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Bucsan R, Coroleucă R, Garhöfer G, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Schmetterer L, Iancu R. Confocal Microscopy of the Cornea in Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye Disease-A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1613. [PMID: 39125489 PMCID: PMC11311367 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a vital tool in studying dry eye disease (DED), providing insights into morphological changes at ocular surface unit levels. This review presents the main differences in corneal structure between aqueous-deficient dry eye disease (AD-DED) and normal eyes. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and MEDLINE databases from January 2000 to December 2023 was conducted. The study selection process, as well as data selection and examination, were independently performed by two members of the review team. RESULTS The review reveals a consistent decrease in corneal surface epithelial cell density in AD-DED cases compared to a control group, but conflicting data on basal epithelial cell density. Notably, the abnormal hyperreflectivity of keratocytes in patients with Sjogren's syndrome was recorded, and there was a significant keratocyte density in AD-DED subjects compared to evaporative DED and control groups. Studies also found a decrease in sub-basal nerve density, increased tortuosity, and the fragmentation of nerve fibers. Dendritic cell density and dendritic cell dendrites increase in AD-DED patients compared to healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS IVCM is a powerful tool for enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DED. However, the review underscores the urgent need to standardize the terminology, analysis, and units used for accurate interpretation, a crucial step in advancing our knowledge of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Bucsan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050747 Bucharest, Romania; (R.B.); (R.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Ruxandra Coroleucă
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050747 Bucharest, Romania; (R.B.); (R.C.); (R.I.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Alina Popa-Cherecheanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050747 Bucharest, Romania; (R.B.); (R.C.); (R.I.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- IOB—Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe De Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Raluca Iancu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050747 Bucharest, Romania; (R.B.); (R.C.); (R.I.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Fei K, Luo Z, Chen Y, Huang Y, Li S, Mazlin V, Boccara AC, Yuan J, Xiao P. Cellular structural and functional imaging of donor and pathological corneas with label-free dual-mode full-field optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3869-3888. [PMID: 38867788 PMCID: PMC11166435 DOI: 10.1364/boe.525116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a dual-mode full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) was customized for label-free static and dynamic imaging of corneal tissues, including donor grafts and pathological specimens. Static images effectively depict relatively stable structures such as stroma, scar, and nerve fibers, while dynamic images highlight cells with active intracellular metabolism, specifically for corneal epithelial cells. The dual-mode images complementarily demonstrate the 3D microstructural features of the cornea and limbus. Dual-modal imaging reveals morphological and functional changes in corneal epithelial cells without labeling, indicating cellular apoptosis, swelling, deformation, dynamic signal alterations, and distinctive features of inflammatory cells in keratoconus and corneal leukoplakia. These findings propose dual-mode FFOCT as a promising technique for cellular-level cornea and limbus imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhongzhou Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yupei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuancong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Saiqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Viacheslav Mazlin
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Albert Claude Boccara
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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3
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Neuhaus K, Khan S, Thaware O, Ni S, Aga M, Jia Y, Redd T, Chen S, Huang D, Jian Y. Real-time line-field optical coherence tomography for cellular resolution imaging of biological tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1059-1073. [PMID: 38404311 PMCID: PMC10890841 DOI: 10.1364/boe.511187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A real-time line-field optical coherence tomography (LF-OCT) system is demonstrated with image acquisition rates of up to 5000 B-frames or 2.5 million A-lines per second for 500 A-lines per B-frame. The system uses a high-speed low-cost camera to achieve continuous data transfer rates required for real-time imaging, allowing the evaluation of future applications in clinical or intraoperative environments. The light source is an 840 nm super-luminescent diode. Leveraging parallel computing with GPU and high speed CoaXPress data transfer interface, we were able to acquire, process, and display OCT data with low latency. The studied system uses anamorphic beam shaping in the detector arm, optimizing the field of view and sensitivity for imaging biological tissue at cellular resolution. The lateral and axial resolution measured in air were 1.7 µm and 6.3 µm, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate real-time inspection of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal on ex vivo corneoscleral wedges and real-time imaging of endothelial cells of human subjects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Neuhaus
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shanjida Khan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Omkar Thaware
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shuibin Ni
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mini Aga
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Travis Redd
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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4
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Zeppieri M, Marsili S, Enaholo ES, Shuaibu AO, Uwagboe N, Salati C, Spadea L, Musa M. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): A Brief Look at the Uses and Technological Evolution of Ophthalmology. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2114. [PMID: 38138217 PMCID: PMC10744394 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Medical imaging is the mainstay of clinical diagnosis and management. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technology that has revolutionized the field of ophthalmology. Since its introduction, OCT has undergone significant improvements in image quality, speed, and resolution, making it an essential diagnostic tool for various ocular pathologies. OCT has not only improved the diagnosis and management of ocular diseases but has also found applications in other fields of medicine. In this manuscript, we provide a brief overview of the history of OCT, its current uses and diagnostic capabilities to assess the posterior segment of the eye, and the evolution of this technology from time-domain (TD) to spectral-domain (SD) and swept-source (SS). This brief review will also discuss the limitations, advantages, disadvantages, and future perspectives of this technology in the field of ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Marsili
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ehimare Samuel Enaholo
- Centre for Sight Africa, Nkpor, Onitsha 434109, Nigeria
- Africa Eye Laser Centre Ltd., Benin 300102, Nigeria
| | | | - Ngozi Uwagboe
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Nigeria
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Nigeria
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5
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Chen W, Wang H. OCTSharp: an open-source and real-time OCT imaging software based on C. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6060-6071. [PMID: 38021120 PMCID: PMC10659780 DOI: 10.1364/boe.505308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demands massive data processing and real-time displaying during high-speed imaging. Current OCT imaging software is predominantly based on C++, aiming to maximize performance through low-level hardware management. However, the steep learning curve of C++ hinders agile prototyping, particularly for research purposes. Moreover, manual memory management poses challenges for novice developers and may lead to potential security issues. To address these limitations, OCTSharp is developed as an open-source OCT software based on the memory-safe language C#. Within the managed C# environment, OCTSharp offers synchronized hardware control, minimal memory management, and GPU-based parallel processing. The software has been thoroughly tested and proven capable of supporting real-time image acquisition, processing, and visualization with spectral-domain OCT systems equipped with the latest advanced hardware. With these enhancements, OCTSharp is positioned to serve as an open-source platform tailored for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Chen
- Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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6
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Huang J, Fan J, He Y, Shi G. Physical compensation method for dispersion of multiple materials in swept source optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300167. [PMID: 37378423 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
An ophthalmic swept source-optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system based on a high-speed scanning laser at 1060 nm with a scanning rate of 100 KHz is constructed. Since the sample arm of the interferometer is comprised of multiple glass materials, the ensuing dispersion severely degrades imaging quality. In this article, second-order dispersion simulation analysis for various materials was performed first, and dispersion equilibrium was implemented utilizing physical compensation methods. After dispersion compensation, an imaging depth in air of 4.013 mm was achieved in model eye experiments, and signal-to-noise ratio was enhanced by 11.6%, with a value of 53.8 dB. In vivo imaging of the human retina was performed to demonstrate structurally distinguishable retinal images, characterized by an axial resolution improvement of 19.8%, with a value of 7.7 μm close to the theoretical value of 7.5 μm. The proposed physical dispersion compensation method enhances imaging performance in SS-OCT systems, enabling visualization of several low scattering mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjie Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Guohua Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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7
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Pattan HF, Liu X, Tankam P. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of human corneal microstructures with optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4888-4900. [PMID: 37791273 PMCID: PMC10545177 DOI: 10.1364/boe.495242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging systems with cellular-level resolution offer the opportunity to identify biomarkers of the early stage of corneal diseases, enabling early intervention, monitoring of disease progression, and evaluating treatment efficacy. In this study, a non-contact polarization-dependent optical coherence microscope (POCM) was developed to enable non-invasive in vivo imaging of human corneal microstructures. The system integrated quarter-wave plates into the sample and reference arms of the interferometer to enable deeper penetration of light in tissues as well as mitigate the strong specular reflection from the corneal surface. A common-path approach was adopted to enable control over the polarization in a free space configuration, thus alleviating the need for a broadband polarization-maintained fiber. The POCM achieved volumetric imaging of corneal microstructures, including endothelial cells over a field of view 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 with an almost isotropic resolution of ∼2.2 µm and a volume (500 × 500 × 2048 voxels) rate of 1 Hz. A self-interference approach between the corneal surface and underlying layers was also developed to lessen the corneal curvature and axial motion artifacts, thus enabling high-resolution imaging of microstructures in the anterior cornea, including squamous epithelial cells, wing epithelial cells, basal epithelial cells, sub-basal nerve plexus, and stromal keratocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadiya F. Pattan
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Patrice Tankam
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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8
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Han L, Bizheva K. Correcting spatial-spectral crosstalk and chromatic aberrations in broadband line-scan spectral-domain OCT images. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3344-3361. [PMID: 37497512 PMCID: PMC10368066 DOI: 10.1364/boe.488881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Digital correction of optical aberrations allows for high-resolution imaging across the full depth range in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Many digital aberration correction (DAC) methods have been proposed in the past to evaluate and correct monochromatic error in OCT images. However, other factors that deteriorate the image quality have not been fully investigated. Specifically, in a broadband line-scan spectral-domain OCT system (LS-SD-OCT), photons with different wavelengths scattered from the same transverse location and in the imaged object will be projected onto different spatial coordinates onto the 2D camera sensor, which in this work is defined as spatial-spectral crosstalk. In addition, chromatic aberrations in both axial and lateral directions are not negligible for broad spectral bandwidths. Here we present a novel approach to digital recovery of the spatial resolution in images acquired with a broadband LS-SD-OCT, which addresses these two main factors that limit the effectiveness of DAC for restoring diffraction-limited resolution in LS-SD-OCT images. In the proposed approach, spatial-spectral crosstalk and chromatic aberrations are suppressed by the registration of monochromatic sub-band tomograms that are digitally corrected for aberrations. The new method was validated by imaging a standard resolution target, a microspheres phantom, and different biological tissues. LS-SD-OCT technology combined with the proposed novel image reconstruction method could be a valuable research tool for various biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kostadinka Bizheva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Zhang J, Mazlin V, Fei K, Boccara AC, Yuan J, Xiao P. Time-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (TD-FF-OCT) in ophthalmic imaging. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231170146. [PMID: 37152350 PMCID: PMC10161339 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231170146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular imaging plays an irreplaceable role in the evaluation of eye diseases. Developing cellular-resolution ophthalmic imaging technique for more accurate and effective diagnosis and pathogenesis analysis of ocular diseases is a hot topic in the cross-cutting areas of ophthalmology and imaging. Currently, ocular imaging with traditional optical coherence tomography (OCT) is limited in lateral resolution and thus can hardly resolve cellular structures. Conventional OCT technology obtains ultra-high resolution at the expense of a certain imaging range and cannot achieve full field of view imaging. In the early years, Time-domain full-field OCT (TD-FF-OCT) has been mainly used for ex vivo ophthalmic tissue studies, limited by the low speed and low full-well capacity of existing two-dimensional (2D) cameras. The recent improvements in system design opened new imaging possibilities for in vivo applications thanks to its distinctive optical properties of TD-FF-OCT such as a spatial resolution almost insensitive to aberrations, and the possibility to control the curvature of the optical slice. This review also attempts to look at the future directions of TD-FF-OCT evolution, for example, the potential transfer of the functional-imaging dynamic TD-FF-OCT from the ex vivo into in vivo use and its expected benefit in basic and clinical ophthalmic research. Through non-invasive, wide-field, and cellular-resolution imaging, TD-FF-OCT has great potential to be the next-generation imaging modality to improve our understanding of human eye physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Viacheslav Mazlin
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Keyi Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jinsui Road 7, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jinsui Road 7, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
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10
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Han L, Tan B, Schmetterer L, Bizheva K. Localized transverse flow measurement with dynamic light scattering line-scan OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:883-905. [PMID: 36874477 PMCID: PMC9979667 DOI: 10.1364/boe.484257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel decorrelation-based approach for measuring localized transverse flow velocity using line-scan (LS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) is proposed. The new approach allows for separation of the flow velocity component along the line-illumination direction of the imaging beam from other orthogonal velocity components, from particle diffusion motion, and from noise-induced distortion in the OCT signal's temporal autocorrelation. The new method was verified by imaging flow in a glass capillary and a microfluidic device and mapping the spatial distribution of the flow velocity within the beam's illumination plane. This method can be extended in the future to map the three-dimensional flow velocity fields for both ex-vivo and in-vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bingyao Tan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), 639798, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, 169856, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), 639798, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kostadinka Bizheva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Dept. of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Khan S, Neuhaus K, Thaware O, Ni S, Ju MJ, Redd T, Huang D, Jian Y. Corneal imaging with blue-light optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5004-5014. [PMID: 36187260 PMCID: PMC9484440 DOI: 10.1364/boe.465707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Corneal imaging is important for the diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of many eye diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is extensively used in ocular imaging due to its non-invasive and high-resolution volumetric imaging characteristics. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a technical variation of OCT that can image the cornea with cellular resolution. Here, we demonstrate a blue-light OCM as a low-cost and easily reproducible system to visualize corneal cellular structures such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratocytes, and collagen bundles within stromal lamellae. Our blue-light OCM system achieved an axial resolution of 12 µm in tissue over a 1.2 mm imaging depth, and a lateral resolution of 1.6 µm over a field of view of 750 µm × 750 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjida Khan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kai Neuhaus
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Omkar Thaware
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shuibin Ni
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Myeong Jin Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual
Sciences, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
BC, Canada
| | - Travis Redd
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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12
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Lawman S, Mason S, Kaye SB, Shen YC, Zheng Y. Accurate In Vivo Bowman's Thickness Measurement Using Mirau Ultrahigh Axial Resolution Line Field Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:6. [PMID: 35930278 PMCID: PMC9363679 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy, repeatability, and performance limits of in vivo Mirau ultrahigh axial resolution (UHR) line field spectral domain (LF-SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the measurement of Bowman's and epithelial thickness, and to provide a reference range of these values for healthy corneas. Methods Volunteers with no history and evidence of corneal disease were included in this study. An in vivo graph search image segmentation of the central cornea was obtained at the normal interface vector orientation. The Mirau-UHR-LF-SD-OCT system used has an axial resolution down to 2.4 µm in air (1.7 µm in tissue), with an A-scan speed of 204.8 kHz and a signal to noise ratio (sensitivity) of 69 (83) dB. Results Nine volunteers were included, one of whom wore contact lenses. The repeatability of mean Bowman's and epithelial thicknesses were 0.3 and 1.0 µm, respectively. The measured 95% population range for healthy in vivo thickness was 13.7 to 19.6 µm for the Bowman's layer, and 41.9 to 61.8 µm for the epithelial layer. Conclusions The measured thicknesses of Bowman's layer and the corneal epithelium using the Mirau-UHR-LF-SD-OCT were both accurate, with the range for healthy in vivo thicknesses matching prior confocal and OCT systems of varying axial resolutions, and repeatable, equaling the best value prior reported. Translational Relevance T1. Development of a commercially viable clinical UHR OCT technology, enabling accurate measurement and interpretation of Bowman's and epithelial layer thickness in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lawman
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Liverpool, UK.,University of Liverpool, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Department of Eye and Vision Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sharon Mason
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Department of Eye and Vision Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen B Kaye
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Department of Eye and Vision Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yao-Chun Shen
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yalin Zheng
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Department of Eye and Vision Science, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Han L, Tan B, Hosseinaee Z, Chen LK, Hileeto D, Bizheva K. Line-scanning SD-OCT for in-vivo, non-contact, volumetric, cellular resolution imaging of the human cornea and limbus. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4007-4020. [PMID: 35991928 PMCID: PMC9352278 DOI: 10.1364/boe.465916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo, non-contact, volumetric imaging of the cellular and sub-cellular structure of the human cornea and limbus with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is challenging due to involuntary eye motion that introduces both motion artifacts and blur in the OCT images. Here we present the design of a line-scanning (LS) spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography system that combines 2 × 3 × 1.7 µm (x, y, z) resolution in biological tissue with an image acquisition rate of ∼2,500 fps, and demonstrate its ability to image in-vivo and without contact with the tissue surface, the cellular structure of the human anterior segment tissues. Volumetric LS-SD-OCT images acquired over a field-of-view (FOV) of 0.7 mm × 1.4 mm reveal fine morphological details in the healthy human cornea, such as epithelial and endothelial cells, sub-basal nerves, as well as the cellular structure of the limbal crypts, the palisades of Vogt (POVs) and the blood microvasculature of the human limbus. LS-SD-OCT is a promising technology that can assist ophthalmologists with the early diagnostics and optimal treatment planning of ocular diseases affecting the human anterior eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
- Contributed equally
| | - Bingyao Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, 637460, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular
Engineering (STANCE), 639798, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute,
Singapore National Eye Center, 169856,
Singapore
- Contributed equally
| | - Zohreh Hosseinaee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Systems Design Engineering,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lin Kun Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Denise Hileeto
- School of Optometry and Vision Science,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kostadinka Bizheva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Systems Design Engineering,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Optometry and Vision Science,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1, Canada
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14
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Hilzenrat G, Gill ET, McArthur SL. Imaging approaches for monitoring three-dimensional cell and tissue culture systems. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100380. [PMID: 35357086 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increasing demand for more complex, reproducible and physiologically relevant tissue cultures that can mimic the structural and biological features of living tissues. Monitoring the viability, development and responses of such tissues in real-time are challenging due to the complexities of cell culture physical characteristics and the environments in which these cultures need to be maintained in. Significant developments in optics, such as optical manipulation, improved detection and data analysis, have made optical imaging a preferred choice for many three-dimensional (3D) cell culture monitoring applications. The aim of this review is to discuss the challenges associated with imaging and monitoring 3D tissues and cell culture, and highlight topical label-free imaging tools that enable bioengineers and biophysicists to non-invasively characterise engineered living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geva Hilzenrat
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma T Gill
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally L McArthur
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Duan Z, Huang K, Luo Z, Ma K, Wang G, Hu X, Zhang J, Luo X, Huang Y, Liu G, Ding X, Xiao P, Yuan J. Portable boom-type ultrahigh-resolution OCT with an integrated imaging probe for supine position retinal imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3295-3310. [PMID: 35781965 PMCID: PMC9208590 DOI: 10.1364/boe.456435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To expand the clinical applications and improve the ease of use of ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT), we developed a portable boom-type ophthalmic UHR-OCT operating in supine position that can be used for pediatric subjects, bedridden patients and perioperative conditions. By integrating the OCT sample arm probe with real-time iris display and automatic focusing electric lens for easy alignment, coupling the probe on a self-locking multi-directional manipulator to reduce motion artifacts and operator fatigue, and installing the OCT module on a moveable cart for system mobility, our customized portable boom-type UHR-OCT enables non-contact, high-resolution and high-stability retinal examinations to be performed on subjects in supine position. The spectral-domain UHR-OCT operates at a wavelength of 845 nm with 130 nm FWHM (full width at half maximum) bandwidth, achieving an axial resolution of ≈2.3µm in tissue with an A-line acquisition rate up to 128 kHz. A high-definition two-dimensional (2D) raster protocol was used for high-quality cross-sectional imaging while a cube volume three-dimensional (3D) scan was used for three-dimensional imaging and en-face reconstruction, resolving major layer structures of the retina. The feasibility of the system was demonstrated by performing supine position 2D/3D retinal imaging on healthy human subjects, sedated infants, and non-sedated awake neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- the authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongzhou Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Gengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuancong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
- the authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Peng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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16
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Musial G, Kohlfaerber T, Ahrens M, Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Steven P, Hüttmann G. Dynamic Contrast Microscopic Optical Coherence Tomography As a Novel Method for Assessing Corneal Epithelium During Exposure to Benzalkonium Chloride. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35622381 PMCID: PMC9145126 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) has an imaging resolution of 1 µm in all voxel dimensions, but individual epithelial cells are difficult to resolve due to lack of scattering contrast. Adding dynamic contrast processing to mOCT (dmOCT) results in color images that enable visualization of individual cells and possibly give information on cellular function via the calculation of a motility coefficient. We propose this technique as a novel method of evaluating the ocular surface after exposure to a toxic chemical, benzalkonium chloride (BAK). Methods Ex vivo cross-section images were acquired with a custom-built, frequency-domain mOCT system. Eyes were explanted from healthy adult C57BL/6 mice and imaged every 30 minutes with five sets of dmOCT scans at each imaging time. Total epithelium and stroma thicknesses were measured from a single mOCT B-scan, and measures of color changes (hue) and the motility coefficient were acquired from dmOCT scans. Results After 30-minute exposures to 0.005% BAK, local motility decreased and total epithelium thickness increased compared to controls. For basal epithelium cells, local motility decreased after 60-minute exposures, and the hue shifted red after 90-minute exposures. Stroma thickness did not significantly swell until 150-minute exposures to BAK. Conclusions dmOCT allows us to view the behavior of the cornea epithelium under toxic stress due to BAK, revealing parallel swelling of the extracellular matrix and changes in local subcellular motion. Translational Relevance The evaluation of the cornea epithelium using dmOCT is helpful to our understanding of the toxic effects of BAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Musial
- University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ahrens
- Institute of Biomedial Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedial Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL, 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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17
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Bernstein L, Ramier A, Wu J, Aiello VD, Béland MJ, Lin CP, Yun SH. Ultrahigh resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using the 1000-1600 nm spectral band. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1939-1947. [PMID: 35519264 PMCID: PMC9045918 DOI: 10.1364/boe.443654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) can image microscopic features that are not visible with the standard OCT resolution of 5-15 µm. In previous studies, high-speed UHR-OCT has been accomplished within the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR-I) spectral ranges, specifically within 550-950 nm. Here, we present a spectral domain UHR-OCT system operating in a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) range from 1000 to 1600 nm using a supercontinuum light source and an InGaAs-based spectrometer. We obtained an axial resolution of 2.6 µm in air, the highest ever recorded in the SWIR window to our knowledge, with deeper penetration into tissues than VIS or NIR-I light. We demonstrate imaging of conduction fibers of the left bundle branch in freshly excised porcine hearts. These results suggest a potential for deep-penetration, ultrahigh resolution OCT in intraoperative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Bernstein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Antoine Ramier
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China,Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Vera D. Aiello
- Laboratory of Pathology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie J. Béland
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Montreal Children’s Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
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18
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Preston FG, Meng Y, Burgess J, Ferdousi M, Azmi S, Petropoulos IN, Kaye S, Malik RA, Zheng Y, Alam U. Artificial intelligence utilising corneal confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65:457-466. [PMID: 34806115 PMCID: PMC8803718 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based deep learning algorithm (DLA) applying attribution methods without image segmentation to corneal confocal microscopy images and to accurately classify peripheral neuropathy (or lack of). METHODS The AI-based DLA utilised convolutional neural networks with data augmentation to increase the algorithm's generalisability. The algorithm was trained using a high-end graphics processor for 300 epochs on 329 corneal nerve images and tested on 40 images (1 image/participant). Participants consisted of healthy volunteer (HV) participants (n = 90) and participants with type 1 diabetes (n = 88), type 2 diabetes (n = 141) and prediabetes (n = 50) (defined as impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or a combination of both), and were classified into HV, those without neuropathy (PN-) (n = 149) and those with neuropathy (PN+) (n = 130). For the AI-based DLA, a modified residual neural network called ResNet-50 was developed and used to extract features from images and perform classification. The algorithm was tested on 40 participants (15 HV, 13 PN-, 12 PN+). Attribution methods gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), Guided Grad-CAM and occlusion sensitivity displayed the areas within the image that had the greatest impact on the decision of the algorithm. RESULTS The results were as follows: HV: recall of 1.0 (95% CI 1.0, 1.0), precision of 0.83 (95% CI 0.65, 1.0), F1-score of 0.91 (95% CI 0.79, 1.0); PN-: recall of 0.85 (95% CI 0.62, 1.0), precision of 0.92 (95% CI 0.73, 1.0), F1-score of 0.88 (95% CI 0.71, 1.0); PN+: recall of 0.83 (95% CI 0.58, 1.0), precision of 1.0 (95% CI 1.0, 1.0), F1-score of 0.91 (95% CI 0.74, 1.0). The features displayed by the attribution methods demonstrated more corneal nerves in HV, a reduction in corneal nerves for PN- and an absence of corneal nerves for PN+ images. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrate promising results in the rapid classification of peripheral neuropathy using a single corneal image. A large-scale multicentre validation study is required to assess the utility of AI-based DLA in screening and diagnostic programmes for diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Preston
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yanda Meng
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jamie Burgess
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences and the Pain Research Institute, University of Liverpool and Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maryam Ferdousi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Manchester and Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Shazli Azmi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Manchester and Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Stephen Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Yalin Zheng
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Uazman Alam
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences and the Pain Research Institute, University of Liverpool and Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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19
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Mazlin V, Xiao P, Irsch K, Scholler J, Groux K, Grieve K, Fink M, Boccara AC. Optical phase modulation by natural eye movements: application to time-domain FF-OCT image retrieval. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:902-920. [PMID: 35284184 PMCID: PMC8884228 DOI: 10.1364/boe.445393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Eye movements are commonly seen as an obstacle to high-resolution ophthalmic imaging. In this context we study the natural axial movements of the in vivo human eye and show that they can be used to modulate the optical phase and retrieve tomographic images via time-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (TD-FF-OCT). This approach opens a path to a simplified ophthalmic TD-FF-OCT device, operating without the usual piezo motor-camera synchronization. The device demonstrates in vivo human corneal images under the different image retrieval schemes (2-phase and 4-phase) and different exposure times (3.5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms). Data on eye movements, acquired with a spectral-domain OCT with axial eye tracking (180 B-scans/s), are used to study the influence of ocular motion on the probability of capturing high-signal tomographic images without phase washout. The optimal combinations of camera acquisition speed and amplitude of piezo modulation are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Mazlin
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Peng Xiao
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kristina Irsch
- Vision Institute, Sorbonne University, CNRS, INSERM, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jules Scholler
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kassandra Groux
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Vision Institute, Sorbonne University, CNRS, INSERM, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Mathias Fink
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A. Claude Boccara
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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20
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Spaide RF, Otto T, Caujolle S, Kübler J, Aumann S, Fischer J, Reisman C, Spahr H, Lessmann A. Lateral Resolution of a Commercial Optical Coherence Tomography Instrument. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35044444 PMCID: PMC8787587 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The lateral resolution of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) instrument was considered to be equal to the illumination spot size on the retina. To evaluate the potential lateral resolution of the Spectralis OCT, an instrument calculated to have a 14 µm resolution. Methods The lateral point spread function (PSF) was evaluated using diamond abrasive powder 0 to 1 µm in diameter in silicone elastomer and a validated target with 800 nm FeO particles in urethane. The amplitude transfer function was calculated from human OCT images. Finally, resolution was measured using the 1951 USAF target. Results Measurement of the lateral PSF from 1215 diamond particle images yielded a full-width half maximum (FWHM) to be 5.11 µm and for 732 FeO particles, 4.9 µm. From the amplitude transfer function, the FWHM of the diffraction limited PSF was calculated to be 5.0 µm. The USAF target imaging showed a lateral resolution of 4.6 µm. Conclusions Although a calculation of the spot size of the illumination beam was reported in the past as the lateral resolution of the OCT instrument, the actual lateral resolution is better by a factor of at least 2.5 times. The clinically used A-scan spacing was derived from the calculated, and not the true resolution, and results in under sampling. This set of findings likely apply to all commercial clinical instruments. Translational Relevance The scan density parameters of past and present commercial OCT instruments were based on earlier translational concepts, which now appear to have been incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F. Spaide
- Vitreous Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tilman Otto
- Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Silke Aumann
- Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Mezni I, Ben Slama A, Mbarki Z, Seddik H, Trabelsi H. Automated identification of SD-optical coherence tomography derived macular diseases by combining 3D-block-matching and deep learning techniques. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2021.1926329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Mezni
- ISTMT, Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Technologies (LRBTM), LR13ES07, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Ben Slama
- ISTMT, Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Technologies (LRBTM), LR13ES07, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Hedi Trabelsi
- ISTMT, Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Technologies (LRBTM), LR13ES07, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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22
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Schenk MS, Wartak A, Buehler V, Zhao J, Tearney GJ, Birngruber R, Kassumeh S. Advances in Imaging of Subbasal Corneal Nerves With Micro-Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:22. [PMID: 34779835 PMCID: PMC8606792 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the most peripheral corneal nerve plexus using high-resolution micro-optical coherence tomography (µOCT) imaging and to assess µOCT's clinical potential as a screening tool for corneal and systemic diseases. Methods An experimental high-resolution (1.5 × 1.5 × 1 µm) µOCT setup was applied for three-dimensional imaging of the subbasal nerve plexus in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and swine within 3 hours postmortem. Morphologic features of subbasal nerves in µOCT were compared to β3 tubulin-stained fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM). Parameters such as nerve density, nerve distribution, and imaging repeatability were evaluated, using semiautomatic image analysis in form of a custom corneal surface segmentation algorithm and NeuronJ. Results Swine and NHP corneas showed the species-specific nerve morphology in both imaging modalities. Most fibers showed a linear course, forming a highly parallel pattern, converging in a vortex with overall nerve densities varying between 9.51 and 24.24 mm/mm2. The repeatability of nerve density quantification of the µOCT scans as approximately 88% in multiple image recordings of the same cornea. Conclusions Compared to the current gold standard of FCM, µOCT's larger field of view of currently 1 × 1 mm increases the conclusiveness of density measurements, which, coupled with µOCT's feature of not requiring direct contact, shows promise for future clinical application. The nerve density quantification may be relevant for screening for systemic disease (e.g., peripheral neuropathy). Translational Relevance Technological advances in OCT technology may enable a quick assessment of corneal nerve density, which could be valuable evaluating ophthalmic and systemic peripheral innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle S Schenk
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wartak
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Verena Buehler
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jie Zhao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Reginald Birngruber
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Kassumeh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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23
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Münter M, Pieper M, Kohlfaerber T, Bodenstorfer E, Ahrens M, Winter C, Huber R, König P, Hüttmann G, Schulz-Hildebrandt H. Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) at 600 kHz for 4D volumetric imaging and dynamic contrast. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6024-6039. [PMID: 34745719 PMCID: PMC8547980 DOI: 10.1364/boe.425001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric imaging of dynamic processes with microscopic resolution holds a huge potential in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. Using supercontinuum light sources and high numerical aperture (NA) objectives, optical coherence tomography (OCT) achieves microscopic resolution and is well suited for imaging cellular and subcellular structures of biological tissues. Currently, the imaging speed of microscopic OCT (mOCT) is limited by the line-scan rate of the spectrometer camera and ranges from 30 to 250 kHz. This is not fast enough for volumetric imaging of dynamic processes in vivo and limits endoscopic application. Using a novel CMOS camera, we demonstrate fast 3-dimensional OCT imaging with 600,000 A-scans/s at 1.8 µm axial and 1.1 µm lateral resolution. The improved speed is used for imaging of ciliary motion and particle transport in ex vivo mouse trachea. Furthermore, we demonstrate dynamic contrast OCT by evaluating the recorded volumes rather than en face planes or B-scans. High-speed volumetric mOCT will enable the correction of global tissue motion and is a prerequisite for applying dynamic contrast mOCT in vivo. With further increase in imaging speed and integration in flexible endoscopes, volumetric mOCT may be used to complement or partly replace biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Münter
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mario Pieper
- University of
Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160,
23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Kohlfaerber
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ernst Bodenstorfer
- Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Ahrens
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | | | - Robert Huber
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter König
- University of
Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160,
23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
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24
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Liu Q, Li SM, Zhou DP, Jing Z, Peng W. Compressed-sensing fiber-optic white light interferometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4944-4947. [PMID: 34598239 DOI: 10.1364/ol.439278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose a dynamic fiber-optic white light interferometry (WLI) based on the compressed-sensing (CS) principle. The time-varying interference spectra of a Fabry-Perot cavity under vibration are considered as a two-dimensional (2D) signal with respect to both laser wavelength and time, which can be compressively sampled using a programmable semiconductor laser source during the measurement process. After CS reconstruction, the spectrum acquisition rate is equal to the random wavelength modulation rate, up to 10 MHz in this Letter, providing an attractive alternative to laser-based dynamic interferometry. Numerical simulations and nanometer-scale vibration experiments verify the effectiveness of the scheme.
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25
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Sterenczak KA, Winter K, Sperlich K, Stahnke T, Linke S, Farrokhi S, Klemm M, Allgeier S, Köhler B, Reichert KM, Guthoff RF, Bohn S, Stachs O. Morphological characterization of the human corneal epithelium by in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1737-1750. [PMID: 33936961 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Regarding the growing interest and importance of understanding the cellular changes of the cornea in diseases, a quantitative cellular characterization of the epithelium is becoming increasingly important. Towards this, the latest research offers considerable improvements in imaging of the cornea by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This study presents a pipeline to generate normative morphological data of epithelial cell layers of healthy human corneas. Methods 3D in vivo CLSM was performed on the eyes of volunteers (n=25) with a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II equipped with an in-house modified version of the Rostock Cornea Module implementing two dedicated piezo actuators and a concave contact cap. Image data were acquired with nearly isotropic voxel resolution. After image registration, stacks of en-face sections were used to generate full-thickness volume data sets of the epithelium. Beyond that, an image analysis algorithm quantified en-face sections of epithelial cells regarding the depth-dependent mean of cell density, area, diameter, aggregation (Clark and Evans index of aggregation), neighbor count and polygonality. Results Imaging and cell segmentation were successfully performed in all subjects. Thereby intermediated cells were efficiently recognized by the segmentation algorithm while efficiency for superficial and basal cells was reduced. Morphological parameters showed an increased mean cell density, decreased mean cell area and mean diameter from anterior to posterior (5,197.02 to 8,190.39 cells/mm2; 160.51 to 90.29 µm2; 15.9 to 12.3 µm respectively). Aggregation gradually increased from anterior to posterior ranging from 1.45 to 1.53. Average neighbor count increased from 5.50 to a maximum of 5.66 followed by a gradual decrease to 5.45 within the normalized depth from anterior to posterior. Polygonality gradually decreased ranging from 4.93 to 4.64 sides of cells. The neighbor count and polygonality parameters exhibited profound depth-dependent changes. Conclusions This in vivo study demonstrates the successful implementation of a CLSM-based imaging pipeline for cellular characterization of the human corneal epithelium. The dedicated hardware in combination with an adapted image registration method to correct the remaining motion-induced image distortions followed by a dedicated algorithm to calculate characteristic quantities of different epithelial cell layers enabled the generation of normative data. Further significant effort is necessary to improve the algorithm for superficial and basal cell segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Sperlich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Stahnke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Linke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Zentrumsehstärke, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sanaz Farrokhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Klemm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Allgeier
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernd Köhler
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus-Martin Reichert
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rudolf F Guthoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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26
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Wei X, Hormel TT, Jia Y. Phase-stabilized complex-decorrelation angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2419-2431. [PMID: 33996238 PMCID: PMC8086438 DOI: 10.1364/boe.420503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel phase-stabilized complex-decorrelation (PSCD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) method that can generate high quality OCTA images. This method has been validated using three different types of OCT systems and compared with conventional complex- and amplitude-based OCTA algorithms. Our results suggest that in combination with a pre-processing phase stabilization method, the PSCD method is insensitive to bulk motion phase shifts, less dependent on OCT reflectance than conventional complex methods and demonstrates extended dynamic range of flow signal, in contrast to other two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wei
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineer, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Tristan T. Hormel
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineer, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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27
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Bohn S, Sperlich K, Stahnke T, Schünemann M, Stolz H, Guthoff RF, Stachs O. Multiwavelength confocal laser scanning microscopy of the cornea. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5689-5700. [PMID: 33149979 PMCID: PMC7587261 DOI: 10.1364/boe.397615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Confocal reflectance microscopy has demonstrated the ability to produce in vivo images of corneal tissue with sufficient cellular resolution to diagnose a broad range of corneal conditions. To investigate the spectral behavior of corneal reflectance imaging, a modified laser ophthalmoscope was used. Imaging was performed in vivo on a human cornea as well as ex vivo on porcine and lamb corneae. Various corneal layers were imaged at the wavelengths 488 nm, 518 nm, and 815 nm and compared regarding image quality and differences in the depicted structures. Besides the wavelength- and depth-dependent scattering background, which impairs the image quality, a varying spectral reflectance of certain structures could be observed. Based on the obtained results, this paper emphasizes the importance of choosing the appropriate light source for corneal imaging. For the examination of the epithelial layers and the endothelium, shorter wavelengths should be preferred. In the remaining layers, longer wavelength light has the advantage of less scattering loss and a potentially higher subject compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bohn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter, University Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Karsten Sperlich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter, University Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Thomas Stahnke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter, University Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Melanie Schünemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter, University Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Heinrich Stolz
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rudolf F Guthoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter, University Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter, University Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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28
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Wartak A, Schenk MS, Bühler V, Kassumeh SA, Birngruber R, Tearney GJ. Micro-optical coherence tomography for high-resolution morphologic imaging of cellular and nerval corneal micro-structures. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5920-5933. [PMID: 33149996 PMCID: PMC7587290 DOI: 10.1364/boe.402971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the highest resolution (1.5×1.5×1 µm) micrometer optical coherence tomography (µOCT) imaging of the morphologic micro-structure of excised swine and non-human primate corneas. Besides epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cell morphology, this report focuses on investigating the most peripheral corneal nerve fibers, the nerve fibers of the subbasal plexus (SBP). Alterations of SBP nerve density and composition are reportedly linked to major neurologic disorders, such as diabetic neuropathy, potentially indicating earliest onsets of denervation. Here, the fine, hyperreflective, epithelial nerve structures located just above Bowman's membrane, are i) visualized using our µOCT prototype, ii) validated by comparison to fluorescence confocal microscopy (including selective immunohistochemical staining), and iii) segmented using state-of-the-art image processing. Here, we also introduce polarization sensitive (PS) µOCT imaging, demonstrating, to the best of our knowledge, the highest resolution corneal PS-OCT scans reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wartak
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- co-first authors
| | - Merle S. Schenk
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
- co-first authors
| | - Verena Bühler
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Kassumeh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Reginald Birngruber
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- co-senior authors
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- co-senior authors
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29
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Oikawa K, Oida D, Makita S, Yasuno Y. Bulk-phase-error correction for phase-sensitive signal processing of optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5886-5902. [PMID: 33149994 PMCID: PMC7587287 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical phase stabilization method for phase-sensitive signal processing of optical coherence tomography (OCT). This method removes the bulk phase error caused by the axial bulk motion of the sample and the environmental perturbation during volumetric acquisition. In this method, the partial derivatives of the phase error are computed along both fast and slow scanning directions, so that the vectorial gradient field of the phase error is given. Then, the phase error is estimated from the vectorial gradient field by a newly developed line integration method; a smart integration path method. The performance of this method was evaluated by analyzing the spatial frequency spectra of en face OCT images, and it objectively shows the significant phase-error-correction ability of the method. The performance was also evaluated by observing computationally refocused en face images of ex vivo tissue samples, and it was found that the image quality was improved by the phase-error correction.
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30
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Shi C, Wang M, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Lu F, Shen M. Machine learning helps improve diagnostic ability of subclinical keratoconus using Scheimpflug and OCT imaging modalities. EYE AND VISION 2020; 7:48. [PMID: 32974414 PMCID: PMC7507244 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-020-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop an automated classification system using a machine learning classifier to distinguish clinically unaffected eyes in patients with keratoconus from a normal control population based on a combination of Scheimpflug camera images and ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) imaging data. Methods A total of 121 eyes from 121 participants were classified by 2 cornea experts into 3 groups: normal (50 eyes), with keratoconus (38 eyes) or with subclinical keratoconus (33 eyes). All eyes were imaged with a Scheimpflug camera and UHR-OCT. Corneal morphological features were extracted from the imaging data. A neural network was used to train a model based on these features to distinguish the eyes with subclinical keratoconus from normal eyes. Fisher’s score was used to rank the differentiable power of each feature. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to obtain the area under the ROC curves (AUCs). Results The developed classification model used to combine all features from the Scheimpflug camera and UHR-OCT dramatically improved the differentiable power to discriminate between normal eyes and eyes with subclinical keratoconus (AUC = 0.93). The variation in the thickness profile within each individual in the corneal epithelium extracted from UHR-OCT imaging ranked the highest in differentiating eyes with subclinical keratoconus from normal eyes. Conclusion The automated classification system using machine learning based on the combination of Scheimpflug camera data and UHR-OCT imaging data showed excellent performance in discriminating eyes with subclinical keratoconus from normal eyes. The epithelial features extracted from the OCT images were the most valuable in the discrimination process. This classification system has the potential to improve the differentiable power of subclinical keratoconus and the efficiency of keratoconus screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shi
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 12624 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
| | - Yufeng Ye
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
| | - Sisi Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
| | - Meixiao Shen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027 China
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31
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Schlereth SL, Hos D, Matthaei M, Hamrah P, Schmetterer L, O'Leary O, Ullmer C, Horstmann J, Bock F, Wacker K, Schröder H, Notara M, Haagdorens M, Nuijts RMMA, Dunker SL, Dickman MM, Fauser S, Scholl HPN, Wheeler-Schilling T, Cursiefen C. New Technologies in Clinical Trials in Corneal Diseases and Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency: Review from the European Vision Institute Special Interest Focus Group Meeting. Ophthalmic Res 2020; 64:145-167. [PMID: 32634808 DOI: 10.1159/000509954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To discuss and evaluate new technologies for a better diagnosis of corneal diseases and limbal stem cell deficiency, the outcomes of a consensus process within the European Vision Institute (and of a workshop at the University of Cologne) are outlined. Various technologies are presented and analyzed for their potential clinical use also in defining new end points in clinical trials. The disease areas which are discussed comprise dry eye and ocular surface inflammation, imaging, and corneal neovascularization and corneal grafting/stem cell and cell transplantation. The unmet needs in the abovementioned disease areas are discussed, and realistically achievable new technologies for better diagnosis and use in clinical trials are outlined. To sum up, it can be said that there are several new technologies that can improve current diagnostics in the field of ophthalmology in the near future and will have impact on clinical trial end point design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona L Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany, .,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
| | - Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Matthaei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Cornea Service and Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivia O'Leary
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Horstmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katrin Wacker
- Eye Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michel Haagdorens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Optics and Visual Rehabilitation, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suryan L Dunker
- University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mor M Dickman
- University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Wheeler-Schilling
- European Vision Institute EEIG, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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32
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Weber TD, Mertz J. In vivo corneal and lenticular microscopy with asymmetric fundus retroillumination. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3263-3273. [PMID: 32637253 PMCID: PMC7316012 DOI: 10.1364/boe.391815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new technique for non-contact in vivo corneal and lenticular microscopy. It is based on fundus retro-reflection and back-illumination of the crystalline lens and cornea. To enhance phase-gradient contrast, we apply asymmetric illumination by illuminating one side of the fundus. The technique produces micron-scale lateral resolution images across a 1 mm diagonal field of view in the central cornea. We show representative images of the epithelium, the subbasal nerve plexus, large stromal nerves, dendritic immune cells, endothelial nuclei, and the anterior crystalline lens, demonstrating the potential of this instrument for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Weber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Auksorius E, Borycki D, Stremplewski P, Liżewski K, Tomczewski S, Niedźwiedziuk P, Sikorski BL, Wojtkowski M. In vivo imaging of the human cornea with high-speed and high-resolution Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2849-2865. [PMID: 32499965 PMCID: PMC7249809 DOI: 10.1364/boe.393801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Corneal evaluation in ophthalmology necessitates cellular-resolution and fast imaging techniques that allow for accurate diagnoses. Currently, the fastest volumetric imaging technique is Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (FD-FF-OCT), which uses a fast camera and a rapidly tunable laser source. Here, we demonstrate high-resolution, high-speed, non-contact corneal volumetric imaging in vivo with FD-FF-OCT that can acquire a single 3D volume with a voxel rate of 7.8 GHz. The spatial coherence of the laser source was suppressed to prevent it from focusing on a spot on the retina, and therefore, exceeding the maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The inherently volumetric nature of FD-FF-OCT data enabled flattening of curved corneal layers. The acquired FD-FF-OCT images revealed corneal cellular structures, such as epithelium, stroma and endothelium, as well as subbasal and mid-stromal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidijus Auksorius
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Equal contribution
| | - Dawid Borycki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Equal contribution
| | - Patrycjusz Stremplewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Liżewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Tomczewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedziuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz L. Sikorski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie St., Bydgoszcz 85-309, Poland
- Oculomedica Eye Research & Development Center, 9 Broniewskiego St, 85-391 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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34
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Mazlin V, Xiao P, Scholler J, Irsch K, Grieve K, Fink M, Boccara AC. Real-time non-contact cellular imaging and angiography of human cornea and limbus with common-path full-field/SD OCT. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1868. [PMID: 32313067 PMCID: PMC7171111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's clinics, a cell-resolution view of the cornea can be achieved only with a confocal microscope (IVCM) in contact with the eye. Here, we present a common-path full-field/spectral-domain OCT microscope (FF/SD OCT), which enables cell-detail imaging of the entire ocular surface in humans (central and peripheral cornea, limbus, sclera, tear film) without contact and in real-time. Real-time performance is achieved through rapid axial eye tracking and simultaneous defocusing correction. Images contain cells and nerves, which can be quantified over a millimetric field-of-view, beyond the capability of IVCM and conventional OCT. In the limbus, palisades of Vogt, vessels, and blood flow can be resolved with high contrast without contrast agent injection. The fast imaging speed of 275 frames/s (0.6 billion pixels/s) allows direct monitoring of blood flow dynamics, enabling creation of high-resolution velocity maps. Tear flow velocity and evaporation time can be measured without fluorescein administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Mazlin
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Peng Xiao
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jules Scholler
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Kristina Irsch
- Vision Institute/CIC 1423, Sorbonne University, UMR_S 968/INSERM, U968/CNRS, UMR_7210, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Vision Institute/CIC 1423, Sorbonne University, UMR_S 968/INSERM, U968/CNRS, UMR_7210, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Fink
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - A Claude Boccara
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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Elhardt C, Wertheimer CM, Wartak A, Zhao J, Leung HM, Kassumeh SA, Yin B, Tearney GJ, Birngruber R. Stromal Nerve Imaging and Tracking Using Micro-Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:6. [PMID: 32821478 PMCID: PMC7401960 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To image, track and map the nerve fiber distribution in excised rabbit corneas over the entire stromal thickness using micro-optical coherence tomography (µOCT) to develop a screening tool for early peripheral neuropathy. Methods Excised rabbit corneas were consecutively imaged by a custom-designed µOCT prototype and a commercial laser scanning fluorescence confocal microscope. The µOCT images with a field of view of approximately 1 × 1 mm were recorded with axial and transverse resolutions of approximately 1 µm and approximately 4 µm, respectively. In the volumetric µOCT image data, network maps of hyper-reflective, branched structures traversing different stromal compartments were segmented using semiautomatic image processing algorithms. Furthermore, the same corneas received βIII-tubulin antibody immunostaining before digital confocal microscopy, and a comparison between µOCT image data and immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to validate the nerval origin of the tracked network structures. Results Semiautomatic tracing of the nerves with a high range of different thicknesses was possible through the whole corneal volumes, creating a skeleton of the traced nerves. There was a good conformity between the hyper-reflective structures in the µOCT data and the stained nerval structures in the immunohistochemistry data. Conclusions This article demonstrates nerval imaging and tracking as well as a spatial correlation between µOCT and a fluorescence corneal nerve standard for larger nerves throughout the full thickness of the cornea ex vivo. Translational Relevance Owing to its advantageous properties, µOCT may become useful as a noncontact method for assessing nerval structures in humans to screen for early peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Elhardt
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian M Wertheimer
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wartak
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan A Kassumeh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Biwei Yin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reginald Birngruber
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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36
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Hong XJJ, Suchand Sandeep CS, Shinoj VK, Aung T, Barathi VA, Baskaran M, Murukeshan VM. Noninvasive and Noncontact Sequential Imaging of the Iridocorneal Angle and the Cornea of the Eye. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 32821473 PMCID: PMC7401920 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose High-resolution imaging of the critical anatomic structures of the eye, especially of the anterior chamber, in vivo, remains a challenge, even with currently available state-of-the-art medical imaging techniques. This study aims for the noninvasive and noncontact sequential imaging of the iridocorneal angle, especially the trabecular meshwork (TM) and the cornea of the eye in high-resolution using a newly developed imaging platform. Methods Bessel beam scanned light sheet fluorescence microscopy is used to attain high-resolution images of the TM. The ability of the Bessel beam to self-reconstruct around obstacles increases the image contrast at the TM region inside eye by reducing scattering and shadow artifacts. With minimal modifications, the excitation arm of the developed imaging system is adapted for noncontact, high-resolution corneal imaging. Results High-resolution images of the TM structures and cellular-level corneal structures are obtained in ex vivo porcine eyes, and subsequently in New Zealand white rabbit, in vivo. The spatial resolution of the developed system is 2.19 µm and has a noncontact working distance of 20 mm. Conclusions A high-resolution imaging platform for noncontact sequential imaging of the TM and the cornea of the eye is developed. This imaging system is expected to be of potential interest in the evaluation and diagnosis of glaucoma and corneal diseases. Translational Relevance The developed prototype offers the plausibility of in vivo, noncontact, and high-resolution imaging of the iridocorneal angle and cornea of the eye that will aid clinicians in diagnosing open-angle glaucoma and corneal diseases better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Jie Jeesmond Hong
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - C S Suchand Sandeep
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - V K Shinoj
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Currently with Union Christian College, Department of Physics, Kerala, India
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) & Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) & Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) & Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore.,The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vadakke Matham Murukeshan
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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37
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Multi-modal Anterior Eye Imager Combining Ultra-High Resolution OCT and Microvascular Imaging for Structural and Functional Evaluation of the Human Eye. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To establish complementary information for the diagnosis and evaluation of ocular surface diseases, we developed a multi-modal, non-invasive optical imaging platform by combining ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) with a microvascular imaging system based on slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Our customized UHR-OCT module achieves an axial resolution of ≈2.9 μm in corneal tissue with a broadband light source and an A-line acquisition rate of 24 kHz with a line array CCD camera. The microvascular imaging module has a lateral resolution of 3.5 μm under maximum magnification of ≈187.5× with an imaging rate of 60 frames/s, which is sufficient to image the conjunctival vessel network and record the movement trajectory of clusters of red blood cells. By combining the imaging optical paths of different modules, our customized multi-modal anterior eye imaging platform is capable of performing real-time cross-sectional UHR-OCT imaging of the anterior eye, conjunctival vessel network imaging, high-resolution conjunctival blood flow videography, fluorescein staining and traditional slit-lamp imaging on a single device. With self-developed software, a conjunctival vessel network image and blood flow videography were further analyzed to acquire quantitative morphological and hemodynamics parameters, including vessel fractal dimensions, blood flow velocity and vessel diameters. The ability of our multi-modal anterior eye imager to provide both structural and functional information for ophthalmic clinical applications was demonstrated on a healthy human subject and a keratitis patient.
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38
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Canavesi C, Cogliati A, Mietus A, Qi Y, Schallek J, Rolland JP, Hindman HB. In vivo imaging of corneal nerves and cellular structures in mice with Gabor-domain optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:711-724. [PMID: 32133220 PMCID: PMC7041447 DOI: 10.1364/boe.379809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Gabor-domain optical coherence microscopy (GDOCM) demonstrated in vivo corneal imaging with cellular resolution and differentiation in mice over a field of view of 1 mm2. Contact and non-contact imaging was conducted on six healthy and six hyperglycemic C57BL/6J mice. Cellular resolution in the 3D GDOCM images was achieved after motion correction. Corneal nerve fibers were traced and their lengths and branches calculated. Noncontact, label-free imaging of corneal nerves has clinical utility in health and disease, and in transplant evaluation. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of in vivo 3D corneal imaging in mice with the capability to resolve nerve fibers using a non-contact imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Canavesi
- LighTopTech Corp., 150 Lucius Gordon Dr Ste 201 West Henrietta, NY 14586-9687, USA
| | - Andrea Cogliati
- LighTopTech Corp., 150 Lucius Gordon Dr Ste 201 West Henrietta, NY 14586-9687, USA
| | - Amanda Mietus
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jesse Schallek
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- University of Rochester, Center for Visual Science, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 601 Elmwood Avenue - Box 603, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Jannick P. Rolland
- LighTopTech Corp., 150 Lucius Gordon Dr Ste 201 West Henrietta, NY 14586-9687, USA
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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39
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Li Q, Karnowski K, Untracht G, Noble PB, Cense B, Villiger M, Sampson DD. Vectorial birefringence imaging by optical coherence microscopy for assessing fibrillar microstructures in the cornea and limbus. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1122-1138. [PMID: 32206403 PMCID: PMC7041478 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The organization of fibrillar tissue on the micrometer scale carries direct implications for health and disease but remains difficult to assess in vivo. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography measures birefringence, which relates to the microscopic arrangement of fibrillar tissue components. Here, we demonstrate a critical improvement in leveraging this contrast mechanism by employing the improved spatial resolution of focus-extended optical coherence microscopy (1.4 µm axially in air and 1.6 µm laterally, over more than 70 µm depth of field). Vectorial birefringence imaging of sheep cornea ex vivo reveals its lamellar organization into thin sections with distinct local optic axis orientations, paving the way to resolving similar features in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gavrielle Untracht
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter B. Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin Villiger
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Surrey Biophotonics, School of Physics and School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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40
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Yao X, Devarajan K, Werkmeister RM, dos Santos VA, Ang M, Kuo A, Wong DWK, Chua J, Tan B, Barathi VA, Schmetterer L. In vivo corneal endothelium imaging using ultrahigh resolution OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5675-5686. [PMID: 31799039 PMCID: PMC6865113 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of optical coherence tomography (OCT) system resolution on high-quality in vivo en face corneal endothelial cell images of the monkey eye, to allow for quantitative analysis of cell density. We vary the lateral resolution of the ultrahigh resolution (UHR) OCT system (centered at 850 nm) by using different objectives, and the axial resolution by windowing the source spectrum. By suppressing the motion of the animal, we are able to obtain a high-quality en face corneal endothelial cell map in vivo using UHR OCT for the first time with a lateral resolution of 3.1 µm. Increasing lateral resolution did not result in a better image quality but a smaller field of view (FOV), and the axial resolution had little impact on the visualization of corneal endothelial cells. Quantitative analysis of cell density was performed on in vivo en face OCT images of corneal endothelial cells, and the results are in agreement with previously reported data. Our study may offer a practical guideline for designing OCT systems that allow for in vivo corneal endothelial cell imaging with high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Kavya Devarajan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - René M. Werkmeister
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Damon W. K. Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bingyao Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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41
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Ultrahigh Resolution Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Cornea with Conical Scanning Pattern and Variable Dispersion Compensation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019; 9:4245. [PMID: 31915537 PMCID: PMC6949131 DOI: 10.3390/app9204245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive corneal imaging is essential for the diagnosis and treatment control of various diseases affecting the anterior segment of the eye. This study presents an ultrahigh resolution polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography instrument operating in the 840 nm wavelength band that incorporates a conical scanning design for large field of view imaging of the cornea. As the conical scanning introduces a dispersion mismatch depending on the scanning angle, this study implemented variable, location dependent, numerical dispersion compensation in order to achieve high axial resolution throughout the imaged volume. The corneal images were recorded in vivo in healthy volunteers showing various details of corneal structures.
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42
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Yoon C, Mietus A, Qi Y, Stone J, Escudero JC, Canavesi C, Tankam P, Hindman HB, Rolland JP. Quantitative assessment of human donor corneal endothelium with Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 31389221 PMCID: PMC6682832 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.8.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on a pathway for Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy (GD-OCM)-based metrology to assess the donor’s corneal endothelial layers ex vivo. Six corneas from the Lions Eye Bank at Albany and Rochester were imaged with GD-OCM. The raw 3-D images of the curved corneas were flattened using custom software to enhance the 2-D visualization of endothelial cells (ECs); then the ECs within a circle of 500-μm-diameter were analyzed using a custom corner method and a cell counting plugin in ImageJ. The EC number, EC area, endothelial cell density (ECD), and polymegethism (CV) were quantified in five different locations for each cornea. The robustness of the method (defined as the repeatability of measurement together with interoperator variability) was evaluated by independently repeating the entire ECD measurement procedure six times by three different examiners. The results from the six corneas show that the current modality reproduces the ECDs with a standard deviation of 2.3% of the mean ECD in every location, whereas the mean ECD across five locations varies by 5.1%. The resolution and imaging area provided through the use of GD-OCM may help to ultimately better assess the quality of donor corneas in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsik Yoon
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
- Address all correspondence to Changsik Yoon, E-mail:
| | - Amanda Mietus
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jonathon Stone
- Sight Society of Northeastern NY, Inc., Lions Eye Bank at Albany and Rochester, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Johana C. Escudero
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
| | | | - Patrice Tankam
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Jannick P. Rolland
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, New York, United States
- LighTopTech Corp., West Henrietta, New York, United States
- University of Rochester, Center for Visual Science, Rochester, New York, United States
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43
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Abstract
Gabor-domain optical coherence microscopy (GDOCM) is a high-definition imaging technique leveraging principles of low-coherence interferometry, liquid lens technology, high-speed imaging, and precision scanning. GDOCM achieves isotropic 2 μm resolution in 3D, effectively breaking the cellular resolution limit of optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the ten years since its introduction, GDOCM has been used for cellular imaging in 3D in a number of clinical applications, including dermatology, oncology and ophthalmology, as well as to characterize materials in industrial applications. Future developments will enhance the structural imaging capability of GDOCM by adding functional modalities, such as fluorescence and elastography, by estimating thicknesses on the nano-scale, and by incorporating machine learning techniques.
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Tankam P, He Z, Thuret G, Hindman HB, Canavesi C, Escudero JC, Lépine T, Gain P, Rolland JP. Capabilities of Gabor-domain optical coherence microscopy for the assessment of corneal disease. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-17. [PMID: 31020822 PMCID: PMC6479593 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.4.046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To identify the microstructural modification of the corneal layers during the course of the disease, optical technologies have been pushing the boundary of innovation to achieve cellular resolution of deep layers of the cornea. Gabor-domain optical coherence microscopy (GD-OCM), an optical coherence tomography-based technique that can achieve an isotropic of ∼2-μm resolution over a volume of 1 mm × 1 mm × 1.2 mm, was developed to investigate the microstructural modifications of corneal layers in four common corneal diseases. Since individual layer visualization without cutting through several layers is challenging due to corneal curvature, a flattening algorithm was developed to remove the global curvature of the endothelial layer and display the full view of the endothelium and Descemet's membrane in single en face images. As a result, GD-OCM revealed the qualitative changes in size and reflectivity of keratocytes in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), which varied by the degree of disease. More importantly, elongated shape and hyperactivation characteristics of keratocytes, associated with the early development of guttae, appeared to start in the posterior stroma very early in the disease process and move toward the anterior stroma during disease progression. This work opens a venue into the pathogenesis of FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Tankam
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Address all correspondence to Patrice Tankam, E-mail:
| | - Zhiguo He
- Jean Monnet University, Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging of Corneal Graft, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gilles Thuret
- Jean Monnet University, Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging of Corneal Graft, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Johana Coyoc Escudero
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Thierry Lépine
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Gain
- Jean Monnet University, Laboratory Biology, Engineering and Imaging of Corneal Graft, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jannick P. Rolland
- LighTopTech Corp., West Henrietta, New York, United States
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
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