissues expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), poor CAR-T cell persistence, and the occurrence of functional exhaustion represent some of the most prominent hurdles that limit CAR-T cell ability to induce long-lasting remissions with a tolerable adverse effect profile. In this review, we summarize the main approaches that have been developed to face such bottlenecks, including the adapter CAR (AdCAR) system, Boolean-logic gating, epitope editing, the modulation of cell-intrinsic signaling pathways, and the incorporation of safety switches to precisely control CAR-T cell activation. We also discuss the most pressing issues pertaining to the selection of co-stimulatory domains, with a focus on strategies aimed at promoting CAR-T cell persistence and optimal antitumor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maria Alviano
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Erica Grassenis
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sarah Tettamanti
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
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2
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Levac B, Kerber J, Wagner E, Molitor JA, Saliterman SS. An Experimental Phototherapy Device for Studying the Effects of Blue Light on Patients with Raynaud's Phenomenon. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1732-1743. [PMID: 38530533 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a condition that causes decreased blood flow to areas perfused by small blood vessels (e.g., fingers, toes). In severe cases, ulceration, gangrene, and loss of fingers may occur. Most treatments focus on inducing vasorelaxation in affected areas by the way of pharmaceuticals. Recently, animal studies have shown that vasorelaxation can be induced by non-coherent blue light (wavelength ~ 430-460 nm) through the actions of melanopsin, a photoreceptive opsin protein encoded by the OPN4 gene. To study this effect in humans, a reliable phototherapy device (PTD) is needed. We outline the construction of a PTD to be used in studying blue light effects on Raynaud's patients. Our design addresses user safety, calibration, electromagnetic compatibility/interference (EMC/EMI), and techniques for measuring physiological responses (temperature sensors, laser Doppler flow sensors, infrared thermal imaging of the hands). We tested our device to ensure (1) safe operating conditions, (2) predictable, user-controlled irradiance output levels, (3) an ability for measuring physiological responses, and (4) features necessary to enable a double-blinded crossover study for a clinical trial. We also include in the Methods an approved research protocol utilizing our device that may serve as a starting point for clinical study. We introduced a reliable PTD for studying the effects of blue light therapy for patients suffering from Raynaud's phenomenon and showed that our device is safe and reliable and includes the required measurement vectors for tracking treatment effects throughout the duration of a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Levac
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, 78712, USA.
| | - James Kerber
- University of Minnesota Law School, 229 S 19th Ave, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emily Wagner
- University of New England, Public Health, 716 Stevens Ave, Portland, ME, 04103, USA
| | - Jerry A Molitor
- University of Minnesota, Scleroderma Clinic, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Steven S Saliterman
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. S.E. Ste 7-105, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Raj P, Wu L, Arora S, Bhatt R, Zuo Y, Fang Z, Verdoold R, Koch T, Gu L, Barman I. Engineering vascularized skin-mimetic phantom for non-invasive Raman spectroscopy. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2024; 404:135240. [PMID: 38524639 PMCID: PMC10956615 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.135240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in Raman spectroscopy have shown great potential for non-invasive analyte sensing, but the lack of a standardized optical phantom for these measurements has hindered further progress. While many research groups have developed optical phantoms that mimic bulk optical absorption and scattering, these materials typically have strong Raman scattering, making it difficult to distinguish metabolite signals. As a result, solid tissue phantoms for spectroscopy have been limited to highly scattering tissues such as bones and calcifications, and metabolite sensing has been primarily performed using liquid tissue phantoms. To address this issue, we have developed a layered skin-mimetic phantom that can support metabolite sensing through Raman spectroscopy. Our approach incorporates millifluidic vasculature that mimics blood vessels to allow for diffusion akin to metabolite diffusion in the skin. Furthermore, our skin phantoms are mechanically mimetic, providing an ideal model for development of minimally invasive optical techniques. By providing a standardized platform for measuring metabolites, our approach has the potential to facilitate critical developments in spectroscopic techniques and improve our understanding of metabolite dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Lintong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Saransh Arora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Raj Bhatt
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Tanja Koch
- ams OSRAM Innovation and Engineering, Germany
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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4
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Feshki M, Martel S, De Koninck Y, Gosselin B. Improving flat fluorescence microscopy in scattering tissue through deep learning strategies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:23008-23026. [PMID: 37475396 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy in small animals growingly contributes to the visualization of short- and long-term mammalian biological processes. Miniaturized fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the observation of live animals' neural circuits. The technology's ability to further miniaturize to improve freely moving experimental settings is limited by its standard lens-based layout. Typical miniature microscope designs contain a stack of heavy and bulky optical components adjusted at relatively long distances. Computational lensless microscopy can overcome this limitation by replacing the lenses with a simple thin mask. Among other critical applications, Flat Fluorescence Microscope (FFM) holds promise to allow for real-time brain circuits imaging in freely moving animals, but recent research reports show that the quality needs to be improved, compared with imaging in clear tissue, for instance. Although promising results were reported with mask-based fluorescence microscopes in clear tissues, the impact of light scattering in biological tissue remains a major challenge. The outstanding performance of deep learning (DL) networks in computational flat cameras and imaging through scattering media studies motivates the development of deep learning models for FFMs. Our holistic ray-tracing and Monte Carlo FFM computational model assisted us in evaluating deep scattering medium imaging with DL techniques. We demonstrate that physics-based DL models combined with the classical reconstruction technique of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) perform a fast and robust image reconstruction, particularly in the scattering medium. The structural similarity indexes of the reconstructed images in scattering media recordings were increased by up to 20% compared with the prevalent iterative models. We also introduce and discuss the challenges of DL approaches for FFMs under physics-informed supervised and unsupervised learning.
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Deng K, Tang Y, Xiao Y, Zhong D, Zhang H, Fang W, Shen L, Wang Z, Pan J, Lu Y, Chen C, Gao Y, Jin Q, Zhuang L, Wan H, Zhuang L, Wang P, Zhai J, Ren T, Hu Q, Lang M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhou M, Gao C, Zhang L, Zhu Y. A biodegradable, flexible photonic patch for in vivo phototherapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3069. [PMID: 37244895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic and therapeutic illumination on internal organs and tissues with high controllability and adaptability in terms of spectrum, area, depth, and intensity remains a major challenge. Here, we present a flexible, biodegradable photonic device called iCarP with a micrometer scale air gap between a refractive polyester patch and the embedded removable tapered optical fiber. ICarP combines the advantages of light diffraction by the tapered optical fiber, dual refractions in the air gap, and reflection inside the patch to obtain a bulb-like illumination, guiding light towards target tissue. We show that iCarP achieves large area, high intensity, wide spectrum, continuous or pulsatile, deeply penetrating illumination without puncturing the target tissues and demonstrate that it supports phototherapies with different photosensitizers. We find that the photonic device is compatible with thoracoscopy-based minimally invasive implantation onto beating hearts. These initial results show that iCarP could be a safe, precise and widely applicable device suitable for internal organs and tissue illumination and associated diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaicheng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Danni Zhong
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liyin Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhaochuang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiazhen Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yun Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiao Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lenan Zhuang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liujing Zhuang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Junfeng Zhai
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Tanchen Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiaoling Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Meidong Lang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, USA
| | - Huanan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Kittigul L, Meephansan J, Sirithanabadeekul P, Hanvivattanakul S, Deenonpoe R, Yingmema W, Tantisantisom K, Thongma S, Rayanasukha Y, Boonkoom T, Adulyaritthikul P, Khanchaitit P. The efficacy of LED microneedle patch on hair growth in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:971-982. [PMID: 36416978 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Light penetration depth in the scalp is a key limitation of low-level light therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). A novel light emitting diode (LED) microneedle patch was designed to achieve greater efficacy by enhancing the percutaneous light delivery. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of this device on hair growth in mice. Thirty-five male C57BL/6 mice which their dorsal skin was split into upper and lower parts to receive either LED irradiation alone or LED irradiation with a microneedle patch. Red (629 nm), green (513 nm), and blue light (465 nm) at an energy dose of 0.2 J/cm2 were applied once daily for 28 days. Outcomes were evaluated weekly using digital photographs. Histopathological findings were assessed using a 6 mm punch biopsy. A significant increase in hair growth was observed in the green light, moderate in the red light, and the lowest in the blue light group. The addition of the microneedle patch to LED irradiation enhanced greater and faster anagen entry in all the groups. Histopathology showed an apparent increase in the number of hair follicles, collagen bundles in the dermis, angiogenesis, and mononuclear cell infiltration after treatment with the green-light LED microneedle patches. No serious adverse effects were observed during the experiment. Our study provides evidence that the newly developed green-light LED microneedle patch caused the optimal telogen-to-anagen transition and could lead to new approaches for AGA. Microneedle stimulation may aid percutaneous light delivery to the target hair follicle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leelawat Kittigul
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jitlada Meephansan
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Punyaphat Sirithanabadeekul
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sirashat Hanvivattanakul
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Raksawan Deenonpoe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Werayut Yingmema
- Laboratory Animal Centers, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Tantisantisom
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sattra Thongma
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Yossawat Rayanasukha
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thitikorn Boonkoom
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Punyanuch Adulyaritthikul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Paisan Khanchaitit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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7
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Zhao H, Wang X, Geng Z, Liang N, Li Q, Hu X, Wei Z. Dual-function microneedle array for efficient photodynamic therapy with transdermal co-delivered light and photosensitizers. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4521-4530. [PMID: 36047443 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00505k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a globally accepted method for treating different forms of skin or mucosal disorders, requires efficient co-delivery of photosensitizers and corresponding therapeutic light. The adverse effects of intravenous injection of photosensitizers have been reduced by the development of microneedle arrays for transdermal local photosensitizer delivery. However, the drawbacks of the only available therapeutic light delivery method at the moment, which is directly applying light to the skin surface, are yet to be improved. This study presents a new strategy in which therapeutic light and photosensitizer were transdermally co-delivered into local tissues. A flexible dual-function microneedle array (DfMNA) which contains 400 microneedles was developed. Each microneedle consists of a dissolvable needle tip (140 μm in height) for delivering the photosensitizer and a transparent needle body (660 μm in height) for guiding therapeutic light. Using port-wine stains, which is a frequently occurring skin disorder caused by vascular malformation, as a model disease, the effectiveness of DfMNA mediated PDT has been verified on mice. Compared with the standard operation procedure of clinical PDT, the DfMNA decreases the amount of photosensitizer from 300 μg to 0.5 μg and reduces therapeutic light irradiance from 100 mW cm-2 to 60 mW cm-2 while realizing better treatment effects. As a result, the skin damage and the burden on the metabolic system have been alleviated. The DfMNA has a remarkably reduced photosensitizer amount and, for the first time, realized transdermal delivery of therapeutic light for PDT, thus avoiding the disadvantages of existing PDT methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Zhao
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhanhui Geng
- Institute of Quartermaster Engineering and Technology, Institute of System and Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zewen Wei
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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dos Anjos C, Leanse LG, Liu X, Miranda HV, Anderson RR, Dai T. Antimicrobial Blue Light for Prevention and Treatment of Highly Invasive Vibrio vulnificus Burn Infection in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932466. [PMID: 35903474 PMCID: PMC9315199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an invasive marine bacterium that causes a variety of serious infectious diseases. With the increasing multidrug-resistant variants, treatment of V. vulnificus infections is becoming more difficult. In this study, we explored antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm wavelength) for the treatment of V. vulnificus infections. We first assessed the efficacy of aBL against five strains of V. vulnificus in vitro. Next, we identified and quantified intracellular porphyrins in V. vulnificus to provide mechanistic insights. Additionally, we measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and bacterial membrane permeabilization following aBL exposures. Lastly, we conducted a preclinical study to investigate the efficacy and safety of aBL for the prevention and treatment of burn infections caused by V. vulnificus in mice. We found that aBL effectively killed V. vulnificus in vitro in both planktonic and biofilm states, with up to a 5.17- and 4.57-log10 CFU reduction being achieved, respectively, following an aBL exposure of 216 J/cm2. Protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrins were predominant in all the strains. Additionally, intracellular ROS was significantly increased following aBL exposures (P < 0.01), and there was evidence of aBL-induced permeabilization of the bacterial membrane (P < 0.0001). In the preclinical studies, we found that female mice treated with aBL 30 min after bacterial inoculation showed a survival rate of 81% following 7 days of observation, while only 28% survival was observed in untreated female mice (P < 0.001). At 6 h post-inoculation, an 86% survival was achieved in aBL-treated female mice (P = 0.0002). For male mice, 86 and 63% survival rates were achieved when aBL treatment was given 30 min and 6 h after bacterial inoculation, respectively, compared to 32% survival in the untreated mice (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.04). aBL did not reduce cellular proliferation or induce apoptosis. We found five cytokines were significantly upregulated in the males after aBL treatment, including MCSF (P < 0.001), MCP-5 (P < 0.01), TNF RII (P < 0.01), CXCL1 (P < 0.01), and TIMP-1 (P < 0.05), and one in the females (TIMP-1; P < 0.05), suggesting that aBL may induce certain inflammatory processes. In conclusion, aBL may potentially be applied to prevent and treat V. vulnificus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leon G. Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hugo V. Miranda
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Tianhong Dai
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9
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Kobayashi A, Nobili A, Neier SC, Sadiki A, Distel R, Zhou ZS, Novina CD. Light-Controllable Binary Switch Activation of CAR T Cells. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100722. [PMID: 35146940 PMCID: PMC9304291 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Major challenges to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies include uncontrolled immune activity, off-tumor toxicities and tumor heterogeneity. To overcome these challenges, we engineered CARs directed against small molecules. By conjugating the same small molecule to distinct tumor-targeting antibodies, we show that small molecule specific-CAR T cells can be redirected to different tumor antigens. Such binary switches allow control over the degree of CAR T cell activity and enables simultaneous targeting of multiple tumor-associated antigens. We also demonstrate that ultraviolet light-sensitive caging of small molecules blocks CAR T cell activation. Exposure to ultraviolet light, uncaged small molecules and restored CAR T cell-mediated killing. Together, our data demonstrate that a light-sensitive caging system enables an additional level of control over tumor cell killing, which could improve the therapeutic index of CAR T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kobayashi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMA 02215USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMA 02142USA
| | - Alberto Nobili
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMA 02215USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMA 02142USA
- Dynamic Cell Therapies, Inc.127 Western Ave.AllstonMA 02134USA
| | - Steven C. Neier
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMA 02215USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMA 02142USA
- Binney Street CapitalBostonMA 02215USA
| | - Amissi Sadiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMA 02215USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA
| | - Robert Distel
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMA 02215USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA
| | - Carl D. Novina
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMA 02215USA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMA 02142USA
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10
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Romano G, Insero G, Marrugat SN, Fusi F. Innovative light sources for phototherapy. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:256-271. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of light for therapeutic purposes dates back to ancient Egypt, where the sun itself was an innovative source, probably used for the first time to heal skin diseases. Since then, technical innovation and advancement in medical sciences have produced newer and more sophisticated solutions for light-emitting sources and their applications in medicine. Starting from a brief historical introduction, the concept of innovation in light sources is discussed and analysed, first from a technical point of view and then in the light of their fitness to improve existing therapeutic protocols or propose new ones. If it is true that a “pure” technical advancement is a good reason for innovation, only a sub-system of those advancements is innovative for phototherapy. To illustrate this concept, the most representative examples of innovative light sources are presented and discussed, both from a technical point of view and from the perspective of their diffusion and applications in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence , Viale G. Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Florence , Italy
| | - Giacomo Insero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence , Viale G. Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Florence , Italy
- National Research Council, National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO) , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , FI , Italy
| | - Santi Nonell Marrugat
- Institut Quimic de Sarria, Universidad Ramon Llull , Via Augusta 390 , 08017 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Franco Fusi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence , Viale G. Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Florence , Italy
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11
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Guo X, Wang L, Zeng J, Qiu H, Tan Y, Chen D, Zhao H, Gu Y. Enhanced antimicrobial activity through the combination of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and low-frequency ultrasonic irradiation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114168. [PMID: 35189265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms has become one of the most severe threats to human health. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), a light-based regimen, has offered a compelling nonpharmacological alternative to conventional antibiotics. The activity of aPDT is based on cytotoxic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are generated through the photosensitized reaction between photon, oxygen and photosensitizer. However, limited by the penetration of light and photosensitizers in human tissues and/or the infiltration of oxygen and photosensitizers in biofilms, the eradication of deeply located or biofilm-associated infections by aPDT remains challenging. Ultrasound irradiation bears a deeper penetration in human tissues than light and, sequentially, can promote drug delivery through cavitation effect. As such, the combination of ultrasound and aPDT represents a potent antimicrobial strategy. In this review, we summarized the recent progresses in the area of the combination therapy using ultrasound and aPDT, and discussed the potential mechanisms underlying enhanced antimicrobial effect by this combination therapy. The future research directions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Yixuan Xu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xianghuan Guo
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Defu Chen
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Precision Laser Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
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12
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Wu X, Park J, Chow SYA, Kasuya MCZ, Ikeuchi Y, Kim B. Localised light delivery on melanoma cells using optical microneedles. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1045-1060. [PMID: 35284152 PMCID: PMC8884222 DOI: 10.1364/boe.450456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light-based therapy is an emerging treatment for skin cancer, which has received increased attention due to its drug-free and non-invasive approach. However, the limitation of current light therapy methods is the inability for light to penetrate the skin and reach deep lesions. As such, we have developed a polylactic acid (PLA) microneedles array as a novel light transmission platform to perform in vitro evaluation regarding the effect of light therapy on skin cancer. For the first time, we designed and fabricated a microneedle array system with a height fixation device that can be installed in a cell culture dish and an LED array for blue light irradiation. The effect of the blue light combined with the microneedles on cell apoptosis was evaluated using B16F10 melanoma cells and analyzed by Hoechst staining. Our results demonstrate that blue light can be transmitted by microneedles to skin cells and effectively affect cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wu
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jongho Park
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Siu Yu A. Chow
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Leanse LG, Dos Anjos C, Mushtaq S, Dai T. Antimicrobial blue light: A 'Magic Bullet' for the 21st century and beyond? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114057. [PMID: 34800566 PMCID: PMC8728809 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, antimicrobial blue light (aBL) at 400 - 470 nm wavelength has demonstrated immense promise as an alternative approach for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Since our last review was published in 2017, there have been numerous studies that have investigated aBL in terms of its, efficacy, safety, mechanism, and propensity for resistance development. In addition, researchers have looked at combinatorial approaches that exploit aBL and other traditional and non-traditional therapeutics. To that end, this review aims to update the findings from numerous studies that capitalize on the antimicrobial effects of aBL, with a focus on: efficacy of aBL against different microbes, identifying endogenous chromophores and targets of aBL, Resistance development to aBL, Safety of aBL against host cells, and Synergism of aBL with other agents. We will also discuss our perspective on the future of aBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sana Mushtaq
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Pakistan
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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14
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Wang D, Kuzma ML, Tan X, He TC, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Phototherapy and optical waveguides for the treatment of infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114036. [PMID: 34740763 PMCID: PMC8665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes, it is imperative to seek alternative means for infection control. Optical waveguides are an auspicious delivery method for precise administration of phototherapy. Studies have shown that phototherapy is promising in fighting against a myriad of infectious pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) including biofilm-forming species and drug-resistant strains while evading treatment resistance. When administered via optical waveguides, phototherapy can treat both superficial and deep-tissue infections while minimizing off-site effects that afflict conventional phototherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite great therapeutic potential, exact mechanisms, materials, and fabrication designs to optimize this promising treatment option are underexplored. This review outlines principles and applications of phototherapy and optical waveguides for infection control. Research advances, challenges, and outlook regarding this delivery system are rigorously discussed in a hope to inspire future developments of optical waveguide-mediated phototherapy for the management of infection and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle Laurel Kuzma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Academy of Orthopedics, Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510280, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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15
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Bai H, Wang G, Hu X, Kumar S, Min R. Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymer Optical Fiber for Biomedical Application: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:472. [PMID: 34940229 PMCID: PMC8699361 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses recent advances in biocompatible and biodegradable polymer optical fiber (POF) for medical applications. First, the POF material and its optical properties are summarized. Then, several common optical fiber fabrication methods are thoroughly discussed. Following that, clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs are discussed, including optogenetics, biosensing, drug delivery, and neural recording. Following that, biomedical applications expanded the specific functionalization of the material or fiber design. Different research or clinical applications necessitate the use of different equipment to achieve the desired results. Finally, the difficulty of implanting flexible fiber varies with its flexibility. We present our article in a clear and logical manner that will be useful to researchers seeking a broad perspective on the proposed topic. Overall, the content provides a comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs, including previous breakthroughs, as well as recent advancements. Biodegradable optical fibers have numerous applications, opening up new avenues in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hongyi Bai
- College of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Microelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China;
| | - Xuehao Hu
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
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16
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Yadav PR, Munni MN, Campbell L, Mostofa G, Dobson L, Shittu M, Pattanayek SK, Uddin MJ, Das DB. Translation of Polymeric Microneedles for Treatment of Human Diseases: Recent Trends, Progress, and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1132. [PMID: 34452093 PMCID: PMC8401662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing search for biodegradable and biocompatible microneedles (MNs) that are strong enough to penetrate skin barriers, easy to prepare, and can be translated for clinical use continues. As such, this review paper is focused upon discussing the key points (e.g., choice polymeric MNs) for the translation of MNs from laboratory to clinical practice. The review reveals that polymers are most appropriately used for dissolvable and swellable MNs due to their wide range of tunable properties and that natural polymers are an ideal material choice as they structurally mimic native cellular environments. It has also been concluded that natural and synthetic polymer combinations are useful as polymers usually lack mechanical strength, stability, or other desired properties for the fabrication and insertion of MNs. This review evaluates fabrication methods and materials choice, disease and health conditions, clinical challenges, and the future of MNs in public healthcare services, focusing on literature from the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Ranjan Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.R.Y.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (M.S.)
- Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India;
| | | | - Lauryn Campbell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.R.Y.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Golam Mostofa
- Drug Delivery & Therapeutics Lab, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.N.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Lewis Dobson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.R.Y.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Morayo Shittu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.R.Y.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Md. Jasim Uddin
- Drug Delivery & Therapeutics Lab, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.N.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Diganta Bhusan Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.R.Y.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (M.S.)
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17
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Zhang W, Liu P, Yang G, Lei H. Single Polylactic Acid Nanowire for Highly Sensitive and Multifunctional Optical Biosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27983-27990. [PMID: 34110765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-based optical biosensors with high sensitivity are highly desired for the detection of biological microenvironments and analysis of cellular processes. However, the current nanowire biosensors are mostly fabricated with metal and semiconductor materials, which are not suitable for long-term use in biological environments due to their incompatible and nondegradable properties. Biosensors based on biofriendly materials (e.g., spider silk) often do not have high enough sensitivity due to high losses or micron sizes. Here, polylactic acid (PLA), a polymer with high optical transparency, good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and flexibility, is used to fabricate nanowires using a directly drawing method for the first time. Because of the strong evanescent wave and abundant carboxyl groups on the surface of nanowires, an ultralow concentration sensing of cytochrome c is achieved with a limit of detection of 1.38 × 10-17 M, which is much lower than other detection results using semiconductor/metal-based nanosensors (10-6 to 10-12 M). On this basis, a label-free and real-time monitoring of cell apoptosis is realized. In addition, by doping quantum dots, the functionalized PLA nanowires can also sense a change in pH. These results are suggestive of the potential for PLA nanowires applied in multifunctional biosensing and biodetection, pushing forward the photomedicine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Pu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guowei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongxiang Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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18
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Lee Y, Kang T, Cho HR, Lee GJ, Park OK, Kim S, Lee B, Kim HM, Cha GD, Shin Y, Lee W, Kim M, Kim H, Song YM, Choi SH, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Localized Delivery of Theranostic Nanoparticles and High-Energy Photons using Microneedles-on-Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100425. [PMID: 33955598 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The low delivery efficiency of light-responsive theranostic nanoparticles (NPs) to target tumor sites, particularly to brain tumors due to the blood-brain barrier, has been a critical issue in NP-based cancer treatments. Furthermore, high-energy photons that can effectively activate theranostic NPs are hardly delivered to the target region due to the strong scattering of such photons while penetrating surrounding tissues. Here, a localized delivery method of theranostic NPs and high-energy photons to the target tumor using microneedles-on-bioelectronics is presented. Two types of microneedles and flexible bioelectronics are integrated and mounted on the edge of surgical forceps. Bioresorbable microneedles containing theranostic NPs deliver the NPs into target tumors (e.g., glioblastoma, pituitary adenoma). Magnetic resonance imaging can locate the NPs. Then, light-guiding/spreading microneedles deliver high-energy photons from bioelectronics to the NPs. The high-energy photons activate the NPs to treat tumor tissues by photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. The controlled thermal actuation by the bioelectronics accelerates the diffusion of chemo-drugs. The proposed method is demonstrated with mouse tumor models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsik Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegyu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Cho
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Ju Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyu Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowon Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Myung Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanghee Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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19
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Lim H, Ha S, Bae M, Yoon SH. A highly robust approach to fabricate the mass-customizable mold of sharp-tipped biodegradable polymer microneedles for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120475. [PMID: 33737092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A skin-perforable dissolving microneedle is a promising mediator for painlessly delivering active pharmaceutical compounds across the skin. All the microneedle manufacturing processes so far, however, are much sensitive to input variation and unfavorable for make-to-order approach. Here, a robust method for fabricating mass-customizable master molds is developed to prepare sharp-tipped biodegradable polymer microneedles. Our approach combines the predrying and chip casting (PCC) of an ultrathick photoresist layer with a substrateless, inclined, and rotational exposure (SIR exposure). The PCC achieves the uniform reduction of solvent across the photoresist thickness which is critically required for the formation of a sharp tip; the SIR exposure creates master molds whose geometry is easily customizable and virtually insensitive to a variation in ultraviolet (UV) exposure dose. A theoretical model for the spatiotemporal distribution of UV dose under SIR exposure is established to show the technological superiority of our method. Next, our method's applicability is proven by fabricating a set of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microneedles and performing both porcine skin penetration test and their in vitro degradation test. Our approach is verified to be robust in manufacturing mass-customizable molds for skin-perforable dissolving microneedles and to have high compatibility with almost all existing biodegradable polymers. The findings of this study lead to both a significant growth of dissolving microneedle-mediated drug delivery and better understanding of drug release kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeoncheol Lim
- Bioinspired Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Ha
- Bioinspired Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Bae
- Bioinspired Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Yoon
- Bioinspired Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Leanse LG, Zeng X, Dai T. Potentiated antimicrobial blue light killing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pyocyanin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 215:112109. [PMID: 33486397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance continues to threaten the efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapy, it is paramount that we investigate innovative approaches to treat infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial capabilities of the innovative combination of antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm wavelength) with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pigment pyocyanin against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSRA. We explored the effects of different radiant exposures of aBL and increasing concentrations of pyocyanin against planktonic cells and those within biofilms. In addition, we investigated the effect of the aBL/pyocyanin on the endogenous staphyloxanthin pigment, as well as the role of hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen scavenging in the efficacy of this combination. Lastly, we investigated the potential for the aBL/pyocyanin to reduce the MRSA burden within a proof-of-principle mouse abrasion infection model. We found pyocyanin to be a powerful potentiator of aBL activity under all in vitro conditions tested. In addition, we serendipitously discovered the capability of the aBL/pyocyanin combination to bleach staphyloxanthin within colonies of MRSA. Furthermore, we established that singlet oxygen is an important mediator during combined aBL/pyocyanin exposure. Moreover, we found that the combination of aBL and pyocyanin could significantly reduce the viability of MRSA within a proof-of-principle early onset MRSA skin abrasion infection. Exposure to the treatment did not have deleterious effects on skin tissue. In conclusion, the combination of aBL and pyocyanin represents a potentially powerful therapeutic modality for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Xiaojing Zeng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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22
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Buscone S, Mardaryev AN, Westgate GE, Uzunbajakava NE, Botchkareva NV. Cryptochrome 1 is modulated by blue light in human keratinocytes and exerts positive impact on human hair growth. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:271-277. [PMID: 33141439 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivation of cryptochrome-family proteins by blue light is a well-established reaction regulating physiology of plants, fungi, bacteria, insects and birds, while impact of blue light on cryptochrome synthesis and/or activity in human non-visual cells remains unknown. Here, we show that 453 nm blue light induces cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) accumulation in human keratinocytes and the hair follicle. CRY1 is prominently expressed in the human anagen hair follicle, including epithelial stem cells. Specific silencing of CRY1 promotes catagen, while stimulation of CRY1 by KL001 prolongs anagen ex vivo by altering the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and proliferation. Together, our study identifies a role for CRY1 in sustaining human hair growth. Previously, we demonstrated positive effects of 453 nm blue light on hair growth ex vivo. Taken all together, our study suggests that CRY1 might mediate blue light-dependent positive effects on hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Buscone
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei N Mardaryev
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Gillian E Westgate
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Natalia V Botchkareva
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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23
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Optical Waveguides and Integrated Optical Devices for Medical Diagnosis, Health Monitoring and Light Therapies. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143981. [PMID: 32709072 PMCID: PMC7411870 DOI: 10.3390/s20143981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguides and integrated optical devices are promising solutions for many applications, such as medical diagnosis, health monitoring and light therapies. Despite the many existing reviews focusing on the materials that these devices are made from, a systematic review that relates these devices to the various materials, fabrication processes, sensing methods and medical applications is still seldom seen. This work is intended to link these multidisciplinary fields, and to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances of these devices. Firstly, the optical and mechanical properties of optical waveguides based on glass, polymers and heterogeneous materials and fabricated via various processes are thoroughly discussed, together with their applications for medical purposes. Then, the fabrication processes and medical implementations of integrated passive and active optical devices with sensing modules are introduced, which can be used in many medical fields such as drug delivery and cardiovascular healthcare. Thirdly, wearable optical sensing devices based on light sensing methods such as colorimetry, fluorescence and luminescence are discussed. Additionally, the wearable optical devices for light therapies are introduced. The review concludes with a comprehensive summary of these optical devices, in terms of their forms, materials, light sources and applications.
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Leanse LG, Goh XS, Cheng JX, Hooper DC, Dai T. Dual-wavelength photo-killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134343. [PMID: 32493838 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the effectiveness of antimicrobials declining as antimicrobial resistance continues to threaten public health, we must look to alternative strategies for the treatment of infections. In this study, we investigated an innovative, drug-free, dual-wavelength irradiation approach that combines 2 wavelengths of light, 460 nm and 405 nm, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA was initially irradiated with 460-nm light (90-360 J/cm2) and subsequently irradiated with aliquots of 405-nm light (54-324 J/cm2). For in vivo studies, mouse skin was abraded and infected with approximately 107 CFUs of MRSA and incubated for 3 hours before irradiating with 460 nm (360 J/cm2) and 405 nm (342 J/cm2). Naive mouse skin was also irradiated to investigate apoptosis. We found that staphyloxanthin, the carotenoid pigment in MRSA cells, promoted resistance to the antimicrobial effects of 405-nm light. In addition, we found that the photolytic effect of 460-nm light on staphyloxanthin attenuated resistance of MRSA to 405-nm light killing. Irradiation of 460 nm alone did not elicit any antimicrobial effect on MRSA. In a proof-of-principle mouse skin abrasion infection model, we observed significant killing of MRSA using the dual-wavelength irradiation approach. However, when either wavelength of light was administered alone, no significant decrease in bacterial viability was observed. Moreover, exposure of the dual-wavelength irradiation to naive mouse skin did not result in any visible apoptosis. In conclusion, a dual-wavelength irradiation strategy may offer an innovative, effective, and safe approach for the treatment of skin infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, and
| | | | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, and
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Feng J, Jiang Q, Rogin P, de Oliveira PW, Del Campo A. Printed Soft Optical Waveguides of PLA Copolymers for Guiding Light into Tissue. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20287-20294. [PMID: 32285657 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of optical technologies in treating pathologies and monitoring disease states requires the development of soft, minimal invasive and implantable devices to deliver light to tissues inside the body. Here, we present soft and degradable optical waveguides from poly(d,l-lactide) and derived copolymers fabricated by extrusion printing in the desired dimensions and shapes. The obtained optical waveguides propagate VIS to NIR light in air and in tissue at penetration depths of tens of centimeters. Besides, the printed waveguides have elastomeric properties at body temperature and show softness and flexibility in the range relevant for implantable devices in soft organs. Printed waveguides were able to guide light across 8 cm tissue and activate photocleavage chemical reactions in a photoresponsive hydrogel (in vitro). The simplicity and flexibility of the fiber processing method and the optical and mechanical performance of the obtained waveguides exemplify how rational study of medically approved biomaterials can lead to useful inks for printing cost-effective and flexible optical components for potential use in medical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Qiyang Jiang
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Rogin
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter W de Oliveira
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Aránzazu Del Campo
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Narancic T, Cerrone F, Beagan N, O’Connor KE. Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E920. [PMID: 32326661 PMCID: PMC7240402 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of oil-based plastics and the continued growth of production and utilisation can be attributed to their cost, durability, strength to weight ratio, and eight contributions to the ease of everyday life. However, their mainly single use, durability and recalcitrant nature have led to a substantial increase of plastics as a fraction of municipal solid waste. The need to substitute single use products that are not easy to collect has inspired a lot of research towards finding sustainable replacements for oil-based plastics. In addition, specific physicochemical, biological, and degradation properties of biodegradable polymers have made them attractive materials for biomedical applications. This review summarises the advances in drug delivery systems, specifically design of nanoparticles based on the biodegradable polymers. We also discuss the research performed in the area of biophotonics and challenges and opportunities brought by the design and application of biodegradable polymers in tissue engineering. We then discuss state-of-the-art research in the design and application of biodegradable polymers in packaging and emphasise the advances in smart packaging development. Finally, we provide an overview of the biodegradation of these polymers and composites in managed and unmanaged environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Narancic
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
- BiOrbic - Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico Cerrone
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
- BiOrbic - Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Beagan
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Kevin E. O’Connor
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (T.N.); (F.C.); (N.B.)
- BiOrbic - Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Guo J, Yang C, Dai Q, Kong L. Soft and Stretchable Polymeric Optical Waveguide-Based Sensors for Wearable and Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3771. [PMID: 31480393 PMCID: PMC6749420 DOI: 10.3390/s19173771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed the rapid development in soft, stretchable, and biocompatible devices for applications in biomedical monitoring, personal healthcare, and human-machine interfaces. In particular, the design of soft devices in optics has attracted tremendous interests attributed to their distinct advantages such as inherent electrical safety, high stability in long-term operation, potential to be miniaturized, and free of electromagnetic interferences. As the alternatives to conventional rigid optical waveguides, considerable efforts have been made to develop light-guiding devices by using various transparent and elastic polymers, which offer desired physiomechanical properties and enable wearable/implantable applications in optical sensing, diagnostics, and therapy. Here, we review recent progress in soft and stretchable optical waveguides and sensors, including advanced structural design, fabrication strategies, and functionalities. Furthermore, the potential applications of those optical devices for various wearable and biomedical applications are discussed. It is expected that the newly emerged soft and stretchable optical technologies will provide a safe and reliable alternative to next-generation, smart wearables and healthcare devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Changxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingjie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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28
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Shan D, Gerhard E, Zhang C, Tierney JW, Xie D, Liu Z, Yang J. Polymeric biomaterials for biophotonic applications. Bioact Mater 2018; 3:434-445. [PMID: 30151431 PMCID: PMC6086320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing importance of optical techniques in medical diagnosis and treatment, there exists a pressing need to develop and optimize materials platform for biophotonic applications. Particularly, the design of biocompatible and biodegradable materials with desired optical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties is required to enable clinically relevant biophotonic devices for translating in vitro optical techniques into in situ and in vivo use. This technological trend propels the development of natural and synthetic polymeric biomaterials to replace traditional brittle, nondegradable silica glass based optical materials. In this review, we present an overview of the advances in polymeric optical material development, optical device design and fabrication techniques, and the accompanying applications to imaging, sensing and phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingying Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ethan Gerhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chenji Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John William Tierney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - Daniel Xie
- Assumption College School, Winsor, ON, Canada
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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29
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Christofi A. Strong magnetochiral dichroism in chiral/magnetic layered heterostructures. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5741-5744. [PMID: 30499982 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose a nonreciprocal heterostructure which combines magnetism and chirality in a simple, easy-to-fabricate design and exhibits at least two orders of magnitude larger magnetochiral dichroism, compared to other proposed metamaterials. This effect stems from the simultaneous lack of time-reversal and space-inversion symmetries and is enhanced by collective slow-photon modes originating from the strong bending of the photonic bands at the Brillouin zone boundaries. We investigate the optical properties of this bianisotropic multilayer heterostructure, consisting of consecutive bilayers of chiral and magnetic materials, embedded in air, and discuss the associated photonic band structure and transmission/absorption spectra obtained by means of full electrodynamic calculations.
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30
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Shabahang S, Kim S, Yun SH. Light-Guiding Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1706635. [PMID: 31435205 PMCID: PMC6703841 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201706635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Optical techniques used in medical diagnosis, surgery, and therapy require efficient and flexible delivery of light from light sources to target tissues. While this need is currently fulfilled by glass and plastic optical fibers, recent emergence of biointegrated approaches, such as optogenetics and implanted devices, call for novel waveguides with certain biophysical and biocompatible properties and desirable shapes beyond what the conventional optical fibers can offer. To this end, exploratory efforts have begun to harness various transparent biomaterials to develop waveguides that can serve existing applications better and enable new applications in future photomedicine. Here, we review the recent progress in this new area of research for developing biomaterial-based optical waveguides. We begin with a survey of biological light-guiding structures found in plants and animals, a source of inspiration for biomaterial photonics engineering. We describe natural and synthetic polymers and hydrogels that offer appropriate optical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical flexibility have been exploited for light-guiding applications. Finally, we briefly discuss perspectives on biomedical applications that may benefit from the unique properties and functionalities of light-guiding biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Shabahang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School. 65 Landsdowne Street,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seonghoon Kim
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School. 65 Landsdowne Street,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School. 65 Landsdowne Street,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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31
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Hassaninia I, Bostanabad R, Chen W, Mohseni H. Characterization of the Optical Properties of Turbid Media by Supervised Learning of Scattering Patterns. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15259. [PMID: 29127385 PMCID: PMC5681626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabricated tissue phantoms are instrumental in optical in-vitro investigations concerning cancer diagnosis, therapeutic applications, and drug efficacy tests. We present a simple non-invasive computational technique that, when coupled with experiments, has the potential for characterization of a wide range of biological tissues. The fundamental idea of our approach is to find a supervised learner that links the scattering pattern of a turbid sample to its thickness and scattering parameters. Once found, this supervised learner is employed in an inverse optimization problem for estimating the scattering parameters of a sample given its thickness and scattering pattern. Multi-response Gaussian processes are used for the supervised learning task and a simple setup is introduced to obtain the scattering pattern of a tissue sample. To increase the predictive power of the supervised learner, the scattering patterns are filtered, enriched by a regressor, and finally characterized with two parameters, namely, transmitted power and scaled Gaussian width. We computationally illustrate that our approach achieves errors of roughly 5% in predicting the scattering properties of many biological tissues. Our method has the potential to facilitate the characterization of tissues and fabrication of phantoms used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes over a wide range of optical spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hassaninia
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ramin Bostanabad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hooman Mohseni
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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32
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Murray CK, Hamblin MR, Hooper DC, Dai T. Antimicrobial blue light inactivation of pathogenic microbes: State of the art. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 33-35:1-22. [PMID: 29145971 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As an innovative non-antibiotic approach, antimicrobial blue light in the spectrum of 400-470nm has demonstrated its intrinsic antimicrobial properties resulting from the presence of endogenous photosensitizing chromophores in pathogenic microbes and, subsequently, its promise as a counteracter of antibiotic resistance. Since we published our last review of antimicrobial blue light in 2012, there have been a substantial number of new studies reported in this area. Here we provide an updated overview of the findings from the new studies over the past 5 years, including the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light inactivation of different microbes, its mechanism of action, synergism of antimicrobial blue light with other angents, its effect on host cells and tissues, the potential development of resistance to antimicrobial blue light by microbes, and a novel interstitial delivery approach of antimicrobial blue light. The potential new applications of antimicrobial blue light are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Center, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center of Digital Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Clinton K Murray
- Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Yang TD, Park K, Kim HJ, Im NR, Kim B, Kim T, Seo S, Lee JS, Kim BM, Choi Y, Baek SK. In vivo photothermal treatment with real-time monitoring by optical fiber-needle array. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3482-3492. [PMID: 28717583 PMCID: PMC5508844 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal treatment (PTT) using gold nanoshells (gold-NSs) is accepted as a method for treating cancer. However, owing to restrictions in therapeutic depth and skin damage caused by excessive light exposure, its application has been limited to lesions close to the epidermis. Here, we demonstrate an in vivo PTT method that uses gold-NSs with a flexible optical fiber-needle array (OFNA), which is an array of multiple needles in which multimode optical fibers are inserted, one in each, for light delivery. The light for PTT was directly administrated to subcutaneous tissues through the OFNA, causing negligible thermal damage to the skin. Enhancement of light energy delivery assisted by the OFNA in a target area was confirmed by investigation using artificial tissues. The ability of OFNA to treat cancer without causing cutaneous thermal damage was also verified by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and optical coherence tomography in cancer models in mice. In addition, the OFNA allowed for observation of the target site through an imaging fiber bundle. By imaging the activation of the injected gold-NSs, we were able to obtain information on the PTT process in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseok Daniel Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kwanjun Park
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kim
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Nu-Ri Im
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Physiology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - TaeHoon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sohyun Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Youngwoon Choi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Seung-Kuk Baek
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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34
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Wang Y, Harrington OD, Wang Y, Murray CK, Hamblin MR, Dai T. In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518072 DOI: 10.3791/54997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to the frequent failure of traditional antibiotic treatments. Alternative therapeutics are urgently needed to tackle MDR bacteria. An innovative non-antibiotic approach, antimicrobial blue light (aBL), has shown promising effectiveness against MDR infections. The mechanism of action of aBL is not yet well understood. It is commonly hypothesized that naturally occurring endogenous photosensitizing chromophores in bacteria (e.g., iron-free porphyrins, flavins, etc.) are excited by aBL, which in turn produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) through a photochemical process. Unlike another light-based antimicrobial approach, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), aBL therapy does not require the involvement of an exogenous photosensitizer. All it needs to take effect is the irradiation of blue light; therefore, it is simple and inexpensive. The aBL receptors are the endogenous cellular photosensitizers in bacteria, rather than the DNA. Thus, aBL is believed to be much less genotoxic to host cells than ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation, which directly causes DNA damage in host cells. In this paper, we present a protocol to assess the effectiveness of aBL therapy for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a mouse model of burn injury. By using an engineered bioluminescent strain, we were able to noninvasively monitor the extent of infection in real time in living animals. This technique is also an effective tool for monitoring the spatial distribution of infections in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Cancer Center, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Olivia D Harrington
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Ying Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School;
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35
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Buscone S, Mardaryev AN, Raafs B, Bikker JW, Sticht C, Gretz N, Farjo N, Uzunbajakava NE, Botchkareva NV. A new path in defining light parameters for hair growth: Discovery and modulation of photoreceptors in human hair follicle. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:705-718. [PMID: 28418107 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Though devices for hair growth based on low levels of light have shown encouraging results, further improvements of their efficacy is impeded by a lack of knowledge on the exact molecular targets that mediate physiological response in skin and hair follicle. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of selected light-sensitive receptors in the human hair follicle and to study the impact of UV-free blue light on hair growth ex vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of Opsin receptors in human skin and hair follicles has been characterized using RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence approaches. The functional significance of Opsin 3 was assessed by silencing its expression in the hair follicle cells followed by a transcriptomic profiling. Proprietary LED-based devices emitting two discrete visible wavelengths were used to access the effects of selected optical parameters on hair growth ex vivo and outer root sheath cells in vitro. RESULTS The expression of OPN2 (Rhodopsin) and OPN3 (Panopsin, Encephalopsin) was detected in the distinct compartments of skin and anagen hair follicle. Treatment with 3.2 J/cm2 of blue light with 453 nm central wavelength significantly prolonged anagen phase in hair follicles ex vivo that was correlated with sustained proliferation in the light-treated samples. In contrast, hair follicle treatment with 3.2 J/cm2 of 689 nm light (red light) did not significantly affect hair growth ex vivo. Silencing of OPN3 in the hair follicle outer root sheath cells resulted in the altered expression of genes involved in the control of proliferation and apoptosis, and abrogated stimulatory effects of blue light (3.2 J/cm2 ; 453 nm) on proliferation in the outer root sheath cells. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence that (i) OPN2 and OPN3 are expressed in human hair follicle, and (ii) A 453 nm blue light at low radiant exposure exerts a positive effect on hair growth ex vivo, potentially via interaction with OPN3. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:705-718, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Buscone
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Centre for Skin Sciences, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.,Philips Research, High Tech Campus 34, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei N Mardaryev
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Centre for Skin Sciences, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca Raafs
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 34, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W Bikker
- Consultants in Quantitative Methods BV, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Center of Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Center of Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Natalia V Botchkareva
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Centre for Skin Sciences, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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